En ostjydsk israndslinje og dens indflydelse paa vandlobene : en geografisk studie.

Thesis (doctoral)--Kobenhavn.

Brodremenighedens mission i Dansk-Vestindien, 1769-1848 : bidrag til en charakteristik af Brodrekirken og dens gerning og af den farvede races stilling til christendommen.

Thesis (doctoral)--Kjobenhavn.

Mammographic density-a review on the current understanding of its association with breast cancer

There has been considerable recent interest in the genetic, biological and epidemiological basis of mammographic density (MD), and the search for causative links between MD and breast cancer (BC) risk. This report will critically review the current literature on MD and summarize the current evidence for its association with BC. Keywords 'mammographic dens*', 'dense mammary tissue' or 'percent dens*' were used to search the existing literature in English on PubMed and Medline. All reports were critically analyzed. The data were assigned to one of the following aspects of MD: general association with BC, its relationship with the breast hormonal milieu, the cellular basis of MD, the generic variations of MD, and its significance in the clinical setting. MD adjusted for age, and BMI is associated with increased risk of BC diagnosis, advanced tumour stage at diagnosis and increased risk of both local recurrence and second primary cancers. The MD measures that predict BC risk have high heritability, and to date several genetic markers associated with BC risk have been found to also be associated with these MD risk predictors. Change in MD could be a predictor of the extent of chemoprevention with tamoxifen. Although the biological and genetic pathways that determine and perhaps modulate MD remain largely unresolved, significant inroads are being made into the understanding of MD, which may lead to benefits in clinical screening, assessment and treatment strategies. This review provides a timely update on the current understanding of MD's association with BC risk.

Estrogen deficiency-associated bone loss in the maxilla: A methodology to quantify the changes in the maxillary intra-radicular alveolar bone in an ovariectomized rat osteoporosis model

The effects of estrogen deficiency on bone characteristics are site-dependent, with the most commonly studied sites being appendicular long bones (proximal femur and tibia) and axial bones (vertebra). The effect on the maxillary and mandibular bones is still inconsistent and requires further investigation. This study was designed to evaluate bone quality in the posterior maxilla of ovariectomized rats in order to validate this site as an appropriate model to study the effect of osteoporotic changes. Methods: Forty-eight 3-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups: an ovariectomized group (OVX, n=24) and Sham-operated group (SHAM, n=24). Six rats were randomly sacrificed from both groups at time points 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks. The samples from tibia and maxilla were collected for Micro CT and histological analysis. For the maxilla, the volume of interest (VOI) area focused on the furcation areas of the first and second molar. Trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV, %), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th.), trabecular number (Tb.N.), trabecular separation (Tb.Sp.), and connectivity density (Conn.Dens) were analysed after Micro CT scanning. Results: At 8 weeks the indices BV/TV, Tb.Sp, Tb.N and Conn.Dens showed significant differences (P<0.05) between the OVX and SHAM groups in the tibia. Compared with the tibia, the maxilla developed osteoporosis at a later stage, with significant changes in maxillary bone density only occurring after 12 weeks. Compared with the SHAM group, both the first and second molars of the OVX group showed significantly decreased BV/TV values from 12 weeks, and these changes were sustained through 16 and 20 weeks. For Tb.Sp, there were significant increases in bone values for the OVX group compared with the SHAM group at 12, 16 and 20 weeks. Histological changes were highly consistent with Micro CT results. Conclusion: This study established a method to quantify the changes of intra-radicular alveolar bone in the posterior maxilla in an accepted rat osteoporosis model. The degree of the osteoporotic changes to trabecular bone architecture is site-dependent and at least 3 months are required for the osteoporotic effects to be apparent in the posterior maxilla following rat OVX.

The community of medium-sized carnivores: the interactions between species, habitats and rabies

The composition of the carnivore community influences the different forms of inter-specific interactions. Furthermore, inter-specific interactions of carnivores have important implications for intra-guild competition, epidemiology and strategies of species-specific population management. Zoonooses, such as rabies, are diseases that can be transmitted from wildlife to people. Knowing the ecological characteristics of the species helps us to choose the right preventive actions and to time them accurately. In this thesis, I have studied how raccoon dogs Nyctereutes procyonoides, European badgers Meles meles, red foxes Vulpes vulpes and domestic cats Felis silvestris catus act as members of carnivore community, and how these interactions relate to the transmission risk of rabies. In the study area, these species form a community of medium-sized and rather generalist predators. They live in the same areas, in spatially and temporally overlapping home ranges and use the same habitats and dens and even have similar diets. However, there is no direct evidence of competition. Shared dens point to good tolerance of other species. Numerous observations of animals moving in each other’s proximity give similar clues. However, overlapping home ranges and similar habitat preferences lead to frequent inter-specific contacts, which increase the risk of possible rabies transmission. Also, the new insight of habitat use gained by this study illustrates the similar favouring of deciduous forests and fields by these sympatric medium-sized carnivores, creating a basis for contact zones, i.e. risky habitats for rabies transmission and spread. This study is so far the only simultaneous radio tracking study of raccoon dogs, badgers, foxes and cats. These results give new insight of the interactions in the carnivore community, as well as of the behaviour of each individual species. Also, these results have significant implications for the planning of rabies control. In order to reach viable management decisions, not only one or two species should be taken into consideration, but the whole community. In particular, this changes the perspective to inter-specific contacts, animal densities, densities of individuals susceptible to diseases and the magnitude of preventive actions. Rabies should be considered as a multi-vector disease, at least in Finland and the Baltic states. It is of interest for disease management to be able to model an epizootic with local parameters to reflect the real situation and also to suite best the local management needs.

Male-biased adult sex ratios and their significance for cooperative breeding in dhole, Cuon alpinus, packs

Two free-ranging packs of dholes (Asiatic wild dog, Cuon alpinus) were monitored for a period of 6 yr (Sep. 1990-Sep. 1996) in the Mudumalai sanctuary, southern India. Demographic data on age structure, litter-size, sex ratio and age and sex specific dispersal were collected. Behavioural data on social interactions and reproductive behaviour among pack members were obtained to determine the frequencies of dominant and subordinate behaviours shown by malt: and female pack members and a measure of each male's reproductive access to females. Behaviours displayed by pack members at dens were recorded to determine whether any age- or sex-specific role specialization existed during pup care. Tenures for dominant males and females within the pack were calculated to ascertain the rate of breeding vacancies occurring within packs. Approximate levels of genetic relatedness within packs were determined by studying pedigrees. In most years one study pack had a male-biased adult sex ratio. This was caused by almost twofold higher dispersal of adult females over adult males. A considerable variance existed in the percentage of sub-adults dispersing from the two packs. Differences existed in the frequencies of dominant and subordinate behaviours shown by males. For males, dominance ranks and ranks based on submissive behaviours were not correlated with frequencies of reproductive behaviours. Subordinate males also displayed reproductive behaviours. In packs, dominant males had lower tenures than dominant females indicating that among males breeding vacancies arose more quickly. The litter size was found to be negatively correlated with the age of the breeding female. There were no significant differences across individuals of varying age or sex classes in the display of pup care behaviours. Significant differences did exist among individual adults. Genetic relatedness among packs tended to vary temporally as a consequence of possible mating by subordinate animals and immigration of new males into the pack. In conclusion, it appears that males delay dispersal and cooperate within their natal packs because of the variety of reproductive strategies they could pursue within. A combination of ecological constraints and the difficulties of achieving breeding status within non-natal packs may make early dispersal and independent breeding less beneficial.

Efecto de diferentes densidades de siembra y niveles de fertilizacion nitrogenada sobre el rendimiento de Moringa oleifera, Managua, Nicaragua

El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de dos densidades de siembra y cuatro niveles nitrogenados sobre la producción de Moringa oleifera. El ensayo se llevo a cabo en la hacienda “Las Mercedes”, localizada geográficamente a 86° 16 ́ 50 ̈ longitud oeste 12° 9 ́ 2.66 ̈ longitud norte, Municipio de Managua, de junio 2007 a Octubre 2008. El diseño experimental usado fue un factorial con dos dens idades de siembra (100 000 plantas/ha y 166 666 plantas/ha) como factor principal y por 4 niveles de fertilización; (0 kg N/ha/año, 446 kg N/ha/año, 906.2 kg N/ha/año, 1334 kg N/ha/año); como factor secundario, en un arreglo de parcela dividida usando las Densidades como parcela principal y los niveles de fertilización como sub-parcela. Las variables de estudio fueron: Rendimiento de materia fresca total (RMFT),rendimiento de materia fresca fracción fina (RMFFF), rendimiento de materia fresca fracción gruesa (RMFFG), Rendimiento de materia seca total (RMST), Rendimiento de materia seca fracción fina (RMSFF), Rendimiento de materia seca fracción gruesa (RMFFG), Altura promedio de plantas, mortalidad de plantas y Tasa de Crecimiento (TC). Se realizó análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) y comparaciones con la Prueba de Tukey utilizando MINITAB, versión 13.0. los resultados en el ANDEVA mostraron que las densidades de siembra no presentaron efecto significativo (P<0.05) sobre las variables evaluadas, no así la fertilización que si presentaron efecto significativo (P<0.05) para todas las variables evaluadas, el nivel de fertilización nitrogenada III presentó los mejores resultados para las variables RMFT(186.35 Ton/ha/año), RMFFF(138.52Ton/ha/año), RMFFG(47.82 Ton/ha/año), RMST(26.43 Ton/ha/año), RMSFF(19.23 Ton/ha/año) y RMSFG(7.23 Ton/ha/año), Altura de las plantas (1.39 m) y TC(73.42kgMS/ha/dia)

The ecology of the Irish stoat

The Irish stoat, Mustela erminea hibernica (Thomas and Barrett-Hamilton), has been regarded as an intermediate between the British stoat and the weasel. In this study Irish stoats, mainly from road casualties, were collected and studied. A small number were also live-trapped and radio-tracked. Thus information was gathered on the stoat’s ecology, in particular its form (size and coat colours), reproduction, food habits, parasites, habitat utilisation mortality and predation. The Irish stoats studied were clearly not intermediate in size between British stoats and weasels. They showed considerable size overlap with British stoats, and marked size variation within Ireland. It is argued that size of stoats is determined by food supply early in life. The ventral coat pattern of Irish stoats is apparently unique in the Palaearctic, being similar to that of some stoats found on the west coast of North America. It is argued that this is an example of parallel evolution resulting from adaptation to similar climatic conditions. The stoats were reproductively active in spring and summer. Food consisted mainly of rabbits, but rats, birds, shrews mice and voles were also consumed. Mites were the most numerous ectoparasites, followed by lice, ticks and fleas. Damage by the parasitic nematode Skrjabingylus nasicola was found more frequently in female stoat skulls. Stoats were frequently found in a variety of habitats, both open and wooded. Some of the radio-tracked stoats climbed trees. Dens used were often rat holes. Only one home range, that of a breeding female, was considered to have been accurately measured. It was 22 ha. in size. Mortality is known to have been caused by road accidents and domestic carnivores. It is argued that predation by raptorial birds is important to stoat populations. Results of this study are compared with information available from elsewhere.

In the Shadows of the Old Town: Thomas Anna and 19th-century Glasgow

In 1858, a volume entitled Midnight Scenes and Social Photographs – being sketches of life in the streets, wynds and dens of the city of Glasgow was published under the pseudonym of ‘Shadow’ by Alexander Brown, a Glaswegian flâneur and reformer. Its frontispiece is an etching which depicts a theatre-like proscenium arch whose curtains have been withdrawn to reveal to the audience all the poverty, destitution and disorder that one was likely to find after dark in the insalubrious quarters of the city. At the extreme left-hand side, partly obscured by the curtain a silhouetted figure stands behind an unwieldy camera perched on a tripod. Distinctly unaffected by the mêlée, an arm is calmly raised and a finger precisely arched in the moment before the shutter is clicked and the scene committed to record. The volume, however, relies exclusively on textual descriptions to evoke the underside of the city and contains no photographs at all. Instead, the use of the word photograph in the title can be understood as a metaphor for detached scientific objectivity, a quality much celebrated by nineteenth-century reformers and investigators of social ills. As it happened, a decade after Shadow disappeared into the labyrinthine back-lands of Old Town Glasgow, he was followed there by a real photographer. In 1868, Thomas Annan was commissioned by the City Improvements Trust to take photographs of the Old Town in its last moments of existence before it was pulled down under a series of legislative acts. But perhaps paradoxically, given Shadow’s faith in the analytical properties of photography, Annan’s work seems to refute much of the material contained in Midnight Scenes and other similar tracts. Instead of the dens, shebeens, labyrinths and rowdy crowds described by Shadow, Annan’s depictions of the Old Town convey a static, calm environment, one which is often sparsely inhabited by a curious but apparently orderly population.

Taking account of the sensational tendencies of many reformists’ texts, this paper investigates the discrepancies between the two representations, focussing in particular on the constraints which operated on Annan during his commission. It argues that Annan’s compositions – which became very influential on other 19th century photographers of everyday life such as John Thomson or Jacob Riis – far from being dispassionate analytical works, emerged as a result of a matrix of factors which included: photographic and artistic precedents; Annan’s own predilections as a photographer; technological limitations; the nature of the commission from the City Improvements Trust and political climate in which it was given; the medieval urban fabric in which he had to operate; and, perhaps, most importantly, the identity of the Old Towns inhabitants themselves.

Recueil de lettres et de pièces originales, et de copies de pièces indiquées comme telles dans le dépouillement qui suit.

Contient : 1 Lettre de « la duchese D'ESTAMPE,... à monseigneur de La Guastiniere,... De Villedieu, ce IIIIe jour d'octobre » ; 2 Lettre de « DIANE DE POYTIERS,... à... monseigneur le conte Du Bouchaige,... A Sainct Germain en Laye, ce dernier jour de juing » ; 3 Instructions de CHARLES-QUINT pour l'administration des Pays-Bas. 1531. Copie ; 4 « Extract de la particuliere instruction de madamme MARIE, royne douaigiere d'Hongrie, touchant le gouvernement du Pays Bas, en date du VIIe jour du mois d'octobre 1531 » ; 5 « Copie de l'instruction du conseil privé, faicte... par l'empereur Charles cinquiesme... le premier d'octobre en l'an XV.C.XXXI » ; 6 Lettre de « D'ANNEBAULT,... au cappitaine Du Mont,... Du Pont Audemer, ce Vme octobre » ; 7 Lettre de la reine « CLAUDE,... à monseigneur Du Bouchaige,... Escript à Romorentin, le XIme jour de mars » ; 8 Lettre de « CHARLES TIERCELIN,... à monseigneur de La Gateliniere,... Escript à Mouson, ce VIIIme may » ; 9 Lettre de « LIVIO CROTTO,... au roy... Escript à Bings, le VIe jour de fevrier [M] V.C.XLVI » ; 10 État des troupes en diverses provinces ; 11 « Nouvelles du camp de Jaallon, du premier de septembre 1544 » ; 12 Lettre de « J[EAN] DE POYTIERS [Sr DE ST-VALLIER]... à monseigneur... Du Bouchaige,... De Paris, ce XXVIe jour de juillet » ; 13 Lettre de « MARGUERITE DE OYRON » à « monseigneur... de La Gateliniere,... A Fontainebleau, ce XXIIe janvier » ; 14 Lettre de « HUMYERES,... à... monseigneur le conte de Sainct Aignan,... De Romorantin, ce lendemain de Noel 1546 » ; 15 Lettre de « DE ANGLIERES,... à monseigneur le conte Du Bouchaige,... Se mois de mars, setiesme jour » ; 16 Lettre de « MARGUERITE » DE VALOIS, reine de Navarre, à « madame Du Bouchaige » ; 17 « Rondeau » (fol. 28). Refrain : « Dame sans per » ; 18 Pièce de vers de « SALEL » sur « la nativité de monseigneur le duc, fils premier de monseigneur le Daulphin » ; 19 « Chansons faictes par la royne de Navarra dens sa litiere, durant la maladie du roy » ; 20 « Aultre Chanson faicte par ladicte dame ung mois apres la mort du roy » ; 21 « Rondeau faict par ladicte dame au mesme temps » (fol. 36). Refrain : « L'odeur de mort » ; 22 Copie d'une lettre du roi « FRANÇOYS » Ier à « monseigneur Du Roolle,... De Sainct Germain en Laye, le XIIIe jour de fevrier M.V.C.XLVI » ; 23 Copie d'une lettre du roi « FRANÇOYS [Ier] à monseigneur de Ruffe,... Escript à Amboyse, le IXe jour de may mil V.C.XLI » ; 24 Lettre de « BOTIERES,... à monseigneur de La Gastilliniere,... De Troart, ce XXIIIIe jor de juing » ; 25 État de payement des troupes « faict à Engolesme, le Xme jour de decembre mil V.C. quarente huict » ; 26 Lettre de « LOYS DE BOURBON,... à monseigneur Du Bouschaige,... Escript à Champigny, le VIIIe jour de novembre » ; 27 Lettre de « LOYSE DE BOURBON,... à... madame Du Bouchaige,... Escript à Champigny, ce XIIe jour de decembre » ; 28 Lettre de « LOYS DE BOURBON,... à... monseigneur Du Bouhaige,... Escript à Champigny, le XXVIe jour d'octobre » ; 29 Lettre de « LOYS DE BOURBON,... à... monseigneur le conte Du Bouchaige,... De Champigny, ce XIme jour de mars » ; 30 Lettre de « LOYSE DE BOURBON,... à monseigneur le conte Du Bouchaige,... Escript à Champigny, ce second jour de septembre » ; 31 Lettres patentes du « roy FRANÇOYS » Ier pour faire nommer un curateur à « René de Baternay,... baron Du Bouchaige,... Donné à Paris, le XIIme jour de decembre, l'an de grace mil cinq cens vingt sept » ; 32 Lettre d'« ANTHOINETTE [DE BOURBON, duchesse DE GUISE]... à monseigneur de La Gateligniere,... De Joinville, le XXVe jour de septembre » ; 33 Lettre de « LOYS DE BOURBON,... à... monseigneur le conte Du Bouschaige,... A Paris, ce XXIme jour de fevrier » ; 34 Lettre de « LOYSE DE BOURBON,... à monseigneur Du Bouchaige,... Escript à Molins, le XVIIIe jour de juilhet » ; 35 Lettres patentes du « roy... FRANÇOYS » Ier, par lesquelles il nomme « Jehan Doiron,... Sr de La Gastelliniere », à la charge de commissaire ordinaire des guerres. « Donné à Cremyeu, le XXIme jour de mars, l'an de grace mil cinq cens trente cinq » ; 36 Acte par lequel le maréchal « de Montmorency » met de par le roi « Jehan Doiron,... Sr de La Gastelliniere », en possession de son office de commissaire ordinaire des guerres. « Le XXIXme jour de mars, l'an mil cinq cens trente cinq » ; 37 Acte, sur le même sujet, de « GUILLAUME PREUDOMME, conseiller du roy, general de ses finances et tresorier de son espargne... Donné à Montbrison... le XXVIIIme jour d'avril, l'an mil cinq cens trente six »

The effects of moisture, cation concentration, temperature, density and composition of soils on their electrical resistivity

The effects. of moisture, cation concentration, dens ity , temper~ t ure and grai n si ze on the electrical resistivity of so il s are examined using laboratory prepared soils. An i nexpen si ve method for preparing soils of different compositions was developed by mixing various size fractions i n the laboratory. Moisture and cation c oncentration are related to soil resistivity by powe r functions, whereas soil resistiv ity and temperature, density, Yo gravel, sand , sil t, and clay are related by exponential functions . A total of 1066 cases (8528 data) from all the experiments were used in a step-wise multiple linear r egression to determine the effect of each variable on soil resistivity. Six variables out of the eight variables studied account for 92.57/. of the total variance in so il resistivity with a correlation coefficient of 0.96. The other two variables (silt and gravel) did not increase the · variance. Moisture content was found to be - the most important Yo clay. variable- affecting s oil res istivi ty followed by These two variables account for 90.81Yo of the total variance in soil resistivity with a correlation ~oefficient ·.of 0 . 95. Based on these results an equation to ' ~~ed{ ct soil r esist ivi ty using moisture and Yo clay is developed . To t est the predicted equation, resistivity measurements were made on natural soils both in s i tu a nd i n the laboratory. The data show that field and laboratory measurements are comparable. The predicted regression line c losely coinciqes with resistivity data from area A and area B soils ~clayey and silty~clayey sands). Resistivity data and the predicted regression line in the case of c layey soils (clays> 40%) do not coincide, especially a t l ess than 15% moisture. The regression equation overestimates the resistivity of so i l s from area C and underestimates for area D soils. Laboratory prepared high clay soils give similar trends. The deviations are probably caused by heterogeneous distribution of mo i sture and difference in the type o f cl ays present in these soils.

Camp et Forêt suivi de Quatre objets de mémoire

Camp met en présence un officier nazi et ses Juifs : une petite fille s’appuyant sur sa vie d’avant afin de survivre dans sa vie d’après, une jeune femme d’une cinglante liberté intérieure et un groupe de prisonniers, la masse grise. Ce récit se déroule en quelques jours dans un camp d’extermination, en Pologne. Il y est question d’un projet insensé, imaginé et mis en œuvre par le Nazi dont le discours s’apparente à de confuses et dérisoires logorrhées. La recherche d’une humanité déniée, à la base du dévoilement de l’individualité des personnages (prisonniers), émane de la grâce, de l’authenticité et de la force vitale de la protagoniste, la petite fille, tendue vers son plan-de-quand-même-vie. Forêt, écrit en parallèle, puis à la fin de Camp, n’est pas sa suite, mais l’est aussi… Court récit poétique, il raconte la traversée d’une forêt par une femme à la recherche de ses édens. Le lieu, interpellé et très souvent conspué pour ce qu’il est devenu, devient un actant. Forêt, se servant de ses restes mythiques, contraint le pas-à-pas de la femme, perdue d’avance. L’essai, Quatre objets de mémoire, porte sur l’appropriation et la transmission de la mémoire de la Shoah, à partir de restes, de détails, de petits riens, perçus ici comme d’imaginables traces. J’interroge les signes singuliers d’improbables objets (feuillets administratifs du Troisième Reich, clichés fragmentaires d’Auschwitz-Birkenau et photographies de ses bois et de ses latrines) afin d’y débusquer de petits morceaux du caché, du secret et de l’innommable de la Solution finale. L’affect ressenti en présence de ces objets, par ce que je nomme, le nécessaire abandon, y est analysé dans le dessein d’en saisir leurs douleurs et de les rendre miennes. L’œuvre de l’artiste de la photo, Marie-Jeanne Musiol, sur Auschwitz-Birkenau, est à la base de ce désir de mémoire pérenne.

Aplicación del programa ruta escolar, sistema de orientación para padres de niños de preescolar, a una población conformada por veinte niños y cuarenta colegios

El proyecto Ruta Escolar es el planteamiento de un instrumento o herramienta de valoración que permitirá a los padres de familia acceder a una información detallada sobre aspectos relacionados con la o las instituciones educativas en las cuales ha pensado para continuar la educación de sus hijos luego de finalizada la educación preescolar, pero no es un camino de una sola vía, en el cual como la mayoría de proyectos se toman en cuenta las características de la institución, Ruta Escolar toma en cuenta a quien es el más importante “componente”,por así decirlo, de la comunidad educativa: el niño, pues él es finalmente quien será afectado por esta decisión. Este proyecto es una iniciativa de cuatro profesionales pertenecientes a la Especialización de Desarrollo Infantil y Procesos de Aprendizaje, quienes concientes del alto grado de incomprensión entre los lineamientos de las instituciones preescolares versus el niño, la familia y la educación primaria, buscan aportar a la “reducción del impacto que una inadecuada selección causa tanto en el niño como en su familia y en la institución”

Ruta escolar: sistema de orientación para padres de niños de preescolar como instrumento para el proceso de selección al ingreso escolar

El paso del preescolar a la educación básica es una responsabilidad que ha quedado en manos de los padres, los cuales no tienen un criterio integral para realizar una selección acertada de la institución, que permita la continuidad en el proceso de formación de sus hijos. Las estadísticas indican que en Colombia y América Latina el grado que más pierden los niños es primero, debido a que no existe una articulación entre los modelos pedagógicos del preescolar y la primaria. Es así como se considera necesario que las instituciones encargadas de la educación preescolar, asuman su función de orientar a los padres, garantizando la continuidad del proceso iniciado, indicándoles qué clase de educación e institución es la más conveniente para sus hijos y coherente con sus expectativas como familia. Ante la falta de instrumentos efectivos para ello, se planteó el diseño de “Ruta escolar”, una herramienta para que las instituciones preescolares orienten a los padres en la selección de instituciones educativas privadas para sus hijos en formación, recogiendo en tres matrices las expectativas y posibilidades de la familia, el perfil de desempeño del niño en el ámbito preescolar y las características académicas y operativas de diferentes instituciones.

De l'antiquarisme a l'arqueologia. La protecció del patrimoni històric i arqueològic a la província de Girona (1835-1876)

The first protective activities of historical and archaeological heritage in the province of Girona (Catalonia, Spain), although some earlier precedents, were produced from the third decade of the nineteenth century. These arose as a reaction to this terrible destruction suffered as a result of the introduction of the liberal state and the disappearance of several regular orders. Preservationists actions were carried out by some pseudo-public entities, which acted at the request of local authorities. These entities include the the Diputación Arqueológica, the Sociedad de Amigos del País and the Comisión de Monumentos. These corporations, with significant human and economic constraints, began activities as important as the beginning of the excavations of the site of Ampurias, the formation of a provincial museum in Girona and the restoration of the monastery of Ripoll.