Radiation protection in digestive endoscopy: European Society of Digestive Endoscopy (ESGE) guideline.

This article expresses the current view of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) about radiation protection for endoscopic procedures, in particular endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Particular cases, including pregnant women and pediatric patients, are also discussed. This Guideline was developed by a group of endoscopists and medical physicists to ensure that all aspects of radiation protection are adequately dealt with. A two-page executive summary of evidence statements and recommendations is provided. The target readership for this Guideline mostly includes endoscopists, anesthesiologists, and endoscopy assistants who may be exposed to X-rays during endoscopic procedures.

Diagnosis and treatment of malignant oddian tumors.

Between 1959 and 1987 we operated on 18 patients for malignant oddian tumor. Eleven had a Whipple resection, 3 a bilio-enteric anastomosis, 4 a local excision with or without bilio-enteric anastomosis. The overall operative mortality was 11% and the median survival was 13.8 months. Three patients are living and without evidence of disease 12, 29 and 30 months, respectively, after a Whipple resection. Because of their anatomy and favourable behaviour, malignant oddian tumors must be separated from the other periampullary tumors. Echography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with deep biopsies are the most efficient diagnostic modalities. With the aim of cure, the treatment is always surgical and relies mainly on duodenopancreatectomy. Those patients with unresectable tumors or unfit for a major procedure should benefit from internal or external biliary drainage. By coexisting duodenal obstruction, a surgical double derivation should be done.

Pseudotumor de pâncreas por corpo estranho

The diagnosis of pancreatic masses represents a great challenger for imaging studies. However the occurrence of pancreatic masses have been reported more frequently in the last years due to advances in imaging diagnostic methods. During the last decade, the surgical approach of pancreatic masses was limited to an attempt of establishing histological diagnosis, staging and evaluation of resection of these masses. Recently, the approach and staging of pancreatic masses was facilitated by sophisticated methods of diagnosis, especially, ultrasound, dynamic computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (/RM), angiography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (CPRE), endoscopic ultrasound, laparoscopy and biochemical tumors markers. The present paper reports a case of a pancreatic mass due to foreign body in which the imaging study helped to determine out this rare etiological agent that has not been previouly described in literature.

Istoadenoma do ducto biliar comum

Biliary duct cystoadenomas are rare neoplasms, with about 120 cases described in the literature, including cystoadenomas and cystoadenocarcinomas. The authors report a case of cystoadenoma of the common bile duct in a 45-year-old woman with history of jaundice. Ultrasound revealed a cystic mass located in the common bile duct. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography showed a negative filling defect in the proximal third of the common bile duct, a finding unique to our case. Total excision of the mass, cholecystectomy and an end-total anastomosis with a T-tube choledochostomy, were performed. Histological examination revealed a multicystic lesion with cavities lined by mucinous columnar non-ciliated epithelium, with surrounding densely cellular stroma resembling ovarian stroma. Six years after surgery the patient is alive and well, with no complains referring to the hepatobiliary tract. No abnormalities are presently detected in the biliary tree, ultrasonographically.

Colangiopancreatografia endoscópica retrógrada transgástrica laparoscópica após cirurgia bariátrica

Access to the gastric remnant and duodenum is lost after Roux-en-Y gastric bypasses for morbid obesity. Laparoscopic transgastric endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography has recently been described to manage biliary problems in such cases. We describe the first brazilian case of management of choledocholithiasis after a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass using this approach.

Concordancia entre laboratorios serológicos y ultrasonografía hepatobiliar como pruebas diagnósticas en coledocolitiasis

La coledocolitiasis es una patología que requiere una aproximación adecuada para determinar su manejo dadas las posibles complicaciones por omisión en su diagnostico o la realización de procedimientos terapéuticos. La colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) es una opción en su manejo, pero es un procedimiento invasivo con riesgos de morbilidad y mortalidad considerables. El objetivo del estudio es determinar la correlación existente entre los resultados de pruebas serológicas, el diámetro hallado de la vía biliar por ecografía, así como el diagnostico radiológico de coledocolitiasis y las CPRE realizadas en el Hospital Universitario de la Samaritana (HUS) entre el 01/05/2009 y 31/08/2010. Materiales y Método: Estudio de concordancia de pruebas diagnósticas. Donde a través de la recolección de la información a través de un cuestionario sobre identificación de pacientes con diagnóstico presuntivo de coledocolitiasis, resultados serológicos, hallazgos ecográficos de la vía biliar y el reporte de CPRE se realizo un análisis descriptivo de la población, se calcularon los valores de sensibilidad, especificidad y cocientes de probabilidades, además de determinar el grado de concordancia entre las pruebas utilizando los paquetes estadísticos Stata v. 11 (StataCorp; Tx, USA) y SPSS v. 18 (SPSS Inc.; Ill, USA) Dada la evidencia actual ningún indicador utilizado de forma única (historia clínica, ecografía, marcadores serológicos) es capaz de determinar el diagnostico de coledocolitiasis con suficiente precisión, sin embargo en pacientes mayores cuya clínica sugiere patología biliar obstructiva, existen algunos puntos de corte que hacen parte de algoritmos en la literatura, los cuales son una guía para determinar la necesidad de CPRE y se pueden utilizar en nuestra institución

Comparación de CPRE temprana y tardia en pacientes con pancreatitis aguda severa de origen biliar

INTRODUCCION: La obstrucción biliar es la principal causa de pancreatitis aguda y su curso es moderado a leve aunque un 20% desarrollan formas severas. La remoción de los cálculos por CPRE se ha empleado como terapéutica aunque su rol es controversial y no se ha demostrado su utilidad en forma temprana. El propósito de este estudio es observar la evolución de los pacientes con PASB en quienes se realice CPRE con respecto al curso de la enfermedad. METODOLOGIA: Estudio retrospectivo observacional descriptivo en pacientes con PASB llevados a CPRE. Entre junio y octubre de 2012 se encontraron 72 pacientes con PASB y patrón biliar obstructivo, 49 (68.06%) en los cuales se realizo de forma temprana (antes de 72 horas) y 23 (31,94 %) de forma tardía (después de las 72 horas). RESULTADOS: No se encontraron diferencias en la morbilidad entre los dos grupos observados. Se encontró una mayor incidencia de PASB en mujeres, no hubo complicaciones asociadas al procedimiento y no hubo mortalidad asociada en ninguno de los grupos. DISCUSION: El estudio no muestra que la realización de CPRE tardía influya de forma desfavorable en los pacientes con PASB. Se encontró mayor incidencia de PASB en mujeres y edad media de 61 años. Deben realizarse mas estudios como el presente con un mayor número de pacientes para demostrar que no hay aumento en la morbimortalidad en los pacientes que sean llevados a CPRE después de 72 horas de inicio de los síntomas y poder generar recomendaciones de manejo locales.

Coledocolitiasis gigante, factores predictores de éxito, fracaso del manejo endosópico. Hospital de la Samaritana 2009-2011

La prevalencia de coledocolitiasis es de un 10 a 20%. 10-20% tienen coledocolitiasis gigante, es decir presencia de cálculos mayores de 15 mm, aumentando la morbimortalidad por complicaciones. El objetivo principal fue determinar la frecuencia de coledocolitiasis gigante, la presencia de factores predictores del éxito o fracaso del manejo endoscópico. El éxito en el manejo endoscópico está entre 80 y 90%, un 20% requieren cirugía de exploración biliar. Se realizó la búsqueda de las variables utilizando el instrumento para la recolección de la información. Se realizó un análisis univariado y bivariado de las variables medidas y se utilizo STATA versión 10. Como principal resultado, se encontró que la frecuencia de coledocolitiasis gigante en nuestra población fue del 10%, el éxito del manejo endoscopio fue del 89.23% y el factor predictor mas fuerte para el éxito fue el diámetro del cálculo, siendo mayor para cálculos de menos de 19.09 mm. Como conclusión, en nuestro estudio, la frecuencia de coledocolitiasis gigante es cercana a la conocida en la literatura mundial. El manejo endoscópico en nuestro estudio es el pilar en estos casos, teniendo probabilidad de éxito en el manejo que es igual a la publicada en los estudios mundiales, que existe la probabilidad que el tamaño del cálculo mayor a 19 mm de diámetro indique mayor tasa de fracaso y requerimiento de técnicas endoscópicas avanzadas para su éxito. Se requieren estudios, con mayor número de pacientes para determinar la validez estadística de estos resultados.

Perforaciones duodenales posteriores a colangiopancreatografia retrograda endoscopica (CPRE) en el hospital universitario mayor - MEDERI

Las perforaciones duodenales posteriores a colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (POST – CPRE) son un evento raro pero que genera aumento en la morbimortalidad del paciente expuesto a este método diagnóstico y terapéutico. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es describir una serie de casos haciendo énfasis en las características sociodemográficas y las relacionadas con el diagnóstico y el manejo.

Estudo da bile por drenagem nasobilar na coledocolitiase apos esfincterotomia endoscopica : descricao de tecnica e analise bacteriologica

Esse trabalho teve como objetivo principal salientar o potencial da drenagem nasobiliar (DNB) como uma forma não cirúrgica de acesso à bile, utilizando como modelo uma téc- nica de DNB no estudo bacteriológico da bile em pesquisa. Para tal, foram estudados 17 pacientes portadores de coledo- colitíase submetidos eletivamente à colangiopancreatografia endoscópica retrógrada na Unidade de Endoscopia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Foram realizadas DNB por até três dias com coletas seriadas de bile no momento do exame e a cada 24 horas, visando analisar os germes mais prevalentes e o perfil evolutivo da microbiota bacteriana. Correlacionou- se infecção biliar(IB), definida como 105 unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC)/ml de bile, com dados clínico-laboratori- ais obtidos dos prontuários (idade, sexo, presença ou não de febre, icterícia, leucocitose, elevação de fosfatase alca- lina, divertículos justapapilares, uso de antibióticos e co- lecistectomia prévia). A única intercorrência foi desconfor- to na retrofaringe em 28% dos casos. Foram tomadas medidas preventivas visando reduzir a contaminação do sistema. As enterobacteriácias (Klebsiella e E. coli) foram os germes mais encontrados. Ocorreu crescimento bacteriano em 71% dos casos na primeira coleta, embora 30% tivessem IB. Houve al- teração da microbiota biliar em 58% dos casos da primeira para a segunda coleta e em 81% dos casos desta para a terceira. Enquanto IB foi identificada em 30% dos casos na primeira coleta, esta atingiu 50% na segunda, 90% na terceira e 100% na última coleta, embora todos os pacientes tivessem evoluído satisfatóriamente. O perfil bacteriano qualitativo também se alterou, havendo predominância de Klebsiella e E. coli na primeira coleta, acréscimo de Streptococcus faecalis na segunda e apenas Pseudomonas na última. A associação entre IB e os dados clínico-laboratoriais não foi estatisticamente significativa. Concluiu-se que as enterobacteriácias Gram - foram os germes mais prevalentes nos pacientes com coledocolitíase, sendo que o perfil bacteriológico foi significativamente alterado com a DNB, embora sem implicação no quadro clínico. Além disto, não houve associação entre os dados clínico-laboratoriais estudados e a presença de IB.

Fatores preditivos de dessaturação de oxigênio em pacientes submetidos à colangiopancreatografia endoscópica retrógrada sob sedação consciente

A hipoxemia pode ocorrer durante a Colangiopancreatografia Endoscópica Retrógrada (CPER) porque alguma analgesia e sedação precisam ser realizadas. O posicionamento do paciente em pronação dificulta a ventilação adequada. Um estudo transversal controlado foi utilizado para investigar possíveis fatores preditivos de dessaturação de oxigênio em pacientes submetidos à CPER sedados com midazolam associado à meperidina. No total, 186 pacientes foram monitorados continuamente com oxímetro de pulso. A regressão de Cox adaptada por Braslow foi utilizada para identificar fatores preditivos de dessaturação relacionados ao paciente e ao exame. As variáveis estudadas foram: idade, gênero, hematócrito e hemoglobina, uso de escopolamina, exame diagnóstico ou terapêutico, midazolam ( média 0,07mg/Kg) e meperidina (média 0,7mg/Kg), escores da Sociedade Americana de Anestesiologistas (ASA) e tempo de exame. Dos 186 pacientes, 113 não dessaturaram (60,8%), 22(11,8%) apresentaram dessaturação moderada (SpO2≤92%) e 51 (27,4%) apresentaram dessaturação grave (SpO2≤90%). As variáveis preditivas de dessaturação de oxigênio detectadas foram idade ≥60 anos (p=0,004; RR:1,5;IC:1,12-1,93) e escore ASA III (p=0,013) As variáveis idade (60 anos ou mais) e escore ASA III foram identificadas como de risco para dessaturação em pacientes que realizam CPER sob sedação consciente. Estes pacientes necessitam de maior monitoração para saturação e hipoventilação pela enfermagem, alertando para a depressão respiratória. A utilização do oxímetro de pulso e solicitação de respiração profunda durante o exame auxilia a diminuir estes riscos.

Management of gallstone disease in children: a new protocol based on the experience of a single center

Background/purpose: Gallstones and cholelithiasis are being increasingly diagnosed in children owing to the widespread use of ultrasonography. The treatment of choice is cholecystectomy, and routine intraoperative cholangiography is recommended to explore the common bile duct. The objectives of this study were to describe our experience with the management of gallstone disease in childhood over the last 18 years and to propose an algorithm to guide the approach to cholelithiasis in children based on clinical and ultrasonographic findings. Methods: The data for this study were obtained by reviewing the records of all patients with gallstone disease treated between January 1994 and October 2011. The patients were divided into the following 5 groups based on their symptoms: group 1, asymptomatic; group 2, nonbiliary obstructive symptoms; group 3, acute cholecystitis symptoms; group 4, a history of biliary obstructive symptoms that were completely resolved by the time of surgery; and group 5, ongoing biliary obstructive symptoms. Patients were treated according to an algorithm based on their clinical, ultrasonographic, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) findings. Results: A total of 223 patients were diagnosed with cholelithiasis, and comorbidities were present in 177 patients (79.3%). The most common comorbidities were hemolytic disorders in 139 patients (62.3%) and previous bariatric surgery in 16 (7.1%). Although symptoms were present in 134 patients (60.0%), cholecystectomy was performed for all patients with cholelithiasis, even if they were asymptomatic; the surgery was laparoscopic in 204 patients and open in 19. Fifty-six patients (25.1%) presented with complications as the first sign of cholelithiasis (eg, pancreatitis, choledocolithiasis, or acute calculous cholecystitis). Intraoperative cholangiography was indicated in 15 children, and it was positive in only 1 (0.4%) for whom ERCP was necessary to extract the stone after a laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Preoperative ERCP was performed in 11 patients to extract the stones, and a hepaticojejunostomy was indicated in 2 patients. There were no injuries to the hepatic artery or common bile duct in our series. Conclusions: Based on our experience, we can propose an algorithm to guide the approach to cholelithiasis in the pediatric population. The final conclusion is that LC results in limited postoperative complications in children with gallstones. When a diagnosis of choledocolithiasis or dilation of the choledocus is made, ERCP is necessary if obstructive symptoms persist either before or after an LC. Intraoperative cholangiography and laparoscopic common bile duct exploration are not mandatory. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Safety and risk factors for difficult endoscopist-directed ERCP sedation in daily practice: a hospital-based case-control study

Background: There are limited data concerning endoscopist-directed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography deep sedation. The aim of this study was to establish the safety and risk factors for difficult sedation in daily practice. Patients and methods: Hospital-based, frequency matched case-control study. All patients were identified from a database of 1,008 patients between 2014 and 2015. The cases were those with difficult sedations. This concept was defined based on the combination of the receipt of high-doses of midazolam or propofol, poor tolerance, use of reversal agents or sedation-related adverse events. The presence of different factors was evaluated to determine whether they predicted difficult sedation. Results: One-hundred and eighty-nine patients (63 cases, 126 controls) were included. Cases were classified in terms of high-dose requirements (n = 35, 55.56%), sedation-related adverse events (n = 14, 22.22%), the use of reversal agents (n = 13, 20.63%) and agitation/discomfort (n = 8, 12.7%). Concerning adverse events, the total rate was 1.39%, including clinically relevant hypoxemia (n = 11), severe hypotension (n = 2) and paradoxical reactions to midazolam (n = 1). The rate of hypoxemia was higher in patients under propofol combined with midazolam than in patients with propofol alone (2.56% vs. 0.8%, p < 0.001). Alcohol consumption (OR: 2.674 [CI 95%: 1.098-6.515], p = 0.030), opioid consumption (OR: 2.713 [CI 95%: 1.096-6.716], p = 0.031) and the consumption of other psychoactive drugs (OR: 2.015 [CI 95%: 1.017-3.991], p = 0.045) were confirmed to be independent risk factors for difficult sedation. Conclusions: Endoscopist-directed deep sedation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is safe. The presence of certain factors should be assessed before the procedure to identify patients who are high-risk for difficult sedation.

Accuracy of ASGE criteria for the prediction of choledocholithiasis

Background/aims: Few studies have validated the performance of guidelines for the prediction of choledocholithiasis (CL). Our objective was to prospectively assess the accuracy of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) guidelines for the identification of CL. Methods: A two-year prospective evaluation of patients with suspected CL was performed. We evaluated the ASGE guidelines and its component variables in predicting CL. Results: A total of 256 patients with suspected CL were analyzed. Of the 208 patients with high-probability criteria for CL, 124 (59.6%) were found to have a stone/sludge at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Among 48 patients with intermediate-probability criteria, 21 (43.8%) had a stone/sludge. The performance of ASGE high- and intermediate-probability criteria in our population had an accuracy of 59.0% (85.5% sensitivity, 24.3% specificity) and 41.0% (14.4% sensitivity, 75.6% specificity), respectively. The mean ERCP delay time was 6.1 days in the CL group and 6.4 days in the group without CL, p = 0.638. The presence of a common bile duct (CBD) > 6 mm (OR 2.21; 95% CI, 1.20-4.10), ascending cholangitis (OR 2.37; 95% CI, 1.01-5.55) and a CBD stone visualized on transabdominal US (OR 3.33; 95% CI, 1.48-7.52) were stronger predictors of CL. The occurrence of biliary pancreatitis was a strong protective factor for the presence of a retained CBD stone (OR 0.30; 95% CI, 0.17-0.55). Conclusions: Irrespective of a patient's ASGE probability for CL, the application of current guidelines in our population led to unnecessary performance of ERCPs in nearly half of cases.

Características y perfil microbiológico de pacientes con colecistitis moderada y severa en Mederi de 2014 a 2016

Introducción: Las guías de Tokyo de 2013 lograron un consenso respecto al manejo antibiótico de la infección biliar. Sus recomendaciones están sustentadas en estudios internacionales de la epidemiología bacteriana, pero también recalcan la importancia de conocer la microbiología local para ajustar las guías de manejo. Materiales y métodos: Se diseñó un estudio descriptivo tipo serie de casos de pacientes tratados por colecistitis aguda moderada y severa en Méderi Hospital Universitario Mayor (HUM), describiendo los aislamientos microbiológicos y perfiles de resistencia de los cultivos de bilis tomados durante la cirugía. Resultados: Se analizaron 131 pacientes con una edad promedio de 63 años, la mayoría sin comorbilidades médicas. Se encontró un 48% de positividad en los cultivos, predominantemente enterobacterias siendo la más frecuente Escherichia coli, seguida de especies de Klebsiella y de Enterococcus. Los perfiles de resistencia evidenciaron un 93% de multisensibilidad antibiótica y se aislaron 4 microorganismos multirresistentes. No se encontraron diferencias en comorbilidades, alteraciones paraclínicas, presencia de síndrome biliar obstrutivo, pancreatitis o instrumentación previa de la vía biliar entre los pacientes con cultivo positivo y negativo. Conclusiones: Los resultados concuerdan con los reportes internacionales en cuanto a la flora bacteriana aislada, pero los perfiles de resistencia evidenciados en esta serie son diferentes a los que sustentan las guías de manejo de Tokio revisadas en 2013. Este hallazgo obliga a ajustar las guías de manejo institucionales con base en la epidemiología local.