1000 resultados para Formulações de massa


Relevância:

30.00% 30.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The present work is to study the characteristics and technological properties of soil-cement bricks made from binary and ternary mixtures of Portland cement, sand, water, with or without addition of gravel from the drilling of oil wells, which could be used by industry, aiming to improve its performance and reduce cost by using the residue and, consequently, increasing its useful life. The soil-cement bricks are one of the alternatives to masonry construction. These elements, after a short curing period, provide compressive strength similar to that of solid bricks and ceramic blocks, and the higher the resistance the higher the amount of cement used. We used the soil from the city of So Jos do Mipibu / RN, the banks of the River Baldun, cement CPIIZ-32 and residue of drill cuttings from oil wells drilling onshore wells in the town of Mossley, RN, provided Petrobras. To determine the optimum mix, we studied the inclusion of different residues (100%, 80%, 70%, 60% and 50%) where 15 bodies were made of the test piece. The assessment was made of bricks made from simple compression tests, mass loss by immersion and water absorption. The experimental results proved the efficiency and high utilization of the waste from the drilling of oil wells, making the brick-cement-soil residue with a higher strength and lower water absorption. The best result in terms of mechanical strength and water absorption for the ternary mixture was 10% soil, 14% cement and 80% residue. In terms of binary mixtures, we obtained the best result for the mix-cement residue, which was 14% cement incorporated in the residue

Relevância:

30.00% 30.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The red pottery industry in Piau state is well developed and stands out at the national context for the technical quality of its products. The floor and wall tile industry, however, is little developed since the state has only one company that produces red clay-based ceramic tiles. This thesis aims at using the predominantly illitic basic mass of the above mentioned industry, with the addition of feldspar and/or kaolin residue in order to obtain products of higher technical quality. Kaolin residue consists basically of kaolinite, muscovite mica and quartz; the feldspar used was potassic. In this experiment, basic mass (MB) was used for experimental control and fifteen formulations codified as follows: F2, F4, F8, F16, F32, FR2, FR4, FR8, FR16, FR32, R2, R4, R8, R16 and R32. All raw materials were dry-milled, classified, formulated and then humidified to 10% water. Thereafter, test samples were produced by unixial pressing process in a rectangular steel matrix (60.0 x 20.0 x 5.0) mm3 at (25 MPa). They were fired at four temperatures: 1080C, 1120C, 1160C, with a heating rate of 10C/min during up to 10 min in an electric oven, and the last one in an industrial oven with a peak of 1140C, aim ing to confirm the results found in laboratory and, finally, technological tests were performed: MEA, RL, AA, PA, TRF and PF. The results revealed that the residue under study can be considered a raw material with large potential in the industry of red clay-based ceramic tiles, since the results found both in laboratory and in the industry have shown that the test samples produced from the formulations with up to 4% feldspar and those produced with up to 8% feldspar and residue permitted a reduction in the water absorption rate and an increase in the mechanical resistance while those samples produced with up to 4% residue had an increase in the mechanical resistance when compared to those produced from the basic mass and that the formulation with 2% feldspar and residue presented the best technological properties, lowering the sintering temperature down to 1120C

Relevância:

30.00% 30.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Over recent years the structural ceramics industry in Brazil has found a very favorable market for growth. However, difficulties related to productivity and product quality are partially inhibiting this possible growth. An alternative for trying to solve these problems and, thus, provide the pottery industry the feasibility of full development, is the substitution of firewood used in the burning process by natural gas. In order to contribute to this process of technological innovation, this paper studies the effect of co-use of ceramic phyllite and kaolin waste on the properties of a clay matrix, verifying the possible benefits that these raw materials can give to the final product, as well as the possibility of such materials to reduce the heat load necessary to obtain products with equal or superior quality. The study was divided into two steps: characterization of materials and study of formulations. Two clays, a phyllite and a residue of kaolin were characterized by the following techniques: laser granulometry, plasticity index by Atterberg limits, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, mineralogical composition by Rietveld, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis. To study the formulations, specifically for evaluation of technological properties of the parts, was performed an experimental model that combined planning involving a mixture of three components (standard mass x phyllite x kaolin waste) and a 23 factorial design with central point associated with thermal processing parameters. The experiment was performed with restricted strip-plot randomization. In total, 13 compositional points were investigated within the following constraints: phyllite ≤ 20% by weight, kaolin waste ≤ 40% by weight, and standard mass ≥ 60% by weight. The thermal parameters were used at the following levels: 750 and 950 C to the firing temperature, 5 and 15 C/min at the heating rate, 15 and 45min to the baseline. The results showed that the introduction of phyllite and/or kaolin waste in ceramic body produced a number of benefits in properties of the final product, such as: decreased absorption of water, apparent porosity and linear retraction at burn; besides the increase in apparent specific mass and mechanical properties of parts. The best results were obtained in the compositional points where the sum of the levels of kaolin waste and phyllite was maximal (40% by weight), as well as conditions which were used in firing temperatures of 950 C. Regarding the prospect of savings in heat energy required to form the desired microstructure, the phyllite and the residue of kaolin, for having small particle sizes and constitutions mineralogical phases with the presence of fluxes, contributed to the optimization of the firing cycle.

Relevância:

30.00% 30.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The production of red ceramic is an industrial activity that causes an intense impact. The manufacture of its products considerably increases the demand for natural resources, mainly with the extraction of raw material. The ceramic material produced generates waste, such as ash firewood and chamote. The residue from the beneficiation of kaolin is deposited in a poor, degrades the environment and contaminate water sources and soil, constituting in this manner, ecological disasters. The main objective of this work is to develop the formulation of a ceramic product consisting solely of industrial solid wastes, from ceramic tiles, (chamote) residue of kaolin and ash firewood. It is assumed that this product made in the laboratory can be used in coatings, wall and floor. The aim is to facilitate the replacement of the raw material of original composition of a ceramic body, for waste, while the process of production equal to the conventionally used, so that the properties of the product are reproduced. This work is characterized waste as its chemical composition, analysis of particle size, X-ray diffraction and thermal behavior. Several formulations were studied. The mass of waste was prepared by dry process, pressed to 25 MPa, and then burned in muffle type oven to 850, 950, 1050 and 1150 C. The results showed that it is technically possible to produce porous tiles only with waste. It was found that the formulations of bodies play a key role in the properties of the final product, as well as the sintering temperature and heating rates. RN in the waste of kaolin is estimated at 15,000 t/month, about 3,000 gray t/month and chamote with 10 million pieces/month damaged. The presence of carbonates of calcium and magnesium at 1050 C results in an appropriate porosity and mechanical strength. The formulation M3JE, composed of 69% waste of kaolin, 7.7% and 23.3% of chamote of gray, became suitable for porous materials with the strength and absorption within the level of national and international standards

Relevância:

30.00% 30.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The sector of civil construction is strongly related to the red ceramic industry. This sector uses clay as raw material for manufacturing of various products such as ceramic plates. In this study, two types of clay called clay 1 and clay 2 were collected on deposit in Ielmo Marinho city (RN) and then characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), rational analysis and particle size distribution and dilatometric analyses. Ceramic plates were manufactured by uniaxial pressing and by extrusion. The plates obtained by pressing were produced from the four formulations called 1, 2, 3 and 4, which presented, respectively, the following proportions by mass: 66.5% clay 1 and 33.5% clay 2, 50% clay 1 and 50% clay 2, 33.5% clay 1 and 66.5% clay 2, 25% clay 1 and 75% clay 2. After firing at 850, 950 and 1050 C with heating rate of 10 C/min and soaking time of 30 minutes, the following technological properties were determined: linear firing shrinkage, water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent specific mass and tensile strength (3 points). The formulation containing 25% clay 1 produced plates with most satisfactory results of water absorption and mechanical resistance, because of that it was chosen for manufacturing plates by extrusion. A single firing cycle was established for these plates, which took place as follow: heating rate of 2 C/min up to 600 C with soaking time of 60 minutes, followed by heating using the same rate up to 1050 C with soaking time of 30 minutes. After this cycle, the same technological properties investigated in the plates obtained by pressing were determined. The results indicate (according to NRB 13818/1997) that the plates obtained by pressing from the mixture containing 25 wt% clay 1, after firing at 1050 C, reach the specifications for semi-porous coating (BIIb). On the other hand, the plates obtained by extrusion were classified as semi-stoneware (group AIIa)

Relevância:

30.00% 30.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Coordenao de Aperfeioamento de Pessoal de Nvel Superior (CAPES)

Relevância:

30.00% 30.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Coordenao de Aperfeioamento de Pessoal de Nvel Superior (CAPES)

Relevância:

30.00% 30.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Ps-graduao em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

Relevância:

30.00% 30.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Alguns vegetais, como a soja (Glycine max L. Merr), despertam interesse, pois fornecem, entre outras substncias, as isoflavonas, que apresentam importantes propriedades estrognicas e, tambm, atuam como antioxidantes, antifngicos e anticancergenos. A menopausa, causada pela deficincia hormonal, acompanhada de vrios transtornos metablicos, como perda de massa ssea, fenmenos vasomotores, dislipidemia, resistncia insulnica, ganho de peso, depresso e acelerao do envelhecimento cutneo. A terapia de reposio hormonal (TRH) eficaz, embora possa causar efeitos secundrios, como cncer de mama. Nestes casos, a fitoterapia com fitormnios por via cutnea uma alternativa importante. Dentre as preparaes de uso tpico, sistemas emulsionados e gis so muito utilizados, pois favorecem a solubilidade e a estabilidade de frmacos. Para avaliar a estabilidade das formulações, foram consideradas as caractersticas organolpticas (aspecto, cor, odor) e as caractersticas fsico-qumicas (valor de pH, viscosidade e densidade, etc.), separao de fases e/ou coalescncia. Algumas formulações apresentam-se com caractersticas desejveis e adequadas para a veiculao de isoflavonas presentes em extrato de soja, podendo-se sugeri-las como sistemas adequados e estveis para sua veiculao pela via drmica

Relevância:

30.00% 30.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Coordenao de Aperfeioamento de Pessoal de Nvel Superior (CAPES)

Relevância:

30.00% 30.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

O amido resistente de milho (ARM) no digerido em humanos fornecendo benefcios para a sade tais como reduo do colesterol, do ndice glicmico e fermentao no clon. Porm, a substituio parcial de farinha de trigo (FT) por ARM em massa de po resulta na diluio do glten prejudicando a qualidade do produto. Massa de po foi produzida com 12,5 g/100g de ARM e os efeitos das enzimas glicose-oxidase (Gox), tranglutaminase (TG) e xilanase (HE) na massa foram estudados. Massa produzida sem ARM e sem enzimas foi considerada padro e massa produzida com ARM e sem enzimas foi considerada controle para comparao. Uma metodologia foi desenvolvida para medir o torque durante o amassamento em grande escala, utilizando um remetro dinmico adaptado. As propriedades reolgicas foram avaliadas nos testes de medidas descritivas de textura, adesividade Chen-Hoseney, extenso uniaxial Kieffer, extenso biaxial e testes oscilatrios em remetro. Po produzido de acordo com as formulações padro, controle e tima foi avaliado com relao ao volume especfico (VEP), firmeza do miolo, cor e anlise sensorial para o atributo preferncia. As trs enzimas testadas influenciaram positivamente o torque mximo atingido durante o amassamento que variou entre (8,36 e 9,38) N m. Gox e TG apresentaram efeito positivo na altura mxima desenvolvida pela massa medida em reofermentgrafo enquanto que o efeito da HE foi negativo. Uma formulao com ARM e enzimas apresentou desempenho de panificao similar a massa padro (altura mxima ajustada igual a (45,5 3,9) mm), correspondente a adio de (4, 2,5 e 0,5) mg/100g de TG, Gox e HE respectivamente (tima). A formulao tima apresentou adesividade, trabalho de adeso, coesividade, dureza, resilincia, resistncia extenso e extensibilidade similares a massa padro e diferentes da massa controle. As enzimas aumentaram o ndice de strain hardening reduzido pela adio de ARM. Para o po de forma, o VEP variou entre (3,16 e 3,64) cm3/g (diferena no significativa) e o po produzido com a formulao tima foi o mais escolhido como preferido. Durante o armazenamento por at 7 dias, o ARM diminuiu a taxa de envelhecimento do po enquanto que as enzimas apresentaram efeito oposto. Em geral, a substituio parcial de FT por ARM reduziu a elasticidade da massa diminuindo a qualidade do po enquanto que as enzimas minimizaram esse efeito.

Relevância:

30.00% 30.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

During its operations, the oil industry generates a lot of waste, including gravel from drilling. Control of environmental impacts caused by this waste represents a major challenge. Such impacts can be minimized when it is given an appropriate management by being properly treated and properly disposed or recycled. The properties of these materials can be greatly influenced when a waste is added to its composition. This work aims to study the incorporation of gravel waste oil-well drilling in the standard body for production of red ceramic from a ceramic industry in So Gonalo do Amarante / RN. The success of the incorporation can minimize costs in the production of ceramic pieces and reduce the environmental impacts caused by waste. The raw materials used were collected, characterized, and formulated with the percentages of 0%, 20% and 40% by weight of substitution of residue were synthesized at temperatures of 900, 1.010 and 1.120 C using 30 minute firing intervals, 1 hour and 30min and 2 hours and 30 minutes, based on a factorial design 2. Samples were then subjected to the tests of Water Absorption, Linear Retraction Firing, Flexural Rupture Strength, Apparent Porosity and Apparent Specific mass and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of break section. The results showed that the use of the residue for the manufacture of the ceramic products is possible (tiles, bricks and massive hollow bricks) replacing the clay to 40%, meeting the requirements of the standard and the literature for the technological properties of the final product.

Relevância:

30.00% 30.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The present work is to study the characteristics and technological properties of soil-cement bricks made from binary and ternary mixtures of Portland cement, sand, water, with or without addition of gravel from the drilling of oil wells, which could be used by industry, aiming to improve its performance and reduce cost by using the residue and, consequently, increasing its useful life. The soil-cement bricks are one of the alternatives to masonry construction. These elements, after a short curing period, provide compressive strength similar to that of solid bricks and ceramic blocks, and the higher the resistance the higher the amount of cement used. We used the soil from the city of So Jos do Mipibu / RN, the banks of the River Baldun, cement CPIIZ-32 and residue of drill cuttings from oil wells drilling onshore wells in the town of Mossley, RN, provided Petrobras. To determine the optimum mix, we studied the inclusion of different residues (100%, 80%, 70%, 60% and 50%) where 15 bodies were made of the test piece. The assessment was made of bricks made from simple compression tests, mass loss by immersion and water absorption. The experimental results proved the efficiency and high utilization of the waste from the drilling of oil wells, making the brick-cement-soil residue with a higher strength and lower water absorption. The best result in terms of mechanical strength and water absorption for the ternary mixture was 10% soil, 14% cement and 80% residue. In terms of binary mixtures, we obtained the best result for the mix-cement residue, which was 14% cement incorporated in the residue

Relevância:

30.00% 30.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The red pottery industry in Piau state is well developed and stands out at the national context for the technical quality of its products. The floor and wall tile industry, however, is little developed since the state has only one company that produces red clay-based ceramic tiles. This thesis aims at using the predominantly illitic basic mass of the above mentioned industry, with the addition of feldspar and/or kaolin residue in order to obtain products of higher technical quality. Kaolin residue consists basically of kaolinite, muscovite mica and quartz; the feldspar used was potassic. In this experiment, basic mass (MB) was used for experimental control and fifteen formulations codified as follows: F2, F4, F8, F16, F32, FR2, FR4, FR8, FR16, FR32, R2, R4, R8, R16 and R32. All raw materials were dry-milled, classified, formulated and then humidified to 10% water. Thereafter, test samples were produced by unixial pressing process in a rectangular steel matrix (60.0 x 20.0 x 5.0) mm3 at (25 MPa). They were fired at four temperatures: 1080C, 1120C, 1160C, with a heating rate of 10C/min during up to 10 min in an electric oven, and the last one in an industrial oven with a peak of 1140C, aim ing to confirm the results found in laboratory and, finally, technological tests were performed: MEA, RL, AA, PA, TRF and PF. The results revealed that the residue under study can be considered a raw material with large potential in the industry of red clay-based ceramic tiles, since the results found both in laboratory and in the industry have shown that the test samples produced from the formulations with up to 4% feldspar and those produced with up to 8% feldspar and residue permitted a reduction in the water absorption rate and an increase in the mechanical resistance while those samples produced with up to 4% residue had an increase in the mechanical resistance when compared to those produced from the basic mass and that the formulation with 2% feldspar and residue presented the best technological properties, lowering the sintering temperature down to 1120C