Report of the Governor of Utah to the Secretary of the Interior.

"Constitution of the state of Utah (as framed by the constitutional convention held ... March 4 to May 8, 1895)": Report ... 1895, p. 25-47.

The Scottish Parliament in the 15th and 16th centuries

Earlier histories of the Scottish parliament have been somewhat constitutional in emphasis and have been exceedingly critical of what was understood to be parliament's subservience to the crown. Estimates by constitutional historians of the extreme weakness of parliament rested on an assessment of the constitutional system. The argument was that many of its features were not consistent with a reasonably strong parliament. Because the 'constitution' is apparently fragmented, with active roles played by bodies such as the lords of articles, the general council and the convention of estates, each apparently suggesting that parliament was inadequate, historians have sometimes failed to appreciate the positive role played by the estates in the conduct of national affairs. The thesis begins with a discussion of the reliability of the printed text of APS and proceeds to an examination of selected aspects of the work of parliament in a period from c 1424-c 1625. The belief of constitutional historians such as Rait that conditions In Scotland proved unfavourable to the interests and. effectiveness of parliament in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, is also examined. Chapter 1 concludes that APS is a less than reliable text, particularly for the reign of James I. Numerous statutes were excluded from the printed text and they are offered below for the first time. These statutes have been a useful addition to our understanding of the reign of James I. Chapter 2 analyses the motives behind the schemes for shire representation and concludes that neither constitutional theory nor political opportunism explains the support which James I and James VI gave to these measures. Both these monarchs were motivated by the realisation that their particular ambitions were dependent on winning the support of the estates whose ranks should include representatives from the shires. Chapter 3 examines the method of electing the lords of articles, the composition of this committee, and some aspects of its operation. The conclusion is that in the main the estates were the deciding force in the choice of the lords of articles. The committee's composition was more a reflection of a desire for a balance between representatives from north and south of the Forth and for the most important burghs and clergy to be selected than an attempt at electing government favourites. The articles did exercise a significant control over the items which came before parliament but this control was not absolute and applied to government as well as private legislation. Chapter 4 questions the traditional view that the general council and convention of estates were the same body. It is argued that they were two different institutions with different powers, but that they nevertheless worked within certain limits and were careful not to usurp the authority of parliament. Chapter 5 concedes that taxation was sometimes decided outside parliament; that the irregularity of taxation certainly weakened the bargaining power of the estates and that the latter did not appear to capitalise on these occasions when taxation was an issue. But the tendency was to ensure that, whether in or out of parliament, the decision to impose taxation was taken by a large number of each estate. The infrequency of taxation was a direct consequence of an unwillingness among the estates to agree to a regular taxation and their preference to ensure for the crown an alternative source of income. Moreover taxation was one issue, which more than any other, would be subject to contentious opposition by the estates, and could lead to the crown's defeat. Chapter 6 is concerned with ecclesiastical representation after the Reformation and the church's attitudes to the possibility of ministerial representation. Some ministers had doctrinal misgivings but the majority came to believe that the church's absence from parliament bad severely reduced. the influence of the church. That no agreement was forthcoming on a system of ministerial representation, particularly after 1597, is attributable to the estates' unwillingness to compromise and, not to the strength of opposition in the church. Chapter 7 examines the institutions which are sometime seen as 'rivals' of parliament and concludes that institutions such as the privy council were generally very careful in matters which needed the approval of parliament, and seemed aware of the greater authority of parliament. Chapter 8 which illustrates how parliament had the right to be consulted in all important matters of state, brings together the main points of the earlier chapters and offers further illustrations of the essential role which parliament played in the conduct of national affairs. Whether or not the system can be regarded as constitutionally sound, the estates in Scotland could observe parliament's day-to-day operation with some satisfaction. All in all, there is little convincing evidence that parliament was as weak as some historians would have us believe.

Expanding our Constitutional Horizons: A Comprehensive Study of Quasi-Constitutionality in Canada

A number of laws in Canada which uphold rights are referred to as quasi-constitutional by the courts in recognition of their special importance. Quasi-constitutional statutes are enacted through the regular legislative process, although they are being interpreted and applied in a fashion which has become remarkably similar to constitutional law, and are therefore having an important affect over other legislation. Quasi-constitutionality has surprisingly received limited scholarly attention, and very few serious attempts at explaining its significance have been made. This dissertation undertakes a comprehensive study of quasi-constitutionality which considers its theoretical basis, its interpretation and legal significance, as well as its similarities to comparable forms of law in other Commonwealth jurisdictions. Part I examines the theoretical basis of quasi-constitutionality and its relationship to the Constitution. As a statutory and common law form of fundamental law, quasi-constitutionality is shown to signify an association with the Canadian Constitution and the foundational principles that underpin it. Part II proceeds to consider the special rules of interpretation applied to quasi-constitutional legislation, the basis of this interpretative approach, and the connection between the interpretation of similar provisions in quasi-constitutional legislation and the Constitution. As a statutory form of fundamental law, quasi-constitutional legislation is given a broad, liberal and purposive interpretation which significantly expands the rights which they protect. The theoretical basis of this approach is found in both the fundamental nature of the rights upheld by quasi-constitutional legislation as well as legislative intent. Part III explores how quasi-constitutional statutes affect the interpretation of regular legislation and how they are used for the purposes of judicial review. Quasi-constitutional legislation has a significant influence over regular statutes in the interpretative exercise, which in some instances results in conflicting statutes being declared inoperable. The basis of this form of judicial review is demonstrated to be rooted in statutory interpretation, and as such it provides an interesting model of rights protection and judicial review that is not conflated to constitutional and judicial supremacy.

Análisis del concepto de liderazgo y sus aplicaciones en el contexto empresarial

El presente trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de tener una visión completa de las teorías del liderazgo, teniendo de este una concepción como proceso y poder examinar las diversas formas de aplicación en las organizaciones contemporáneas. El tema es enfocado desde la perspectiva organizacional, un mundo igualmente complejo, sin desconocer su importancia en otros ámbitos como la educación, la política o la dirección del estado. Su enfoque tiene que ver con el estudio académico del cual es la culminación y se enmarca dentro de la perspectiva constitucional de la Carta Política Colombiana que reconoce la importancia capital que tienen la actividad económica y la iniciativa privada en la constitución de empresas. Las diversas visiones del liderazgo han sido aplicadas de distintas maneras en las organizaciones contemporáneas y han generado diversos resultados. Hoy, no es posible pensar en una organización que no haya definido su forma de liderazgo y en consecuencia, confluyen en el campo empresarial multitud de teorías, sin que pueda afirmarse que una sola de ellas permita el manejo adecuado y el cumplimiento de los objetivos misionales. Por esta razón se ha llegado a concebir el liderazgo como una función compleja, en un mundo donde las organizaciones mismas se caracterizan no solo por la complejidad de sus acciones y de su conformación, sino también porque esta característica pertenece también al mundo de la globalización. Las organizaciones concebidas como máquinas que en sentido metafórico logran reconstituirse sus estructuras a medida que están en interacción con otras en el mundo globalizado. Adaptarse a las cambiantes circunstancias hace de las organizaciones conglomerados en permanente dinámica y evolución. En este ámbito puede decirse que el liderazgo es también complejo y que es el liderazgo transformacional el que más se acerca al sentido de la complejidad.

Patriarchal whiteness, self-determination and Indigenous women : the invisibilty of structural priviledge and the visability of oppression

Indigenous self-determination is the recognised right of all peoples to freely determine their political status, and pursue their economic, social and cultural development. Unfinished Constitutional Business? offers fresh insights into the ways communities can chart their own course and realise self-determination. Because the history of colonisation is emotionally charged, the issue has been clouded by a rhetoric that has sometimes obstructed analysis.

Moments of flux in intermediary liability for copyright infringement

This chapter provides an overview of a recent shift in regulatory strategies to address copyright infringement toward enlisting the assistance of general purpose Internet Service Providers. In Australia, the High Court held in 2012 that iiNet, a general purpose ISP, had no legal duty to police what its subscribers did with their internet connections. We provide an overview of three recent developments in Australian copyright law since that decision that demonstrate an emerging shift in the way that obligations are imposed on ISPs to govern the actions of their users without relying on secondary liability. The first is a new privately negotiated industry code that introduces a 'graduated response' system that requires ISPs to pass on warnings to subscribers who receive allegations of infringement. The second involves a recent series of Federal Court cases where rightsholders made a partially successful application to require ISPs to hand over the identifying details of subscribers whose households are alleged to have infringed copyright. The third is a new legislative scheme that will require ISPs to block access to foreign websites that 'facilitate' infringement. We argue that these shifts represent a greater sophistication in approaches to enrolling general purpose intermediaries in the regulatory project. We also suggest that these shifts represent a potentially disturbing trend towards enforcement of copyright law in a way that does not provide strong safeguards for the legitimate constitutional due process interests of users. We conclude with a call for greater attention and research to better understand how intermediaries make decisions when governing the conduct of users, how those decisions may be influenced by both state and non-state actors, and how the rights of individuals to due process can be adequately protected.

Derecho y moral en el estado de derecho constitucional (proyecciones teóricas: iuspositivismo, neoconstitucionalismo y realismo jurídico clásico)

Resumen: El texto trata sobre las diferencias entre el Estado de Derecho Legal y el actual Estado de Derecho Constitucional (neoconstitucionalismo). Luego se realiza una comparación en lo atinente a la relación entre moral y derecho entre esta nueva forma de Estado y la concepción iusnaturalista.

A Responsabilidade Civil do Advogado sob a perspectiva civil-constitucional

A responsabilidade civil do advogado é um tema que merece destaque sob a perspectiva civil constitucional. A abrangência dessa relação jurídica pelo Código de Defesa do Consumidor e a natureza negocial multiforme da relação estabelecida entre o advogado e o cliente, cuja normativa deve ser estabecida tendo em vista o caso concreto, são pontos de destaque desse trabalho, assim como a aplicabilidade do consentimento informado. Nessa toada, pretende-se conferir o enfoque funcional a partir da releitura das classificações tradicionais da responsabilidade civil em contratual, extracontratual, subjetiva, objetiva e entre as obrigações de meio e resultado para em seguida, analisarmos das hipóteses mais frequentes de responsabilização, quais sejam: a perda de uma chance, o abuso do direito processual e a reversão de liminares revertidas ao final do processo. Por fim, dentre as tendências de prevenção e precaução de danos da responsabilidade civil, revela-se a formalização de seguros de responsabilidade profissional para advogados.

O bem jurídico-penal tributário: Uma releitura do sistema punitivo brasileiro em matéria fiscal à luz de seu objeto de tutela

Para responder à indagação do que pretende o Estado com a criminalização das infrações tributárias a doutrina que se dedicou à análise desta espécie de crimes sustentou ser o fim da norma a proteção de um bem jurídico. Partindo-se dessa premissa foram tecidas inúmeras definições para o objeto de tutela daqueles delitos. Reconhecendo o problema decorrente desta indefinição, este estudo propõe avaliar a importância do bem jurídico na dogmática penal, seus contornos atuais e a sua aplicabilidade. Diante deste cenário, se torna possível vislumbrar o porquê da busca de um objeto de tutela e os critérios adequados à sua identificação. A partir destas ferramentas, passa-se ao levantamento crítico dos fundamentos e definições já sugeridos pela doutrina nacional e internacional, culminando em uma proposta alternativa que se entende coerente com as inafastáveis exigências constitucionais. Por fim, com o fito de reforçar a posição assumida e salientar suas vantagens, são abordados determinados pontos controversos no direito penal tributário a partir da perspectiva do bem jurídico proposto, as primeiras contribuições que um novo fundamento pode oferecer na releitura do atual sistema punitivo brasileiro em matéria fiscal.

Ação rescisória e meios transrescisórios: perspectiva constitucional

Neste trabalho, analisa-se a segurança jurídica decorrente da coisa julgada e sua importância para a legitimação do discurso jurídico, assim como a ação rescisória e os meios transrescisórios, enquadrados pela doutrina e pela jurisprudência como meios que possibilitam a desconsideração da coisa julgada. Critica-se, além disso, as teorias que buscam permitir a desconsideração da coisa julgada por meio de mero juízo de ponderação exercido pelo magistrado em cada caso concreto. Inclui-se, ainda, um estudo sobre a maneira como esses institutos vêm sendo compreendidos diariamente nos tribunais, levando em conta, especialmente, a perspectiva constitucional do processo e o momento de fragilidade no tratamento da coisa julgada no cenário jurídico pátrio contemporâneo. No que tange especificamente à ação rescisória, são debatidos temas pontuais que se relacionam com a origem do instituto e também com sua aplicação prática. Um estudo de Direito Comparado é levado a cabo com a análise dos instrumentos de rescisão previstos na Itália, Espanha, Alemanha e Portugal, para que se tenha uma noção parcial do estágio de desenvolvimento do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro no que se refere ao tema objeto deste estudo.

Enhanced broadband near-infrared luminescence in transparent silicate glass ceramics containing Yb3+ ions and Ni2+-doped Li Ga5 O8 nanocrystals

Spectral properties of Yb3+/Ni2+ codoped transparent silicate glass ceramics containing LiGa5O8 nanocrystals were investigated. The near-infrared emission intensity of Ni2+ was largely increased with Yb3+ codoping due to Yb3+-> Ni2+ energy transfer. The qualitative calculation of the energy transfer constant Cs-a and rate Ps-a showed that the Yb3+-> Ni2+ energy transfer was much greater than in the opposite direction. Yb3+/Ni2+ codoped glass ceramics with 0.75 mol % Yb2O3 exhibited a near-infrared emission with full width at half maximum of 290 nm and fluorescent lifetime of 920 mu s. The glass ceramics are promising for broadband optical amplification.

Population structure and variance effective size of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) in the northern Gulf of Mexico*

We assayed allelic variation at 19 nuclear-encoded microsatellites among 1622 Gulf red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) sampled from the 1995 and 1997 cohorts at each of three offshore localities in the northern Gulf of Mexico (Gulf). Localities represented western, central, and eastern subregions within the northern Gulf. Number of alleles per microsatellite per sample ranged from four to 23, and gene diversity ranged from 0.170 to 0.917. Tests of conformity to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations and of genotypic equilibrium between pairs of micro-satellites were generally nonsignificant following Bonferroni correction. Significant genic or genotypic heterogeneity (or both) among samples was detected at four microsatellites and over all microsatellites. Levels of divergence among samples were low (FST ≤0.001). Pairwise exact tests revealed that six of seven “significant” comparisons involved temporal rather than spatial heterogeneity. Contemporaneous or variance effective size (NeV) was estimated from the temporal variance in allele frequencies by using a maximum-likelihood method. Estimates of NeV ranged between 1098 and >75,000 and differed significantly among localities; the NeV estimate for the sample from the northcentral Gulf was >60 times as large as the estimates for the other two localities. The differences in variance effective size could ref lect differences in number of individuals successfully reproducing, differences in patterns and intensity of immigration, or both, and are consistent with the hypothesis, supported by life-history data, that different “demographic stocks” of red snapper are found in the northern Gulf. Estimates of NeV for red snapper in the northern Gulf were at least three orders of magnitude lower than current estimates of census size (N). The ratio of effective to census size (Ne/N) is far below that expected in an ideal population and may reflect high variance in individual reproductive success, high temporal and spatial variance in productivity among subregions or a combination of the two.

A posse do art. 1276 do CC como forma de aquisição da propriedade imóvel

De inegável relevância na vida humana, a posse se configura como um dos temas mais controvertidos no âmbito do Direito Civil. Em todos os seus contornos e características, incluindo sua natureza jurídica, terminologia, efeitos e classificações, observamos um debate acirrado e polêmico a seu respeito, o que demonstra o firme interesse dos estudiosos sobre a possessio através dos séculos. Ademais, compete ao aplicador do Direito compreender o fenômeno possessório a partir das premissas e valores constitucionais fundamentais, em especial o princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana, levando em consideração as mutações sociais e a realidade dos fatos, para que seja possível extrair do ordenamento caminhos efetivos à concretização de uma sociedade justa e solidária, a fim de erradicar a pobreza e diminuir as desigualdades sociais. Neste contexto, de forma prospectiva e adequando os conceitos civilistas à Carta da República, defendemos a aplicação do artigo 1276 do Código Civil também em benefício do ocupante qualificado de imóvel abandonado, de modo a consolidar o domínio em seu favor no mesmo triênio conferido à Administração Pública, garantindo-se então aos menos favorecidos o legítimo acesso à moradia e ao trabalho. Na medida em que o ser humano se constitui no foco de atenção, preocupação e proteção do ordenamento jurídico acreditamos que as exegeses normativas devem concretizar o disposto no artigo 1, inciso III, da Constituição da República, razão pela qual a posse de outrem exercida ininterruptamente sobre bem abandonado merece funcionar como forma de aquisição originária da propriedade imóvel privada no lapso de tempo estatuído no artigo 1276 do Código Civil.

O estudo prévio de impacto de vizinhança e sua exigibilidade para o exercício do direito de construir quando da criação do condomínio edilício à luz da Constituição

O presente estudo objetiva sublinhar o estudo prévio de impacto de vizinhança como instrumento de política urbana apto a conformar a autonomia privada do incorporador imobiliário no exercício do direito de construir o condomínio edilício a legalidade constitucional. O que justifica o debate é a necessidade de harmonizar,numa sociedade de risco, a liberdade de construir o condomínio edilício à proteção e não degradação do meio ambiente urbano, gerenciando os riscos e planejando a utilização e fruição dos recursos ambientais, apresentando um instrumento de política urbana que alie a livre iniciativa do incorporador imobiliário e a preservação ambiental urbana como meta. Nestes termos segue o problema do presente estudo:qual é o instrumento de política urbana que pode conformar a autonomia privada do incorporador imobiliário no exercício do direito de construir o condomínio edilício à legalidade constitucional?Para responder esta indagação buscou-se: escorçar o histórico dos aspectos jurídicos e econômicos na produção do condomínio edilício; relacionar o princípio do numerus clausus e da tipicidade nos direitos reais para distinguir o condomínio edilício como tipo de direito real; identificar o espaço para fixação do conteúdo do condomínio edilício pelo incorporador imobiliário na viabilização, instituição e constituição; sublinhar a legalidade constitucional como um método hermenêutico; identificar as premissas metodológicas da legalidade constitucional; identificar os valores constitucionais que irradiam no exercício do direito de construir o condomínio edilício na cidade; distinguir a noção contemporânea de vizinhança; sublinhar a disciplina jurídica do estudo prévio de impacto de vizinhança; e identificar os conteúdos dos fatores de investigação do estudo prévio de impacto de vizinhança, relacionando-os com a construção do condomínio edilício. A pesquisa teve um enfoque quali-quantitativo no tratamento dos dados levantados em censos e relatórios de pesquisa, segundo amostras estratificadas e de acessibilidade do universo pesquisado, com a utilização do método de procedimento descritivo, tendo como delineamento as bibliografias e documentos concernentes ao tema. Os resultados revelaram que a construção do condomínio edilício pode causar impactos na vizinhança; que o estudo prévio de impacto de vizinhança é o instrumento de política urbana necessário para conformar a autonomia privada do incorporador imobiliário, no exercício do direito de construir o condomínio edilício, a legalidade constitucional; que para exigi-lo depende de regulamentação legal municipal; e que é baixa esta regulamentação dentre os Municípios brasileiros.