173 resultados para DTT


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This thesis describes research pursued in two areas, both involving the design and synthesis of sequence specific DNA-cleaving proteins. The first involves the use of sequence-specific DNA-cleaving metalloproteins to probe the structure of a protein-DNA complex, and the second seeks to develop cleaving moieties capable of DNA cleavage through the generation of a non-diffusible oxidant under physiological conditions.

Chapter One provides a brief review of the literature concerning sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins. Chapter Two summarizes the results of affinity cleaving experiments using leucine zipper-basic region (bZip) DNA-binding proteins. Specifically, the NH_2-terminal locations of a dimer containing the DNA binding domain of the yeast transcriptional activator GCN4 were mapped on the binding sites 5'-CTGACTAAT-3' and 5'ATGACTCTT- 3' using affinity cleaving. Analysis of the DNA cleavage patterns from Fe•EDTA-GCN4(222-281) and (226-281) dimers reveals that the NH_2-termini are in the major groove nine to ten base pairs apart and symmetrically displaced four to five base pairs from the central C of the recognition site. These data are consistent with structural models put forward for this class of DNA binding proteins. The results of these experiments are evaluated in light of the recently published crystal structure for the GCN4-DNA complex. Preliminary investigations of affinity cleaving proteins based on the DNA-binding domains of the bZip proteins Jun and Fos are also described.

Chapter Three describes experiments demonstrating the simultaneous binding of GCN4(226-281) and 1-Methylimidazole-2-carboxamide-netropsin (2-ImN), a designed synthetic peptide which binds in the minor groove of DNA at 5'-TGACT-3' sites as an antiparallel, side-by-side dimer. Through the use of Fe•EDTA-GCN4(226-281) as a sequence-specific footprinting agent, it is shown that the dimeric protein GCN4(226-281) and the dimeric peptide 2- ImN can simultaneously occupy their common binding site in the major and minor grooves of DNA, respectively. The association constants for 2-ImN in the presence and in the absence of Fe•EDTA-GCN4(226-281) are found to be similar, suggesting that the binding of the two dimers is not cooperative.

Chapter Four describes the synthesis and characterization of PBA-β-OH-His- Hin(139-190), a hybrid protein containing the DNA-binding domain of Hin recombinase and the putative iron-binding and oxygen-activating domain of the antitumor antibiotic bleomycin. This 54-residue protein, comprising residues 139-190 of Hin recombinase with the dipeptide pyrimidoblamic acid-β-hydroxy-L-histidine (PBA-β-OH-His) at the NH2 terminus, was synthesized by solid phase methods. PBA-β-OH-His-Hin(139- 190) binds specifically to DNA at four distinct Hin binding sites with affinities comparable to those of the unmodified Hin(139-190). In the presence of dithiothreitol (DTT), Fe•PB-β-OH-His-Hin(139-190) cleaves DNA with specificity remarkably similar to that of Fe•EDTA-Hin(139-190), although with lower efficiency. Analysis of the cleavage pattern suggests that DNA cleavage is mediated through a diffusible species, in contrast with cleavage by bleomycin, which occurs through a non-diffusible oxidant.

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Aspergillus fumigatus é o principal agente etiológico da aspergilose invasiva, infecção fúngica oportunista com altas taxas de mortalidade afetando, principalmente, pacientes com neutropenia profunda e prolongada. Durante o processo de invasão e disseminação características desta infecção sistêmica, os conídios do fungo inalados e não eliminados pelas células do sistema imune inato diferenciam-se em hifas que, por sua vez, são angioinvasivas. Pouco se conhece sobre as moléculas da parede celular envolvidas na patogênese do A. fumigatus e/ou secretadas por este patógeno. Neste contexto, este trabalho procura ampliar o entendimento desta doença através do estudo de proteínas diferencialmente expressas na superfície de A. fumigatus durante a morfogênese. Foi utilizada uma abordagem proteômica e foram estudados extratos de superfície de células de A. fumigatus em diferentes estágios durante o processo de filamentação. Estas células foram denominadas, de acordo com o tempo de cultivo e a morfologia, como: TG6h (tubo germinativo), H12h ou H72h (hifas). As proteínas de superfície celular foram extraídas, a partir de células intactas, por tratamento brando com o agente redutor DTT (ditiotreitol). Observou-se que o perfil funcional das proteínas expressas por H12h e H72h foi similar, com exceção de proteínas relacionadas à resposta ao estresse, enquanto o perfil para TG6h apresentou diferenças significativas para vários grupos funcionais de proteínas quando comparado às hifas. Desta forma, foram realizados experimentos de proteômica diferencial entre tubo germinativo (TG6h) e a hifa madura (H72h), pela técnica de DIGE (differential gel electrophoresis). Os resultados revelaram que entre as proteínas diferencialmente expressas, aquelas relacionadas às vias de biossíntese e outras denominadas multifuncionais encontraram-se superexpressas em TG6h. Em relação às proteínas de resposta a estresse, observou-se que algumas HSPs eram mais expressas neste morfotipo, enquanto a MnSOD, relativa à resposta ao estresse oxidativo, era mais abundante na hifa. Com exceção da PhiA, integrante da parede celular, as proteínas identificadas como diferencialmente expressas na superfície do A. fumigatus não possuem sinal para secreção identificável, enquadrando-se nas proteínas atípicas de superfície. Foi verificada a integridade da membrana celular após tratamento com DTT, bem como a marcação por biotina das proteínas extraídas, o que comprovou sua localização superficial na célula fúngica. Hipóteses de que estas proteínas sejam endereçadas à parede celular por via secretória alternativa sustentam estes dados. Estas evidências foram confirmadas pelo fato de não terem sido encontradas as mesmas proteínas da superfície na análise do secretoma do A. fumigatus. Além disso, todas as proteínas caracterizadas no secretoma apresentavam sinal de secreção determinado pelo FunSecKB (www.proteomics.ysu.edu/secretomes/fungi.php). A análise do secretoma foi realizada utilizando-se a cepa selvagem AF293 e a mutante ∆prtT, mutante para um fator de transcrição que atua na regulação da secreção de proteases. Os resultados revelam a ALP1 como expressa na cepa selvagem, assim como outras proteases importantes para virulência e desenvolvimento da célula fúngica, estando suprimidas quando o gene prtT foi deletado.

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Porphyrin metabolic disruption from exposure to xenobiotic contaminants such as heavy metals, dioxins, and aromatic hydrocarbons can elicit overproduction of porphyrins. Measurement of porphyrin levels, when used in conjunction with other diagnostic assays, can help elucidate an organism’s physiological condition and provide evidence for exposure to certain toxicants. A sensitive microplate fluorometric assay has been optimized for detecting total porphyrin levels in detergent solubilized protein extracts from symbiotic, dinoflagellate containing cnidarian tissues. The denaturing buffer used in this modified assay contains a number of potentially interfering components (e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), dithiothreitol (DTT), protease inhibitors, and chlorophyll from the symbiotic zooxanthellae), which required examination and validation. Examination of buffer components were validated for use in this porphyrin assay; while the use of a specific spectrofluorometric filter (excitation 400 ± 15 nm; emission 600 ± 20 nm) minimized chlorophyll interference. The detection limit for this assay is 10 fmol of total porphyrin per μg of total soluble protein and linearity is maintained up to 5000 fmol. The ability to measure total porphyrins in a SDS protein extract now allows a single extract to be used in multiple assays. This is an advantage over classical methods, particularly when tissue samples are limiting, as is often the case with coral due to availability and collection permit restrictions.

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第一部分:青蒿开花与青蒿素生物合成相关性的研究 青蒿素是从中药青蒿中分离出的倍半萜内酯化合物,目前是世界上唯一有效的治疗脑型疟疾和抗氯喹恶性疟疾的药物。青蒿植株中青蒿素含量在开花期最高,但是目前尚不清楚开花与青蒿素生物合成的关系。为此,我们用光周期(短日照)诱导青蒿提前开花,不仅同时获得了开花与不开花的青蒿植株,而且还成功地在同一植株上诱导部分分枝开花,另一部分分枝保持营养生长状态。这一实验体系为研究青蒿开花与青蒿素生物合成的相关性奠定了基础。实验结果表明,开花与不开花青蒿植株青蒿素含量有明显差异。开花植株的青蒿素含量在前2周内逐渐提高,第三周(开花期)达到最高,并保持一周左右,在随后的2周内下降。青蒿植株开花后,叶片便开始老化变黄,逐渐死亡。未开花青蒿植株的青蒿素含量动态在前三周内与开花植株类似,但是这种高青蒿素含量状态能保持较长时间,至少在随后的2周内没有下降。未开花植株的叶片依然保持绿色。这一结果表明,开花不是导致青蒿素含量提高的直接原因。 扫描电镜观察结果表明,幼嫩叶片上的毛状腺体( trichrome)结构是完整的,而在老化的叶片上,则观察到了相当比例(40-50%)破损的腺体。这可能是导致青蒿素含量下降的直接原因。 不同生态型青蒿对光周期的反应是不同的。在北京地区,本地青蒿在8月初便开始开花,而来自四川武陵的青蒿则要到9月份才能开花。根据这一特性,采用“南蒿北栽”的方法,能够使青蒿保持较长时间的营养生长状态,延长适于采收的时间。 第二部分:金丝桃和百金花二苯甲酮合酶基因的克隆,异源表达及功能分析 植物次生代谢物山屯酮( Xanthones)仅存在于龙胆科和藤黄科植物中。它们具有抑制单胺氧化酶,细胞毒素及抗肿瘤活性。 含有1 3个碳原子的二苯甲酮是山屯酮生物合成的中间产物,是由二苯甲酮合酶催化合成的,这一反应是山屯酮生物合成的关键步骤。二苯甲酮合酶已经在金丝桃和百金花细胞悬浮培养系统中检测到,并进行了细致的生化水平上的研究。本研究是在上述研究的基础上,进一步克隆该酶的基因,并进行异源表达及功能分析工作,以便更好地了解和调控山屯酮的生物合成。 用PCR和RT-PCR技术,从金丝桃cDNA文库和逆转录产物中分别克隆到一个基因HBPS1和HBPS2,从百金花cDNA文库中克隆到一个基因CBPS1。HBPS1含有1402个碱基,其开放阅读框架编码390个氨基酸,分子量为42.7 kDa,等电点为6.55。HBPS2含有1398个碱基,其开放阅读框架编码395个氨基酸,分子量为42.8 kDa,等电点为5.78。CBPS1含有1383个碱基,其开放阅读框架编码389个氨基酸,分子量为42.7 kDa,等电点为7.88。与GenBank中序列同源性比较结果表明:在氨基酸水平上,HBPS1与茶(Camellia sinensis)查尔酮合酶的同源性高达92%,HBPS2与萝卜(Raphanus sativus)查尔酮合酶的同源性为64%,CBPS1与茶(Camellia sinensis)查尔酮合酶的同源性为71%。HBPS1与HBPS2的同源性仅为62%。 将三个新克隆的基因的ORF整合到载体pGEX-G上的谷胱甘肽还原酶S基因下游,构建成转化质粒,并在大肠杆菌中诱导表达。结果表明,这三个基因的ORF片段均能被表达成约68 kDa的产物,这与期望的结果一致。 活性检测结果表明,HBPS1是查尔酮合成酶,其底物为香豆酰辅酶A和丙二酸单酰辅酶A,对这两种底物的亲和性KM分别为:香豆酰辅酶A 2.8μM,丙二酸单酰辅酶A,11.2μM。最适反应条件是350C,pH7.0,DTT浓度10 μM。 HBPS2是二苯甲酮合酶,其底物是苯甲丙氨酰辅酶A,和丙二酸单酰辅酶A,对这两种底物的亲和性KM分别为:苯甲丙氨酰辅酶A 2.4 μM,丙二酸单酰辅酶A 9.6μM。最适反应条件是350C,pH 6.5,DTT浓度50 μM。而CBPS1则没有检测到任何活性。从同一种植物中同时获得了查尔酮合酶和二苯甲酮合酶,对研究这两种十分相近的酶的差异表达,酶促反应机制等问题将非常有利。

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内质网中一些可溶性蛋白含有Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu(KDEL)基序作为内质网滞留的信号,这些内质网滞留蛋白可以离开内质网进入高尔基体进行糖基化修饰。目前的研究表明,KDEL基序可以被滞留蛋白受体识别,通过反向运输途径将其运回内质网。ERD2是第一个在酵母中被鉴定的内质网滞留蛋白受体。在人、拟南芥、弓形虫等生物中也鉴定出类似的内质网滞留蛋白受体。ERD2在拟南芥中的同源基因aERD2受内质网胁迫信号的诱导,在水稻中还未见该类受体的报道。 本工作从水稻中克隆到ERD2的同源基因OsERD2。OsERD2的cDNA全长为1081bp,编码一含215个氨基酸的蛋白。OsERD2与酵母、拟南芥、人中的内质网滞留蛋白受体的同源性分别为43.38%、72.56%、54.42%。疏水性分析显示该蛋白具有7个跨膜区;OsERD2呈组成型表达模式;亚细胞定位显示OsERD2主要分布于高尔基体中;利用酵母互补实验证明OsERD2可以恢复酵母erd2缺失突变体的表型。这些结果表明,OsERD2是水稻中的内质网滞留蛋白受体。 借助农杆菌介导的转化将OsERD2在水稻中超表达,分析转基因水稻对二硫苏糖醇(DTT)处理的响应。结果显示DTT处理抑制水稻幼苗生长,超表达OsERD2株系受抑制程度更为明显。表明OsERD2转基因水稻对内质网胁迫更加敏感。因此,OsERD2可能参与了水稻中的未折叠蛋白响应。 本论文还比较分析了OsRAA1/AtFPF1的一些新功能。OsRAA1(Oryza sativa root architecture associated 1)是拟南芥AtFPF1在水稻中的同源基因,参与水稻根发育的调控。我们将OsRAA1在拟南芥中异源超表达,发现OsRAA1的积累使转基因拟南芥的开花时间提前,同时发现在白光条件下转基因拟南芥的下胚轴长度增加。进一步分析表明,在蓝光、远红光和黑暗条件下转OsRAA1拟南芥下胚轴长度和野生型没有明显区别,但在红光条件下,转基因拟南芥的下胚轴长度是野生型的两倍。AtFPF1转基因拟南芥也表现出类似的表型,说明RAA1/FPF1蛋白不但可以调控拟南芥开花时间而且参与红光对下胚轴生长的光抑制过程,它们在进化过程中保留了这两个方面的功能。

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用Triton X--100增溶菠菜叶绿体,分离到高放氧活性的PSII颗粒。对增溶过程中的缓冲液pH Triton与叶绿素比例、Na~+ 浓度等因素进行分析,结果表明各因素相互间作用不大;pH的最佳范围为6.7~7.1。制备的PS-II颗粒放氧活性达210μmoles/mgchl.hr、DCIP→MV的光还原活性约为54μmoles O_2/mgchl.hr. P700与叶绿素比例为1/1900。放氧活性相当稳定,在0℃水浴保存的活性半衰期为80小时左右。该PSII颗粒的多肽分子量主要分布在68、56、46、34、28.5、25、20和17KD区域,其中25KD多肽占总蛋白质含量的40%经上。上述PSII颗粒经胆酸钠或Tris处理后,放氧活性和DPC→DCIP的希尔反应活性都有不同程度的下降,同时有一些蛋白质被抽提。胆酸钠抽提到的组分是65、58和15KD多肽;Tris则对34KD多肽的抽提作用最为显著。本文初步讨论了这些多肽与PSII氧化侧的关系。文中缩写:Tris-三羟甲基氨基甲烷;EDTA-乙二胺四乙酸;Tricine-一三(羟甲基)甲基甘氨酸;HEPES--N-2-羟乙基呱嗪-N-2-乙磺酸;DTT-二硫苏糖醇,DMBQ:2,5-二甲基对苯醌;DCIP-一二氯酚靛酚;ASC-抗环血酸;DPC-NN二苯氨基脲;MV-甲基紫精;SDS-十二烷基磺酸钠;Chl-叶绿素;LHCP-捕光色素蛋白复合体;PS-光系统;RuBP-二磷酸核酮糖;CF-叶绿体偶联因子;DCMU-二氯苯基二甲脲;Cyt-细胞色素。

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本实验以菠菜叶片为材料,分离并纯化了甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH,EC 1.2.1.8),并对其某些性质进行了研究。此外,还提取并纯化了poly (A)+RNA,并对其完整性进行了分析,主要结果如下: 1.菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶存在于60%硫酸铵沉淀部分,70%硫酸铵沉淀部分未检出其活性。用层析法纯化该酶,使纯化倍数达到405.3倍。菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶有两个同工酶。 2.菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶主要定位于胞液中。其中,在过氧化物酶体及微粒体中有一定量活性存在,但在叶绿体中未检出其活性。 3.菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶活性有较广的pH值范围,其最适pH范围为9.5左右。该酶以NAD作为特异性辅酶,其Km值为8.0×10-6M, Vmax为0.143nmol/min。该酶以甜菜碱醛作为特异性底物,其Km值为1.82×10-4M,Vmax为0.182nmol/min。该酶活性为0.125~1M的NaCl、KCl和脯氨酸所抑制,但0.125~1M的蔗糖及甜菜碱对其活性没有影响。 4.PCMB和Mersalyl抑制该酶的活性,DTT可逐步恢复被抑制的活性。稀土元素LaCl3对该酶活性没有影响,但CeCl则使其完全失活。另外,Mn2+和Mo6+离子对其活性没有影响,Mg2+离子可增加其活性。 5.菠菜叶片中有菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶的抑制因子存在,该因子可能是一种小分子化合物。 6.应用酚-氯仿方法分离了菠菜叶片的poly (A)+RNA,并在-80℃低温下长期贮存。

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玉米幼苗经外源脱落酸(ABA)处理后,其生长与光合作用,如株高、干物质积累、净光合速率(Pn)、光合作用的量子效率(фC02)和羧化效率(CE),以及光系统II (PSII)实际光化学效率(фPSII)等受到抑制,且该抑制程度与处理ABA的浓度呈相关性。PSII最大光化学活性(Fv/Fm)变化表明,以10和25μmol L-I ABA处理玉米幼苗7天,可明显提高其抗光抑制能力,而50μmol L-1ABA处理的玉米幼苗在相同条件下的抗光抑制能力下降。进一步以25μmol L-lABA处理玉米幼苗来研究,结果表明ABA处理可减缓强光下玉米叶片Pn、CE、фPS II和叶片吸收光能光化学猝灭(qP)的下降,同时增强叶片吸收光能的非光化学猝灭(NPQ)。另外,叶绿素荧光非光化学猝灭的中间组分(qm)增强,光抑制后Fv/Fm的恢复能力提高,这表明ABA处理高提高了强光下玉米幼苗的光系统状态转换能力和Psn循环修复作用。除此之外,ABA处理后玉米幼苗的叶黄素循环类色素,如紫黄质(V)、环氧玉米黄质(A)和玉米黄质(Z)的含量增加,叶黄素循环库(V+A+Z)增大,说明依赖于叶黄素循环的热耗散在ABA处理玉米幼苗中得到加强。另外,ABA处理幼苗在强光下保持较高фPsII/Pn活性,以及叶片抗氧化酶活性提高,如超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR),抗氧化物含量增加,如抗坏血酸(AsA)、脱氢抗坏血酸(DHAsA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSH),这说明ABA诱导Mehler-peroxidase反应的增强在提高玉米幼苗抗光抑制能力中也发挥重要作用。 玉米叶片光系统I和光系统II在相同强度(300μmolm-2 S-l)的红光(655nm)和远红光(700-770 nm)共同照射下,光系统I(PSI)和光系统II(PSII)吸收光能基本平衡,叶片光合作用处于状态1,此时Psn保持较高的光适应下最大荧光( Fml)。关闭远红光,使叶片只处在红光照射下,则会引起光下PSII最大荧光( Frri2)的降低。关闭远红光约20nun后,光下下降的Psn最大荧光基本达到稳定,叶片光合作用处于状态2。这种在状态l向状态2的转换过程中所发生的PSII最大荧光下降不受DTT(叶黄素循环抑制剂)的影响,且整个过程中PsII最大光化学效率( Fv/Fm)保持不变,而光下PSII初始荧光(F0')在前20min内迅速降低。另外,在PSII吸收的红光照射下,玉米叶片吸收光向PSII分配的量(B)不断减少,与此同时,吸收光能向PSI分配的量(a)不断增多。ABA预处理玉米幼苗7天,可进一步加强红光下PSII最大荧光(Fm2)的降低,使荧光参数Fm1/Fm2—1增大,而使β/α-1降低。另外,ABA处理较对照幼苗在红光下呈现更高的荧光非光化学猝灭中间组分(qm)。在引入叶绿体蛋白激酶抑制剂NEM的情况下,ABA处理与对照玉米叶片在红光下所表现的qm差异则消失。从状态1向状态2的转换过程中,ABA处理引起玉米叶片77K低温荧光F684/F732的下降幅度显著加大。以上结果说明ABA处理可提高玉米幼苗光合作用的状态转换能力。 用的25μmol L-l ABA对玉米幼苗进行长时间(根系浇灌7天,LT)和短时间(实验前一天晚上叶面喷施1次,ST)处理,研究叶片C02同化、PsII化学活性,以及叶黄素循环的变化。结果表明在非光抑制状态下,LT与ST对玉米叶片光化学活性( Fv/Fm)及叶片羧化效率(CE)没有明显影响,但二者都引起叶片净光合速率(Pn)与气孔导度(Gs)下降。LT处理增大玉米叶片叶黄素循环库,而ST处理对该库大小没有影响。1500μmol m-2 s-1强光可明显引起玉米幼苗叶片Fv/Fm降低,但与对照幼苗相比,LT处理能显著减缓Fv/Fm降低。经60min强光照射后,ST与对照在Fv/Fm、фPS II、Pn和CE等参数上没有明显差异,但这些参数在LT处理的玉米幼苗中仍保持较高水平。LT处理幼苗叶黄素循环类色素含量及非光化学荧光猝灭(NPQ)都显著高于对照,膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量比对照低。而ST处理与对照在叶黄素循环类色素含量、NPQ和MDA含量等方面没有明显差异。以上结果说明ST处理对玉米幼苗光抑制没有明显影响,而LT处理可增强玉米幼苗抗光抑制能力,这可能与ABA处理使玉米幼苗在强光下维持较高的C02同化作用,以及其诱导叶片叶黄素循环增大有关。

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Hemoglobin (Hb) variability is a commonly used index of phylogenetic differentiation and molecular adaptation in fish. In the current study, the structural and functional characteristics of Hbs from two Sturgeon species of the Southern Caspian Sea Basin were investigated. After extraction and separation of hemoglobin from whole blood , the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDSPAGE), native-PAGE and isoelectric focusing (IEF) were used to confirm Hb variability in these fishes. Ion-exchange on CM-cellulose chromatography was used for purification of the dominant Hbs from these fishes. The accuracy of the methods was confirmed by IEF and SDS-PAGE. Spectral studies using fluorescence spectrophotometery, circular dichroism spectropolarimetry (CD) analysis and UV–vis spectrophotometery. Oxygen affinities of these Hbs were compared using Hb-oxygen dissociation curves. Also, the dominant Hbs from these blood fishes were utilized for further experiments. The behavior of Hbs during the denaturation process by n-dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) is investigated by UV–vis spectrophotometer and circular dichroism spectropolarimetry. The thermal denaturation properties of the Hbs wereinvestigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Hbs aggregation performed chemically in the presence of dithiotreitol (DTT) by UV–vis spectrophotometer and chemometric study. The results demonstrate a significant relationship between stability of fish hemoglobins and the ability of fish for entering to deeper depths. The UV–Vis absorption spectra identified species of hemoglobin and showed the concentration of oxyHb and metHb decreases and deoxyHb increases upon interaction with DTAB. Besides the UV–vis spectrophotometry, the interaction of DTAB with hemoglobins has been studied using circular dichroism spectropolarimetry analysis. This experiment was utilized to measure the unfolding mechanism and compared alpha-helix secondary structure under different conditions for Hbs. The results reveal that the Acipenser stellatus Hb in comparison with Acipenser persicus Hb has more stability and more structural compactness. Besides, the results confirm the hypothesis that there is a meaningful relation between average habitat depth, partial oxygen pressure, oxygen affinity, structural compactness of Hb, and its stability.

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用狂犬病毒免疫产蛋鸡,获得的免疫卵黄经水稀释脱脂-两步盐析-凝胶过滤法分离,得到的IgY经SDS-PAGE分析其纯度在98%以上。纯化的 IgY 经二硫苏糖醇(DTT)还原,得到重链 (HC) 和轻链 (LC)。另外,IgY 经胃蛋白酶(pH4.0, 37℃)酶解后,得到片断抗体Fab。采用 MALDI-MS手段较准确地测定了 IgY及HC, LC, Fab的平均分子量,分别为 167250Da, 65105Da, 18660Da 和 45359Da,测量误差在 0.2%以下。研究表明,和哺乳动物的 IgGs相比,鸡卵黄 IgY的结构有两个特点:1.它的重链较长而轻链较短;2.胃蛋白酶敏解后产生 Fab而不是 F(ab')_2。对抗幽门螺杆菌 IgY 的研究表明,鸡卵黄免疫球蛋白具有良好的稳定性。在热、酸、胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶处理的条件下,IgY能够保留大部分抗体活性。免疫亲和捕获和 MALDI-MS手段相结合产生了免疫和质谱技术。我们在研究中发展了这一技术,提出了一个简单而有效的免疫分析方法。以干扰素-抗干扰素单抗为模型,确定了混合物中抗原蛋白质的存在,确定了抗原蛋白质上与抗体结合的大致位点。在MALDI-MS测定蛋白质分子量的实验中,采用了在线纯化蛋白质样品的新技术,简单、快速,能够提高蛋白质分子量测定的灵敏度,各种离子的信噪比和丰度得到改善。笼内金属富勒烯的有效提取对于进一步深入研究它的各种性质至关重要。采用高温高压法有效地提取了烟炱中的笼内金属富勒烯 M@C_(82) (M=Y, La, Gd, Tb),选择的提取溶剂为 1,2,4-三氯苯,金属富勒烯的产率较高,为烟炱的0.5%。

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磷脂酶AZ(PLA2)是蛇毒中含量较为丰富的一类作用于梭酷键的酶。迄今为止,己有多种形式的PLA2从不同地域、不同种属的蛇毒中得以纯化并进行了较为系统的研究。其中,以VipoXin为代表的异二聚体形式PLA2较为引人注目,原因在于这种形式不同于此类蛋白家族中的诸多其它个体。目前,己经有许多关于此异二聚体PL凡生物学特性的报道,包括对此类形式存在原因、活性变化、结构表现、系统进化等方面的讨论。然而至今,这种以异二聚体形式存在的PLA2仅发现于几种蛙亚科(ViperinaeSubfamily)蛇种的蛇毒中,其中就包括我国台湾岛的圆斑蜂蛇台湾亚种(Doboiarusselliiformosensis),而蝮亚科(CrotaiinaeSubfamil)蛇种的蛇毒至今却没有此类报道。我国大陆西南端接壤东南亚,存在于云南、福建一带的圆斑蛙蛇隶属圆斑蛙蛇泰国亚种(Daboiarusselliisiamensis),那么这种蛇毒中是否也含有异二聚体形式的PLA2呢?本工作就此疑问对云南产圆斑蛙蛇泰国亚种(D.r.siamensis)蛇毒中的PLA2进行了研究,结果得到三个新的PLAZ,分别命名为DRS-PLA2-I、DRS-PLA2-II和DRS-PLA2-III。其中,DRS-PLA2-I的分子量为13864.06Da,理论pI为4.56,PLA2活性为12.35μmol/mg/min;DRS-PLA2-II的分子量为13635.99Da,理论pI为8.74,PLA2活性为8.76μmol/mg/min;DRS-PLA2-III的分子量为13619.80Da,理论厂为4.61,无PLA2活性。这三个蛋白酶N端的30个氨基酸残基恰好和三个阳性克隆的cDNA序列推导的蛋白序列吻合,结合已经报道的PLA2蛋白家族蛋白序列的保守性表现,我们可以断定它们之间存在对应关系。分子系统学分析表明DRS-PLA2-II和DRS-PLA2-III在进化关系上和蛙亚科的异二聚体PLA2关系较近,并且二者酶活性分别与异二聚体PLA2的Normalchain和Inhibitorchain相一致,只是没有发现类似Vipoxin形式的异二聚体结合蛋白。这些分析表明DRS-PLA2-nORS-PLA2-III类似圆斑蛙蛇台湾亚种(D.r.forlnos翻s沽)中的PV-4/RV-7,是PLA2异二聚体的一种特殊形式,在进化上滞后于VinOXin。另夕卜本工作还相继从云南产菜花烙铁头(Trimeresrusjerdonii)蛇毒和湖南产烙铁头(Trimeresurusmucrosquamatus)蛇毒中分离得到Jerdonase和TmF。前者为一个丝氨酸蛋白酶性质的、具有纤维蛋白原水解作用和激肤释放酶原水解作用双重活性表现的、高分子量的份五brinogenase,其活性表现可以被PMSF彻底抑制,而EDTA对此却没有影响。其它的几种抑制剂如大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂、l-cysteine、DTT对Jerdonase的活性表现也有不同程度的影响。在Jerdonase的这些生化特性上中,分子量的大小和对纤维蛋白酶水解的特性这两方面有别于蛇毒中诸多其它来源的同类蛋白;后者T淤为一个舒缓激肚增强肤(BradykninPQtentiatingPePtide,BPP),电离质谱分析表明其分子量为1110.7Da。此小肚氨基酸序列为促进舒缓激肚(Bradki垃n,BK)诱导的豚鼠回肠纵行肌收缩的活力单位为(1.13±0.3)(m留L),T妊抑制血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)对BK水解的半数抑制剂量IC50为2μg。比较已报道的从Agkistrodon属和Bothrops属中纯化得到的BPP氨基酸序列发现:BPP的N端都是特征性的pGlu,C端为IIe-Pro-Pro,有高度的保守性。另外,TmF是Trimeresurus属中此类小肤的首次纯化。总之,本研究对国产的几种常见蛇毒中的几种常见蛋白多肤进行了一定程度的探讨和分析,和相同类别的其它蛋白、多肤比较可以看到,有许多相同的地方,也有许多不同的表现,研究结果为相应领域的深入研究提供资料和思路。

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血栓栓塞性疾病严重影响人类的健康,是导致死亡率最高的病因之一。在过去 的几十年中,已经开发了针对血液凝固、血小板激活和聚集、血栓溶解的不同步骤而 起作用的基础和临床药物,但是许多抗血栓药物经常被包括低血压、出血等系统性的 副作用所限制,因此,需要开发新型的更具潜力和特异性的抗血栓药物。 吸血节肢动物与宿主相互作用的分子机制研究是目前国际研究的热点之一,通过 该类研究可以发现大量的具有药用前景的先导分子和提供节肢动物控制策略。我们通 过生物化学、分子生物学以及药理学研究手段首次从中国特有的姚虻(Tabanus yao Macquart)唾液腺发现了同时具有水解纤维蛋白原和抑制血小板聚集的双功能的 丝氨酸蛋白酶Tablysin、纤维蛋白水解酶TY6和腺苷三磷酸双磷酸酶Tabapy等3个家 族的抗血栓活性成分。并研究了这3类因子在牛虻唾液腺中的分子多样性、它们的结 构基础及发挥抗血栓功能的作用机制,通过实验动物模型研究体内外抗血栓能力,深 入解析了牛虻作为传统抗血栓中药的物质基础,为发掘具有良好抗血栓功能的新型候 选药物分子,为传统活血化瘀中药牛虻的现代化开发提供了广阔的思路和打下了坚实 的基础。 研究表明,姚虻纤维蛋白原水解酶Tablysin为一种单链蛋白。其表观分子量为 27kDa。此酶为一种丝氨酸蛋白酶家族的新成员,其活性不受金属离子螯合剂EDTA 和还原剂DTT的影响。血浆蛋白酶抑制剂Aprotinin,α-macroglobulin能部分抑制该 酶活性。此酶适应的pH范围较广(pH 2.4-10.0),但对热变化不具很好的耐受性。 Edman降解法进行氨基酸测序分析发现,此酶的N-末端有封闭现象,后经Q-TOF质 谱分析,确定此酶的部分氨基酸序列。此外,我们成功构建了具有完整性的姚虻唾液 腺cDNA文库,获得2×106 pfu个重组子,进一步的筛选了Tablysin的编码基因。 对此酶的溶栓机制进行分析发现,其具有直接水解纤维蛋白原的活性,不具有纤 溶酶原激活剂的活性。此酶能明显地水解纤维蛋白原的α-链,而对β-链的水解活性较 低,不能水解γ链(α > β > γ)。此酶不能有效地水解纤维蛋白,不会水解层粘连蛋白 (Laminin)和纤维粘连蛋白(Fibronectin)等基质蛋白。不具有出血活性。进 一步探讨此酶的作用机制,发现其能以剂量依赖的方式抑制ADP诱导的血小板聚 集。利用流式细胞仪检测到该酶能与血小板膜糖蛋白受体GPIIb / IIIa结合,因此推测其可能是通过抑制血小板和纤维蛋白原结合的作用机制来抑制血小板 的聚集。 我们通过将目的基因连接到pET-32a+载体,并在大肠杆菌表达体系中得到 了高效表达。体外活性检测表明重组蛋白质与天然产物活性相当,用其检测了 其对角叉菜胶致小鼠尾静脉血栓模型体内血栓形成的影响, 实验结果表明 Tablysin具有明显的抗静脉血栓作用。该工作对有潜力开发成为新型单组分抗血栓 药物的姚虻活性蛋白进行了较为系统的理化性质研究,为该分子的进一步开发和研究 奠定了基础。 我们从姚虻唾液腺中分离纯化到一组具有水解纤维蛋白原α-链活性的酶, 命名为TY6家族。对TY6的生化性质进行研究,表明此酶为一种单链的丝氨酸蛋白 酶,其表观分子量为27 kDa,其活性不受金属离子螯合剂EDTA的影响,但能被PMSF 所抑制。Molish反应显示为阴性,说明此酶不是一种糖蛋白。从姚虻唾液腺cDNA 文库中克隆得到其编码序列,发现该酶家族的编码基因在一级结构上表现出丰 富的多样性。通过Western blotting检测到其能与牛虻叮咬后过敏患者血清特异性IgE 结合。推测该基因的多样性是吸血昆虫适应吸血寄生生活而采取的进化策略。 该工作为牛虻唾液腺抗血栓功能基因的继续筛选和分析奠定了基础,并为牛虻的生物 防治提供了思路和对策。 我们从姚虻唾液腺中分离纯化到一个具有水解ADP活性的酶(Apyrase), 命名为Tabapy。活性检测发现Tabapy具有明显的水解ADP的活性,并能以剂量 依赖的方式抑制ADP诱导的血小板聚集。通过Western blotting检测到Tabapy能与 牛虻叮咬后过敏患者血清特异性IgE结合。用PCR方法从姚虻唾液腺cDNA文库中 克隆得到编码序列,经BLAST分析表明,该酶与来源于斑虻唾液腺的血小板聚 集抑制剂Chrysoptin具有90%的序列相似性,并经过Q-TOF分析确证,有5个肽段 的氨基酸残基与该cDNA序列推导的多肽链匹配。该工作为研究吸血节肢动物 吸血生理及进一步研究Apyrase的结构和功能打下了基础。

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本研究旨在利用突变后的血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)与白喉毒素(DT)构建靶向毒素,使其特异性地杀伤肿瘤血管,达到阻断血管增生,切断肿瘤的血液供应的目的。首先通过基因工程技术从白喉杆菌中提取基因组DNA,扩增出其中的DTC区、T区基因。并运用不同的突变方法,构建了四个VEGF的突变体。即VEGF R82A,K84A,H86A突变,VEGF D63A,E64A,E67A突变,和截去了肝素结合区和NP-l(neuropilin-l)受体结合区的VEGF R82A,K84A,H86A突变和VEGF D63A,E64A,E67A突变。以这些突变体的编码基因与DT的T区、C区基因制成四个融合基因,并在大肠杆菌中表达、纯化、复性。以相似条件下制备的不加VEGF突变体的DTT区、C区蛋白为阴性对照,以VEGFR-l+和VEGFR-2+的Lovo细胞和VEGFR-l+VEGFR-2-的SMMC-7721细胞做细胞实验。制成的四个融合毒素中有三个通过细胞学检验,具有靶向杀伤作用。特异性结合VEGFR-1受体的蛋白PmV8D、PsmVSD既可以抑制VEGFR-1+、VEGFR-2-的肝癌细胞SMMC-7721又可以抑制VEGFR-1+、VEGFR-2+的结肠癌细胞Lovo。而不带VEGF突变体的DT391无抑制作用。特异性结合VEGFRZ受体的蛋白PmV6D可以抑制VEGFR-1+、VEGFR-2+结肠癌细胞Lovo的生长,但不可以抑制VEGFR-1+,VEGFR-2-的肝癌细胞SMMC-7721。受体结合力过弱的PsmV6D不对细胞的生长产生任何影响。

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从土壤中分离出 1株可有效降解角蛋白的栖土曲霉 (Aspergillusterricola) ,经UV射线处理及发酵条件优化 ,固态发酵产酶活力提高了 80 % ,达 1980U/ g。测定了该酶的基本性质 ,其作用最适 pH和温度分别为 7.5和45℃ ,可被DTT激活 ,被甲醛、Hg2 +等抑制 ,具丝氨酸蛋白酶的特性。

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Conversion of thyroxine (T-4) to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine is an essential first step in controlling thyroid hormone action. Type I deiodinase (DI) can catalyze the conversion to produce the bulk of serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine. Acting as a mimic of DI, a selenium-containing catalytic antibody (Se-4C5) prepared by converting the serine residues of monoclonal antibody 4C5 raised against T4 into selenocysteines, can catalyze the deiodination of T4 with dithiothreitol (DTT) as cosubstrate. The mimic enzyme Se-4C5 exhibited a much greater deiodinase activity than model compound ebselen and another selenium-containing antibody Se-Hp4 against GSH. The coupling of selenocysteine with the combining pocket of antibody 4C5 endowed Se-4C5 with enzymatic activity. To probe the catalytic mechanism of the catalytic antibody, detailed kinetic studies were carried out in this paper. Investigations into the deiodinative reaction revealed the relationship between the initial velocity and substrate concentration. The characteristic parallel Dalziel plots demonstrated that Se-4C5-catalyzed reaction mechanism was ping-pong one, involving at least one covalent enzyme intermediate. The kinetic properties of the catalytic antibody were similar to those of DI, with K-m values for T-4 and DTT of approximately 0.8 muM and 1.8 muM, respectively, and a V-m value of 270 pmol per mg of protein per min. The activity could be sensitively inhibited by 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) with a K-i value of similar to 120 muM at 2.0 muM T-4 concentration. The PTU inhibition was progressively alleviated with the increasing concentration of added DTT, revealing that PTU was a competitive inhibitor for DTT.