A informalidade do mercado de trabalho : um desafio institucional permanente para a economia brasileira

A economia informal compõe o mundo do trabalho de todas as sociedades capitalistas, em menor ou em maior grau. No Brasil, historicamente observa-se que esse fenômeno tem sido sempre muito abrangente, sobretudo motivado pelo e resultante do contexto socioeconômico, jurídico e político. Devido às idiossincrasias nacionais, desde o surgimento do mercado de trabalho no país, esta situação persiste em diversos panoramas e com vários matizes, obstaculizando uma melhor performance global da economia brasileira e negando oportunidades de desenvolvimento individual e social ao longo do tempo. Sendo assim, e através do prisma da Economia Social e do Trabalho, o objetivo desta dissertação é analisar os principais fatores conjunturais e estruturais da informalidade observada no mercado nacional de trabalho no interregno 1980-2012, apresentando a dimensão desse problema e expondo suas raízes econômicas e institucionais, a fim de contribuir com novos elementos para o debate da informalidade em nível nacional. A hipótese central dessa pesquisa é de que o elevado GI no Brasil persiste essencialmente – mesmo que com diferentes especificidades históricas – ao nível das mentalidades dos diversos agentes, isto é, antes de ter-se um mercado nacional de trabalho com um alto GI, tem-se uma sociedade brasileira altamente informal. A instituição “trabalho informal” persiste como um hábito incrustado mesmo diante de mudanças de ordem socioeconômica, o que impede que grande parcela da população brasileira tenha acesso ao trabalho formalizado e decente (a là OIT). É mister que haja maior efetividade das leis e aprimoramentos institucionais acompanhados de coordenação e “vontade política”, alicerçados pela tomada de consciência crescente da sociedade civil no que se refere à importância da formalização e aos males da informalidade tanto para seus cidadãos quanto para a nação. Sugere-se como uma possível alternativa para diminuir o GI de forma mais consistente a consideração, para além dos aspectos econômicos e jurídicos, do arcabouço cultural, histórico, comportamental e dos hábitos sociais incrustados que os condicionam e os orientam. Isto porque são estes os eixos que norteiam o processo de desenvolvimento individual e social. Nesse sentido, o estudo (de caráter descritivo e analítico) é fundamentado pelas teorias sistêmicas e multidisciplinares desenvolvidas por Karl Paul Polanyi e Amartya Kumar Sen, interpretadas como artífices de uma vida digna, além de apregoarem o “reincrustamento” da economia na sociedade e, por analogia, o “desincrustamento” da informalidade institucionalmente enraizada na sociedade brasileira. Isso se dará à medida que forem expandidas as liberdades instrumentais e substantivas, em uma espécie de “causação circular cumulativa” aplicada à questão da informalidade, tendo como “efeito colateral altamente desejável” o desenvolvimento socioeconômico. As principais contribuições deste estudo emergiram justamente das concepções teóricas dos dois autores, combinadas aos nexos de convergência estabelecidos entre a economia brasileira, seus desdobramentos institucionais e a informalidade no mercado nacional de trabalho no período estudado.

Divulgação de indicadores sociais: outra dimensão para informações contabilísticas

Mestrado em Contabilidade

Ignacy Sachs e a nave espacial Terra

This paper is a short survey of the work of Ignacy Sachs - one of the pioneers of structuralist development economics and an outstanding economist dedicated to environmental economics. Sachs is Polish and a disciple of Michael Kalecki, but he is also a Brazilian and a French, given his strong ties with these two countries. He knows the importance of markets in the coordination of the economy, but, as a developmental economist, he attributes a key role to economic planning. Only through the deliberate action of the state it will be possible to achieve economic growth, reduction of inequalities, and protection of the environments - only through deliberate action way men and women will be able to conduct the Spaceship Earth to economic, social and environmental development and assure a decent work to all.

Garantir un réel accès à la justice efficace aux travailleuses domestiques migrantes : obstacles systémiques et conceptualisation du droit - perspectives canadiennes et internationales

Malgré une demande croissante dans le secteur du travail domestique et un poids économique mondial considérable, les travailleuses domestiques migrantes demeurent parmi les plus précaires et les plus exploitées de la planète. Invisibles, isolées et travaillant pour des particuliers dans des résidences privées, elles échappent aux catégories traditionnelles d’emploi. Ces travailleuses se retrouvent alors à évoluer en marge du cadre légal ou encore, elles peinent à faire appliquer correctement les lois conçues pour les protéger. Ce mémoire cherche donc à analyser les manières d’envisager le droit afin de garantir un réel accès à la justice pour les travailleuses domestiques migrantes. En abordant d’abord les obstacles systémiques qui font échec à la réglementation du secteur domestique à travers le monde, cette recherche démontre une inadéquation du droit traditionnel à la réalité des travailleuses par l’analyse des effets de la réglementation canadienne qui leur est applicable. À la lumière de la récente Convention concernant le travail décent pour les travailleuses et travailleurs domestiques, ce mémoire démontre qu’une conceptualisation du droit basée sur le pluralisme juridique fournit des alternatives aux travailleuses domestiques migrantes pour accéder à la justice. Ultimement, l’empowerment de ces travailleuses par leur inclusion dans le dialogue social couplé à une réglementation adaptée à leur réalité permettra d’assurer une protection efficace de leurs droits.

The Food Crisis: Implications for Labor

Food prices have gone up to prohibitive levels for many of the world’s poor. The vast majority of those who are hungry in the world today are working in agriculture, either as small landholders or as waged agricultural workers. The majority of the food producers have not benefited from rising prices. Apparently, the bargaining power of many producers, just as that of the end consumers, has been weakened vis-à-vis the buyers and retailers of agricultural produce. This powerlessness is also in the face of governments that fail to provide an appropriate infrastructure for smallholders and social protection. The first part of the book provides an introduction to the immediate and structural causes of the food crisis. The second part contains contributions that not only highlight the plight of rural labour but also develop tools for measuring the decent work deficit. The last part emphasizes income security as a major precondition for food security. It looks at the experiences of Brazil and India with the extension of social protection for the poor.

Together?

This paper explores the relationship between migrant leaders and labour rights activists starting with the acknowledgment that this is often a source of frustration for all subjects involved. The collaboration between organisations of migrants and those of workers is not always smooth and truly collaborative, yet foreign workers have an increasing importance in the negotiation of better labour rights in Europe. The topic is discussed by taking the case of migrant domestic labour in Italy and the experience of Italian and Filipino organisation leaders who campaign for better rights in this sector. The discussion will be developed by bringing together the perspectives of three key actors in the field: trade unions, Christian labour organisations, and Filipino women's groups. Through the analysis of indepth interviews with women representatives of these organisations, impediments in the collaborations among them will be discussed, including difficulties in identifying an egalitarian method for pursuing common goals together, lack of 'trust' in the good-will of labour organisations from the side of migrants, and finally, the limits of what will be called 'bridge-persons', i.e. trade unionists with migrant backgrounds who are expected to facilitate the connection between the two groups.

Social Inequality and Social Policy outside the OECD

Almost all Latin American countries are still marked by extreme forms of social inequality – and to an extent, this seems to be the case regardless of national differences in the economic development model or the strength of democracy and the welfare state. Recent research highlights the fact that the heterogeneous labour markets in the region are a key source of inequality. At the same time, there is a strengthening of ‘exclusive’ social policy, which is located at the fault lines of the labour market and is constantly (re-)producing market-mediated disparities. In the last three decades, this type of social policy has even enjoyed democratic legitimacy. These dynamics challenge many of the assumptions guiding social policy and democratic theory, which often attempt to account for the specificities of the region by highlighting the purported flaws of certain policies. We suggest taking a different perspective: social policy in Latin American should not be grasped as a deficient or flawed type of social policy, but as a very successful relation of political domination. ‘Relational social analysis’ locates social policy in the ‘tension zone’ constituted by the requirements of economic reproduction, demands for democratic legitimacy and the relative autonomy of the state. From this vantage point, we will make the relation of domination in question accessible for empirical research. It seems particularly useful for this purpose to examine the recent shifts in the Latin American labour markets, which have undergone numerous reforms. We will examine which mechanisms, institutions and constellations of actors block or activate the potentials of redistribution inherent in such processes of political reform. This will enable us to explore the socio-political field of forces that has been perpetuating the social inequalities in Latin America for generations.

Core Labor Rights

The working paper’s main objective is to explore the extent to which non-compliance to international labor rights is caused by global competition. From the perspective of institutional economics, compliance with core labor rights is beneficial for sustainable development. Nonetheless, violations of these rights occur on a massive scale. The violators usually blame competitive pressures. A number of studies have come to the conclusion that non-compliance does not provide for a competitive edge, thereby denying any economic rationale for non-compliance. While we sympathize with this conclusion, we find that these studies suffer from faulty assumptions in the design of their regression analyses. The assumption of perfect markets devoid of power relations is particularly unrealistic. While workers' rights promise long-term benefits, they may incur short-term production cost increases. On the supply side, the production sites with the highest amount of labor rights violations are characterized by a near perfect competitive situation. The demand side, however, is dominated by an oligopoly of brand name companies and large retailers. Facing a large pool of suppliers, these companies enjoy more bargaining power. Developing countries, the hosts to most of these suppliers, are therefore limited in their ability to raise labor standards on their own. This competitive situation, however, is the very reason why labor rights have to be negotiated internationally. Our exploration starts with an outline of the institutionalist argument of the benefits of core labor rights. Second, we briefly examine some cross-country empirical studies on the impact of trade liberalization (as a proxy for competitive pressures). Third, we develop our own argument which differentiates the impact of trade liberalization along the axes of labor- and capital-intensive production as well as low and medium skill production. Finally, we present evidence from a study on the impact of trade liberalization in Indonesia on the garment industry as an example of a low skill, laborintensive industry on the one hand, and the automobile as an example for a medium skill, capital-intensive industry on the other hand. Because the garment industry’s workforce consists mainly of women, we also discuss the gender dimension of trade liberalization.

Small and Closed vs. Large and Open: Some Lessons from Comparing Cuban to Colombian Agricultural Development

Comparing the experiences of selected Latin America and the Caribbean countries and their trajectories over the past 15 years offers rich insights into the dynamics and causes for not meeting the 2015 MDGs. They also offer clues for post-MDG strategies. Central to achieving sustainable growth are government policies able to support small and medium-sized farms and peasants, as they are crucial for the achievement of several goals, centrally: to achieve food security; to provide a sound and stable rural environment able to resist external (financial) shocks; to secure healthy food; to secure local food; and to protect vibrant and culturally rich local communities. This paper analyses and compares the most successful government policies to the least successful policies carried out over the last 15 years in selected Latin American and Caribbean countries and based on this analysis, offers strategies for more promising post-MDG politics, able to reduce poverty, reduce inequality, fight back informality, and achieve more decent work in poor countries.

Percepción de los empleadores sobre la salud ocupacional en Colombia

Uno de los grandes problemas que se presentan en la relación laboral, son los diferentes riesgos a los que se encuentran expuestos los trabajadores en su puesto de trabajo y a su vez la necesidad que tienen las empresas en obtener utilidades y ser más competitivas en una economía globalizada, lo cual hace muy complejo determinar la perdurabilidad de las mismas y la posibilidad de contar con trabajadores en condiciones saludables. Con el presente trabajo se busca identificar la percepción que los empleadores Colombianos tienen sobre la salud ocupacional en Colombia, para lo cual se realizó una encuesta tipo likert, a más de sesenta representantes de diferentes empresas de todos los sectores de la economía, con los resultados obtenidos y previo análisis de la información, se pretende proponer algunas sugerencias que contribuyan al mejoramiento permanentemente de las condiciones de salud en el trabajo.

Prevalencia de síntomas musculo esqueléticos en trabajadores de una empresa de telecomunicaciones en Bogotá, Colombia, 2013.

Objetivo: Establecer la prevalencia de síntomas músculo esqueléticos, relacionados con las características demográficas y el área de trabajo, en empleados de una empresa de telecomunicaciones en Bogotá D.C., Colombia en el 2013. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal, en una empresa de telecomunicaciones de la cuidad de Bogotá en el 2013, con una población de 100 trabajadores del área técnica, comercial y administrativa. Se utilizó el Cuestionario Nórdico Estandarizado de síntomas músculo-esqueléticos1 y la Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo, del Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo de España (INSHT). Resultados: La prevalencia de síntomas músculo-esqueléticos fue de 58%. El promedio de edad de la población que presentó síntomas fue 32.8 años. Respecto al área de trabajo el 44% pertenece al área técnica, el 32% al área comercial y el 24% al área administrativa. Se encontró mayor porcentaje de síntomas de columna lumbar en la población del área administrativa (p= 0.02), manos/muñecas (p= 0,001), hombros (p= 0.044) y cuello (p= 0.003), comparado con comerciales y técnicos, con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa. En el área técnica se encontró mayor porcentaje de síntomas en columna dorsal (p= 0.0052). Conclusiones: Se estableció una prevalencia de síntomas musculo esqueléticos similar a la reportada en la literatura nacional con poblaciones de características similares. Se pone en evidencia la presencia de síntomas musculo esqueléticos relacionados con el área de trabajo, principalmente con el área administrativa. El síntoma más frecuente se ubicó en columna lumbar. Se requiere de estudios posteriores con una muestra poblacional mayor y asociando factores de riesgo que permitan establecer causalidad.

Desórdenes músculo-esqueléticos en los trabajadores asistenciales y administrativos de un hospital en Sogamoso, Boyacá, en el 2013

Objetivo: Establecer la relación de las condiciones de trabajo y salud con los desórdenes músculo-esqueléticos (DME) en los trabajadores asistenciales y administrativos de un hospital en Sogamoso, Boyacá, en el 2013. Metodología: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo con una muestra de 90 trabajadores, correspondiente al 22%, de 405 incluyendo médicos, jefes de enfermería, auxiliar de enfermería, auxiliares administrativos y profesionales administrativos. Se aplicó una encuesta para determinar las condiciones de trabajo y salud y para el análisis de los síntomas de desorden músculo esquelético, junto con la toma de estatura y peso para calcular el índice de masa corporal. En el análisis de las variables cuantitativas se utilizó medidas de tendencia central y dispersión; para las variables cualitativas se calculó frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes. Se realizó pruebas de asociación Chi cuadrado y se estimó las medidas OR crudas y ajustadas por medio de un modelo de regresión binaria logística, con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza. Resultados: La población estuvo conformada por 78 mujeres (86.7%) y 12 hombres (13.3%), con edades entre 24 y 56 años. Los cargos más representativos fueron el Auxiliar Administrativo y el Auxiliar de Enfermería con el 35.6% (32) y 38.9% (35) respectivamente. Los síntomas de DME más frecuentes se ubicaron en la espalda y en mano afectando al 58.9% (53) y 45.6% (41) respectivamente. Según el 93.3% de los participantes, el factor de riesgo biomecánico que tiene alta influencia en los DME es la realización de movimientos repetidos. Se encontró para los Médicos un Odds Ratio (OR) 4.2; de DME, mientras que para los Auxiliares Administrativos tienen un OR 2.9 y presentan mayor posibilidad de padecer DME que un Auxiliar de Enfermería.

Diagnóstico sobre discriminación de género en el sector de hidrocarburos

El presente informe describe a profundidad el resultado del ejercicio de práctica profesional que dentro del marco formativo de la Maestría en Estudios Sociales, en la línea de profundización o Análisis y Gestión de proyectos de Intervención Social. Se elabora un diagnóstico situacional y contextual sobre un ejercicio investigativo realizado por una firma consultora de proyectos antropológicos, que se ejecutó bajo contrato y por petición de una compañía petrolera con operación en varios departamentos de Colombia. Es preciso aclarar que no se cuenta con la información de una línea base, ya que ésta no fue suministrada por la empresa para quien se elaboró el diagnóstico. La investigación fue desarrollada durante veinticinco días en los que se visitaron tres campos, ubicados en dos departamentos diferentes. Durante este tiempo, el equipo investigador vivió bajo las mismas condiciones que los trabajadores, empleando técnicas de investigación cualitativa como la observación, la entrevista a profundidad y el grupo focal; esto atendiendo a las características del contexto y la disponibilidad de informantes clave, que estaban sujetas a la no alteración de la vida cotidiana laboral. Entre los hallazgos más relevantes aportados por la información recabada, se encuentran: la caracterización del relacionamiento y discursos que refuerzan la discriminación de género, las condiciones laborales en términos de estatus y remuneración, los usos y apropiación del espacio, todo esto analizado principalmente desde un abordaje Bourdieusano, y la pertinencia que en este contexto puede tener el abordaje del fenómeno desde la perspectiva del trabajo decente como lo propone la OIT (2005). A partir de esto, se señalan los aspectos fundamentales a tener en cuenta para una futura estructuración de estrategias de intervención encaminadas a la modificación del contexto y la dignificación del trabajo en campo, demostrando la pertinencia y el aporte que tiene la formación aplicada en cualquier tipo de contexto social.

Trabalho escravo contemporâneo e Estado capaz no Brasil

This thesis demonstrates the exercise of slave labor in the context of free or decent work, in contemporary times, supported by the federal constitution 1988 Brazil than places like fundamentals "the dignity of the human person" and "the social values of work and free enterprise" , and is as fundamental objectives of the Federative Republic of Brazil "build a free, just and united society," "guarantee national development", "eradicate poverty and marginalization and reduce social and regional inequalities", "promote the well all without prejudice of origin, race, sex, color, age and any other forms of discrimination. " It is considered that the analytical work category interacts both conceptually as an integral part of the capitalist development model as a driving force to the definition of State Capable. The panorama of acquired rights and rights infringed upon evidences the presence, or not, of the Brazilian state. Highlights, however, as state functions are being performed under the auspices of the Democratic State of Rights. So the original question that motivated this work is: To what extent the Brazilian government is structured to implement measures that can eradicate modern-day slavery? This question led to questions as: The Brazilian state has never failed in implementing the policy of "eradication to work analogous to slavery"? The answer the research questions were outlined using the dialectical materialist historical method under a sociological perspective in order to draw relationships and interrelationships between the current situation of the concept contemporary slavery and its historical roots. In the theoretical framework considers the conceptual approach regarding the capable state in order to answer the question regarding the eradication policy to contemporary forced labor and the Brazilian nation-state's ability to put it into action. In this sense, it employed concepts such as state, nation-state and capable state, from the interpretations of Bresser-Pereira, including the discussion regarding the formation of the arrangements and conservative and progressive political alliances. The research subject was analyzed from the reports published in 2013 by the Ministry of Labour after the Special Group of the inspection actions for Mobile Inspection (GEFM) to Combat Labour Analogous to Slave. The study of public policies related to the eradication program to work analogous to slavery takes up the discussion regarding the conditionality of free labor, or decent, in contemporary Brazil, and reveals that in Brazil the effectiveness or efficacy of government actions comply with governing the Federal Constitution-88, namely, to preserve "the dignity of the human person" and "the social values of work and free enterprise" is an ongoing process. There are advances, but these are conditioned to Brazil stage in the formation of the nation state and the national society.