Estado e política pública urbana: a revitalização do centro de Santos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Análise da proposta de melhoria do fluxo na área comercial central do municípo de Rio Claro-SP

The development of medium-sized cities in recent decade, caused, partly, by the industrial deconcentration process generated, beyond benefits, several problems for these cities population. The unplanned rapid growth of these cities, together with the capitalist model of production collaborated for the increase of socioeconomics questions in these locations. The urban mobility became one of these problems, embarrassing citizen’s lives, especially in downtown area. Therefore, the State began looking for solutions to improve urban mobility of the population, contributing to their quality of life and also to adapt the city to new market demand. In these work, we analyzed the situation of Brazilian medium-sized cities downtown area, as well as its growth process, tanking as an example the case of the city of Rio Claro – SP and it´s Public Administration proposal to improve the flow and urban mobility in a particular street in the town´s commercial centre

Uso e ocupação da terra e vulnerabilidade a alagamento na área central da cidade de São Paulo: o caso da subprefeitura Sé

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A questão da mobilidade urbana: o estudo de caso do centro da cidade de Rio Claro-SP

Pós-graduação em Geografia - IGCE

Do bairro à cidade: Plano e Projeto Urbanístico para o Jardim Kantian, Itapeva-SP

This work consists of making an intervention project in the urban periphery to ease the socio-spatial segregation and modify an area by the guidelines that were established in the Final Work Undergraduate II, thus a continuation of the entire study ever conducted on the Jardim Kantian Itapeva-SP. The study site is an example of socio-spatial segregation, due to lack of government interventions before the actions of real estate agents. Forcing a portion of the lower income population to occupy the same space with the existence of possible spaces to be occupied near the downtown area. The intervention connects the new with the existing, creating a unique space, which the new does not exclude the other portion of the population, but complements, thus contributing to improving the urban environment and, consequently, of people's lives

Dental caries related to quality of life in two Brazilian adolescent groups: a cross-sectional randomised study

Objectives: To analyse dental caries-related quality of life (QoL) in adolescent (1519-year-old) subjects in a suburban area (SA) and a downtown area (DA) of Bauru, Sao Paulo, Brazil, in 2009. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, randomised study. The sample consisted of 185 and 147 adolescents from the SA and DA, respectively. The caries index used was that for decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) (World Health Organization criteria). The 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) was used to assess QoL. The non-parametric MannWhitney test, Spearmans correlation coefficient and chi-squared test were used in the statistical analysis. Results: The DMFT index, Significant Caries (SiC) Index and percentage of caries-free students were similar (P > 0.05) between these populations, but findings on the Care Index differed (P < 0.05). There was a correlation between the DMFT index and OHIP-14 score in SA subjects (mean DMFT index = 3.01) in the dimensions of physical pain (r = 0.25; P < 0.01) and psychological disability (r = 0.17; P = 0.02). The DMFT index in DA subjects (mean DMFT index = 2.95) showed a correlation with functional limitation (r = 0.19; P = 0.02). The correlation in SA subjects between the caries component (mean = 1.22) of the DMFT index and OHIP-14 was significant only for the physical pain dimension (r = 0.16; P = 0.03). In DA subjects, correlations between the caries component (mean = 0.37) and all dimensions of OHIP-14 were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Despite the similarities in means in the DMFT index, the SiC Index and the caries-free percentage of subjects in both localities, access to dental treatment proved to be less effective for SA adolescents. Physical pain and psychological disability were the most frequent negative manifestations of impact on QoL. The SA adolescents were more negatively affected by dental caries in terms of QoL.

Characterization of atmospheric aerosols in the city of So Paulo, Brazil: comparisons between polluted and unpolluted periods

The objective of this study was to determine the size and composition of atmospheric aerosols in the downtown area of the city of So Paulo, Brazil, for a polluted and an unpolluted period. Aerosols were sampled with a portable air sampler (PAS), Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI), and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer. At the study site, air quality is poor, especially during the winter, high concentrations of pollutants being emitted primarily by the light- and heavy-duty vehicle fleet. We analyzed mass, black carbon (BC), Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sn, Zr, and Pb. During the polluted period, diurnal PM(10) was higher than nocturnal PM(10), whereas the inverse was true during the unpolluted period. The FPM was rich in BC, S, and Pb, whereas CPM was rich in Al, Si, Ca, Ti, and Fe. Mass balance was performed by category: ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride, crustal material, BC, and other. The PAS-determined FPM was mainly BC. The MOUDI-determined FPM crustal material explained more mass than did ammonium sulfate and BC during the polluted period, whereas ammonium sulfate had the largest mass during the unpolluted period. Crustal material was the major CPM component, followed by ammonium sulfate and BC. During the unpolluted period, FPM concentrations were lower, whereas those of ammonium sulfate were relatively higher, especially at night, and particle number was inversely proportional to particle size. Aerosol growth was more intense during the polluted period.

Spatial clusters of suicide in the municipality of Sao Paulo 1996-2005: an ecological study

Background: In a classical study, Durkheim mapped suicide rates, wealth, and low family density and realized that they clustered in northern France. Assessing others variables, such as religious society, he constructed a framework for the analysis of the suicide, which still allows international comparisons using the same basic methodology. The present study aims to identify possible significantly clusters of suicide in the city of Sao Paulo, and then, verify their statistical associations with socio-economic and cultural characteristics. Methods: A spatial scan statistical test was performed to analyze the geographical pattern of suicide deaths of residents in the city of Sao Paulo by Administrative District, from 1996 to 2005. Relative risks and high and/or low clusters were calculated accounting for gender and age as co-variates, were analyzed using spatial scan statistics to identify geographical patterns. Logistic regression was used to estimate associations with socioeconomic variables, considering, the spatial cluster of high suicide rates as the response variable. Drawing from Durkheim's original work, current World Health Organization (WHO) reports and recent reviews, the following independent variables were considered: marital status, income, education, religion, and migration. Results: The mean suicide rate was 4.1/100,000 inhabitant-years. Against this baseline, two clusters were identified: the first, of increased risk (RR = 1.66), comprising 18 districts in the central region; the second, of decreased risk (RR = 0.78), including 14 districts in the southern region. The downtown area toward the southwestern region of the city displayed the highest risk for suicide, and though the overall risk may be considered low, the rate climbs up to an intermediate level in this region. One logistic regression analysis contrasted the risk cluster (18 districts) against the other remaining 78 districts, testing the effects of socioeconomic-cultural variables. The following categories of proportion of persons within the clusters were identified as risk factors: singles (OR = 2.36), migrants (OR = 1.50), Catholics (OR = 1.37) and higher income (OR = 1.06). In a second logistic model, likewise conceived, the following categories of proportion of persons were identified as protective factors: married (OR = 0.49) and Evangelical (OR = 0.60). Conclusions: This risk/ protection profile is in accordance with the interpretation that, as a social phenomenon, suicide is related to social isolation. Thus, the classical framework put forward by Durkheim seems to still hold, even though its categorical expression requires re-interpretation.

Correlation of tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus in Harris County, Texas from 2009 through 2010 using Geographic Information Systems

A population based ecological study was conducted to identify areas with a high number of TB and HIV new diagnoses in Harris County, Texas from 2009 through 2010 by applying Geographic Information Systems to determine whether distinguished spatial patterns exist at the census tract level through the use of exploratory mapping. As of 2010, Texas has the fourth highest occurrence of new diagnoses of HIV/AIDS and TB.[31] The Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS) has identified HIV infected persons as a high risk population for TB in Harris County.[29] In order to explore this relationship further, GIS was utilized to identify spatial trends. ^ The specific aims were to map TB and HIV new diagnoses rates and spatially identify hotspots and high value clusters at the census tract level. The potential association between HIV and TB was analyzed using spatial autocorrelation and linear regression analysis. The spatial statistics used were ArcGIS 9.3 Hotspot Analysis and Cluster and Outlier Analysis. Spatial autocorrelation was determined through Global Moran's I and linear regression analysis. ^ Hotspots and clusters of TB and HIV are located within the same spatial areas of Harris County. The areas with high value clusters and hotspots for each infection are located within the central downtown area of the city of Houston. There is an additional hotspot area of TB located directly north of I-10 and a hotspot area of HIV northeast of Interstate 610. ^ The Moran's I Index of 0.17 (Z score = 3.6 standard deviations, p-value = 0.01) suggests that TB is statistically clustered with a less than 1% chance that this pattern is due to random chance. However, there were a high number of features with no neighbors which may invalidate the statistical properties of the test. Linear regression analysis indicated that HIV new diagnoses rates (β=−0.006, SE=0.147, p=0.970) and census tracts (β=0.000, SE=0.000, p=0.866) were not significant predictors of TB new diagnoses rates. ^ Mapping products indicate that census tracts with overlapping hotspots and high value clusters of TB and HIV should be a targeted focus for prevention efforts, most particularly within central Harris County. While the statistical association was not confirmed, evidence suggests that there is a relationship between HIV and TB within this two year period.^

Fragmentación formal y simplificación funcional de la ciudad de Tacubaya, dentro de la metrópoli de México, durante los procesos de expansión de la primera mitad del siglo XX

La fragmentación espacial de una ciudad, que será el principal enfoque de la presente Tesis, ocurre cuando una entidad pequeña se ve obligada a adecuar sus relaciones ante la inminente presencia de un entorno urbano de mayor peso que se aproxima y densifica. Este tipo de fragmentación se analizará tomando en cuenta tres factores (especulación, desorganización y falta de protección) que moldean el desarrollo de procesos urbanísticos modernos en las grandes metrópolis Latinoamericanas, particularmente en la Ciudad de México. La Ciudad de México tuvo un desarrollo altamente competitivo, que ha sido también el catalizador de un largo y sostenido crecimiento urbano. Con el pasar del tiempo, la capital ha sobrepasado las expectativas de los más visionarios. El estudio detallado del asentamiento de Tacubaya (el cual conforma una parte dinámica de la Ciudad de México), permitirá al lector evaluar el extravagante crecimiento que ocurre en la Ciudad de México y los asentamientos que lo rodean, en la primera mitad del siglo XX. Tacubaya, así como muchos de los pequeños poblados preexistentes que se ubicaban en las afueras de la gran urbe, fue alcanzado y engullido por la mancha urbana, sufriendo importantes cambios en su núcleo urbano. Sin embargo, partes de esta antigua centralidad han persistido junto con una parte de los elementos urbanos que la estructuraban; monumentos y riquezas históricas, los cuales han facilitado la reinvención de su centro urbano, sobreviviendo tanto a los abates del tiempo como a las oleadas de nuevos pobladores. El lugar que permanece es un centro urbano sumamente fragmentado, permeado por: una incesante superposición de tejidos y elementos estructuradores olvidados, poblaciones flotantes y de paso que desestabilizan las zonas residenciales, estratos sociales cada vez más apartados. Pensaríamos que las circunstancias que envuelven la demarcación la han dejado en caos, sin embargo, para la sorpresa de muchos, Tacubaya se sigue adaptando a pesar de todos los obstáculos. ABSTRACT In urbanism, the type of spatial fragmentation, that will be the main focus of this Thesis, occurs when a stronger and denser environment takes over a smaller entity, forcing it to adapt its functional relations. This type of fragmentation will be analyzed taking into account three specific factors (speculation, disorganization, and lack of protection) that mold the development of modern urbanistic processes in large Latin American cities, particularly in Mexico City. Mexico City had a highly competitive and bright development, which served as catalyst in a long and sustained urban growth. With the passing of time, the capital has outgrown the measures, previsions and administrative limits created by the government and its visionaries. The detailed study of the Tacubaya settlement (which conforms a vibrant part of Mexico City) will allow the reader to appreciate the exceptional and rare growth that occurs in Mexico City and in the settlements that surround it, in the first half of the 20th century. Tacubaya as well as many other small preexisting settlements located on the outskirts of the city, has been engulfed by the urban expansion suffering important changes in its urban core. Parts of the ancient centrality have persisted along with its structural urban elements, due mainly to monuments and other historical entities that have facilitated the reinvention of the downtown area, helping it survive not only the passing of time, but also the incrementing population. The city that now exists is fragmented beyond recognition. Tacubaya is permeated by an endless fabric overlay created by forgotten structural elements, floating populations that affect the residential zones, and a polarized society that diverges with every passing day. We may think that the circumstances that surround the city have left it in shambles; however, to the surprise of many, Tacubaya is still adapting in spite of all the obstacles.

W-CDMA capacity analysis using GIS based planning tools and MATLAB simulation

The evolution of cellular systems towards third generation (3G) or IMT-2000 seems to have a tendency to use W-CDMA as the standard access method, as ETSI decisions have showed. However, there is a question about the improvements in capacity and the wellness of this access method. One of the aspects that worry developers and researchers planning the third generation is the extended use of the Internet and more and more bandwidth hungry applications. This work shows the performance of a W-CDMA system simulated in a PC using cover maps generated with DC-Cell, a GIS based planning tool developed by the Technical University of Valencia, Spain. The maps are exported to MATLAB and used in the model. The system used consists of several microcells in a downtown area. We analyse the interference from users in the same cell and in adjacent cells and the effect in the system, assuming perfect control for each cell. The traffic generated by the simulator is voice and data. This model allows us to work with coverage that is more accurate and is a good approach to analyse the multiple access interference (MAI) problem in microcellular systems with irregular coverage. Finally, we compare the results obtained, with the performance of a similar system using TDMA.

Nitrate in groundwater in a recharge area of Guarany aquifer in Brazil.

The region of Ribeirão Preto City located in São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil, is an important sugarcane, soybean and corn producing area. This region is also an important recharge area (Espraiado) for groundwater of the Guarany aquifer, a water supply source for the city and region. It has an intercontinental extension that comprises areas of eight Brazilian states, as well as significant portions of other South American countries like Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, with a total area of approximately 1,200,000 Km2. Due to the high permeability of some soils present in this region, the high mobility of the herbicides and fertilizers applied, and being a recharge area, it is important to investigate the potential transport of applied fertilizers to underlying aquifer. The cultivation sugar cane in this area demands the frequent use of nitrogen as fertilizer. This research was conducted to characterize the potential contamination of groundwater with nitrogen in the recharge area of groundwater. Seven groundwater sample points were selected in the Espraiado stream watershed, during the years of 2005 and 2006. Samples were collected during the months of March, July, and December of each year. Three replications were collected at each site. Groundwater was also collected during the same months from county groundwater wells located throughout the city. The following six wells were studied: Central, Palmares, Portinari, Recreio Internacional, São Sebastião, and São José. Nitrate water samples were analyzed by Cadmium Reduction Method. No significant amount of nitrate was found in the recharge, agricultural, area. However, nitrate levels were detected at concentrations higher than the Maximum Concentration Level (MCL) of 10mg/L in downtown, urban, well located away from agricultural sites with no history of fertilizer or nitrogen application.