Trajectory mapping of middle atmospheric water vapor by a mini network of NDACC instruments

The important task to observe the global coverage of middle atmospheric trace gases like water vapor or ozone usually is accomplished by satellites. Climate and atmospheric studies rely upon the knowledge of trace gas distributions throughout the stratosphere and mesosphere. Many of these gases are currently measured from satellites, but it is not clear whether this capability will be maintained in the future. This could lead to a significant knowledge gap of the state of the atmosphere. We explore the possibilities of mapping middle atmospheric water vapor in the Northern Hemisphere by using Lagrangian trajectory calculations and water vapor profile data from a small network of five ground-based microwave radiometers. Four of them are operated within the frame of NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change). Keeping in mind that the instruments are based on different hardware and calibration setups, a height-dependent bias of the retrieved water vapor profiles has to be expected among the microwave radiometers. In order to correct and harmonize the different data sets, the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Aura satellite is used to serve as a kind of traveling standard. A domain-averaging TM (trajectory mapping) method is applied which simplifies the subsequent validation of the quality of the trajectory-mapped water vapor distribution towards direct satellite observations. Trajectories are calculated forwards and backwards in time for up to 10 days using 6 hourly meteorological wind analysis fields. Overall, a total of four case studies of trajectory mapping in different meteorological regimes are discussed. One of the case studies takes place during a major sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) accompanied by the polar vortex breakdown; a second takes place after the reformation of stable circulation system. TM cases close to the fall equinox and June solstice event from the year 2012 complete the study, showing the high potential of a network of ground-based remote sensing instruments to synthesize hemispheric maps of water vapor.

Trajectory mapping of middle atmospheric water vapor by a mini network of NDACC instruments

The important task to observe the global coverage of middle atmospheric trace gases like water vapor or ozone usually is accomplished by satellites. Climate and atmospheric studies rely upon the knowledge of trace gas distributions throughout the stratosphere and mesosphere. Many of these gases are currently measured from satellites, but it is not clear whether this capability will be maintained in the future. This could lead to a significant knowledge gap of the state of the atmosphere. We explore the possibilities of mapping middle atmospheric water vapor in the Northern Hemisphere by using Lagrangian trajectory calculations and water vapor profile data from a small network of five ground-based microwave radiometers. Four of them are operated within the frame of NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change). Keeping in mind that the instruments are based on different hardware and calibration setups, a height-dependent bias of the retrieved water vapor profiles has to be expected among the microwave radiometers. In order to correct and harmonize the different data sets, the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Aura satellite is used to serve as a kind of traveling standard. A domain-averaging TM (trajectory mapping) method is applied which simplifies the subsequent validation of the quality of the trajectory-mapped water vapor distribution towards direct satellite observations. Trajectories are calculated forwards and backwards in time for up to 10 days using 6 hourly meteorological wind analysis fields. Overall, a total of four case studies of trajectory mapping in different meteorological regimes are discussed. One of the case studies takes place during a major sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) accompanied by the polar vortex breakdown; a second takes place after the reformation of stable circulation system. TM cases close to the fall equinox and June solstice event from the year 2012 complete the study, showing the high potential of a network of ground-based remote sensing instruments to synthesize hemispheric maps of water vapor.

Mapping wide row crops with video sequences acquired from a tractor moving at treatment speed

This paper presents a mapping method for wide row crop fields. The resulting map shows the crop rows and weeds present in the inter-row spacing. Because field videos are acquired with a camera mounted on top of an agricultural vehicle, a method for image sequence stabilization was needed and consequently designed and developed. The proposed stabilization method uses the centers of some crop rows in the image sequence as features to be tracked, which compensates for the lateral movement (sway) of the camera and leaves the pitch unchanged. A region of interest is selected using the tracked features, and an inverse perspective technique transforms the selected region into a bird’s-eye view that is centered on the image and that enables map generation. The algorithm developed has been tested on several video sequences of different fields recorded at different times and under different lighting conditions, with good initial results. Indeed, lateral displacements of up to 66% of the inter-row spacing were suppressed through the stabilization process, and crop rows in the resulting maps appear straight

Mapping nucleosome position at single base-pair resolution by using site-directed hydroxyl radicals.

A base-pair resolution method for determining nucleosome position in vitro has been developed to com- plement existing, less accurate methods. Cysteaminyl EDTA was tethered to a recombinant histone octamer via a mutant histone H4 with serine 47 replaced by cysteine. When assembled into nucleosome core particles, the DNA could be cut site specifically by hydroxyl radical-catalyzed chain scission by using the Fenton reaction. Strand cleavage occurs mainly at a single nucleotide close to the dyad axis of the core particle, and assignment of this location via the symmetry of the nucleosome allows base-pair resolution mapping of the histone octamer position on the DNA. The positions of the histone octamer and H3H4 tetramer were mapped on a 146-bp Lytechinus variegatus 5S rRNA sequence and a twofold-symmetric derivative. The weakness of translational determinants of nucleosome positioning relative to the overall affinity of the histone proteins for this DNA is clearly demonstrated. The predominant location of both histone octamer and H3H4 tetramer assembled on the 5S rDNA is off center. Shifting the nucleosome core particle position along DNA within a conserved rotational phase could be induced under physiologically relevant conditions. Since nucleosome shifting has important consequences for chromatin structure and gene regulation, an approach to the thermodynamic characterization of this movement is proposed. This mapping method is potentially adaptable for determining nucleosome position in chromatin in vivo.

Integrating JERS-1 imaging radar and elevation models for mapping tropical rainforest communities in far North Queensland, Australia

The Wet Tropics World Heritage Area in Far North Queens- land, Australia consists predominantly of tropical rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest in areas of variable relief. Previous maps of vegetation communities in the area were produced by a labor-intensive combination of field survey and air-photo interpretation. Thus,. the aim of this work was to develop a new vegetation mapping method based on imaging radar that incorporates topographical corrections, which could be repeated frequently, and which would reduce the need for detailed field assessments and associated costs. The method employed G topographic correction and mapping procedure that was developed to enable vegetation structural classes to be mapped from satellite imaging radar. Eight JERS-1 scenes covering the Wet Tropics area for 1996 were acquired from NASDA under the auspices of the Global Rainforest Mapping Project. JERS scenes were geometrically corrected for topographic distortion using an 80 m DEM and a combination of polynomial warping and radar viewing geometry modeling. An image mosaic was created to cover the Wet Tropics region, and a new technique for image smoothing was applied to the JERS texture bonds and DEM before a Maximum Likelihood classification was applied to identify major land-cover and vegetation communities. Despite these efforts, dominant vegetation community classes could only be classified to low levels of accuracy (57.5 percent) which were partly explained by the significantly larger pixel size of the DEM in comparison to the JERS image (12.5 m). In addition, the spatial and floristic detail contained in the classes of the original validation maps were much finer than the JERS classification product was able to distinguish. In comparison to field and aerial photo-based approaches for mapping the vegetation of the Wet Tropics, appropriately corrected SAR data provides a more regional scale, all-weather mapping technique for broader vegetation classes. Further work is required to establish an appropriate combination of imaging radar with elevation data and other environmental surrogates to accurately map vegetation communities across the entire Wet Tropics.

Two-dimensional Stokes flow driven by elliptical paddles

A fast and accurate numerical technique is developed for solving the biharmonic equation in a multiply connected domain, in two dimensions. We apply the technique to the computation of slow viscous flow (Stokes flow) driven by multiple stirring rods. Previously, the technique has been restricted to stirring rods of circular cross section; we show here how the prior method fails for noncircular rods and how it may be adapted to accommodate general rod cross sections, provided only that for each there exists a conformal mapping to a circle. Corresponding simulations of the flow are described, and their stirring properties and energy requirements are discussed briefly. In particular the method allows an accurate calculation of the flow when flat paddles are used to stir a fluid chaotically.

An Analytic Simplification for the Reconstruction Problem of Electrical Impedance Tomography

This paper introduces a new reconstruction algorithm for electrical impedance tomography. The algorithm assumes that there are two separate regions of conductivity. These regions are represented as eccentric circles. This new algorithm then solves for the location of the eccentric circles. Due to the simple geometry of the forward problem, an analytic technique using conformal mapping and separation of variables has been employed. (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Inc.

The dynamics of Brazilian protozoology over the past century

Brazilian scientists have been contributing to the protozoology field for more than 100 years with important discoveries of new species such asTrypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. In this work, we used a Brazilian thesis database (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel) covering the period from 1987-2011 to identify researchers who contributed substantially to protozoology. We selected 248 advisors by filtering to obtain researchers who supervised at least 10 theses. Based on a computational analysis of the thesis databases, we found students who were supervised by these scientists. A computational procedure was developed to determine the advisors’ scientific ancestors using the Lattes Platform. These analyses provided a list of 1,997 researchers who were inspected through Lattes CV examination and allowed the identification of the pioneers of Brazilian protozoology. Moreover, we investigated the areas in which researchers who earned PhDs in protozoology are now working. We found that 68.4% of them are still in protozoology, while 16.7% have migrated to other fields. We observed that support for protozoology by national or international agencies is clearly correlated with the increase of scientists in the field. Finally, we described the academic genealogy of Brazilian protozoology by formalising the “forest” of Brazilian scientists involved in the study of protozoa and their vectors over the past century.

Transcription factor map alignment of promoter regions

We address the problem of comparing and characterizing the promoter regions of genes with similar expression patterns. This remains a challenging problem in sequence analysis, because often the promoter regions of co-expressed genes do not show discernible sequence conservation. In our approach, thus, we have not directly compared the nucleotide sequence of promoters. Instead, we have obtained predictions of transcription factor binding sites, annotated the predicted sites with the labels of the corresponding binding factors, and aligned the resulting sequences of labels—to which we refer here as transcription factor maps (TF-maps). To obtain the global pairwise alignment of two TF-maps, we have adapted an algorithm initially developed to align restriction enzyme maps. We have optimized the parameters of the algorithm in a small, but well-curated, collection of human–mouse orthologous gene pairs. Results in this dataset, as well as in an independent much larger dataset from the CISRED database, indicate that TF-map alignments are able to uncover conserved regulatory elements, which cannot be detected by the typical sequence alignments.

Design of electron band pass filters for electrically biased finite superlattices

We design optimal band pass filters for electrons in semiconductor heterostructures, under a uniform applied electric field. The inner cells are chosen to provide a desired transmission window. The outer cells are then designed to transform purely incoming or outgoing waves into Bloch states of the inner cells. The transfer matrix is interpreted as a conformal mapping in the complex plane, which allows us to write constraints on the outer cell parameters, from which physically useful values can be obtained.

Contribution à la cartographie géomorphologique de la dynamique sédimentaire des petits bassins versants torrentiels

Les laves torrentielles sont l'un des vecteurs majeurs de sédiments en milieu montagneux. Leur comportement hydrogéomorphologique est contrôlé par des facteurs géologique, géomorphologique, topographique, hydrologique, climatique et anthropique. Si, en Europe, la recherche s'est plus focalisée sur les aspects hydrologiques que géomorphologiques de ces phénomènes, l'identification des volumes de sédiments potentiellement mobilisables au sein de petits systèmes torrentiels et des processus responsables de leur transfert est d'une importance très grande en termes d'aménagement du territoire et de gestion des dangers naturels. De plus, une corrélation entre des événements pluviométriques et l'occurrence de laves torrentielles n'est pas toujours établie et de nombreux événements torrentiels semblent se déclencher lorsqu'un seuil géomorphologique intrinsèque (degré de remplissage du chenal) au cours d'eau est atteint.Une méthodologie pragmatique a été développée pour cartographier les stocks sédimentaires constituant une source de matériaux pour les laves torrentielles, comme outil préliminaire à la quantification des volumes transportés par ces phénomènes. La méthode s'appuie sur des données dérivées directement d'analyses en environnement SIG réalisées sur des modèles numériques d'altitude de haute précision, de mesures de terrain et d'interprétation de photographies aériennes. La méthode a été conçue pour évaluer la dynamique des transferts sédimentaires, en prenant en compte le rôle des différents réservoirs sédimentaires, par l'application du concept de cascade sédimentaire sous un angle cartographique.Les processus de transferts sédimentaires ont été étudiés dans deux bassins versants des Alpes suisses (torrent du Bruchi, à Blatten beiNaters et torrent du Meretschibach, à Agarn). La cartographie géomorphologique a été couplée avec des mesures complémentaires permettant d'estimer les flux sédimentaires et les taux d'érosion (traçages de peinture, piquets de dénudation et utilisation du LiDAR terrestre). La méthode proposée se révèle innovatrice en comparaison avec la plupart des systèmes de légendes géomorphologiques existants, qui ne sont souvent pas adaptés pour cartographier de manière satisfaisante les systèmes géomorphologiques complexes et actifs que sont les bassins torrentiels. L'intérêt de cette méthode est qu'elle permet l'établissement d'une cascade sédimentaire, mais uniquement pour des systèmes où l'occurrence d'une lave torrentielle est contrôlé par le degré de remplissage en matériaux du chenal. Par ailleurs, le produit cartographique ne peut être directement utilisé pour la création de cartes de dangers - axées sur les zones de dépôt - mais revêt un intérêt pour la mise en place de mesures de correction et pour l'installation de systèmes de monitoring ou d'alerte.La deuxième partie de ce travail de recherche est consacrée à la cartographie géomorphologique. Une analyse a porté sur un échantillon de 146 cartes ou systèmes de légende datant des années 1950 à 2009 et réalisés dans plus de 40 pays. Cette analyse a permis de mettre en évidence la diversité des applications et des techniques d'élaboration des cartes géomorphologiques. - Debris flows are one of the most important vectors of sediment transfer in mountainous areas. Their hydro-geomorphological behaviour is conditioned by geological, geomorphological, topographical, hydrological, climatic and anthropic factors. European research in torrential systems has focused more on hydrological processes than on geomorphological processes acting as debris flow triggers. Nevertheless, the identification of sediment volumes that have the potential to be mobilised in small torrential systems, as well as the recognition of processes responsible for their mobilisation and transfer within the torrential system, are important in terms of land-use planning and natural hazard management. Moreover, a correlation between rainfall and debris flow occurrence is not always established and a number of debris flows seems to occur when a poorly understood geomorphological threshold is reached.A pragmatic methodology has been developed for mapping sediment storages that may constitute source zone of bed load transport and debris flows as a preliminary tool before quantifying their volumes. It is based on data directly derived from GIS analysis using high resolution DEM's, field measurements and aerial photograph interpretations. It has been conceived to estimate sediment transfer dynamics, taking into account the role of different sediment stores in the torrential system applying the concept of "sediment cascade" in a cartographic point of view.Sediment transfer processes were investigated in two small catchments in the Swiss Alps (Bruchi torrent, Blatten bei Naters and Meretschibach torrent, Agarn). Thorough field geomorphological mapping coupled with complementary measurements were conducted to estimate sediment fluxes and denudation rates, using various methods (reference coloured lines, wooden markers and terrestrial LiDAR). The proposed geomorphological mapping methodology is quite innovative in comparison with most legend systems that are not adequate for mapping active and complex geomorphological systems such as debris flow catchments. The interest of this mapping method is that it allows the concept of sediment cascade to be spatially implemented but only for supply-limited systems. The map cannot be used directly for the creation of hazard maps, focused on the deposition areas, but for the design of correction measures and the implementation of monitoring and warning systems.The second part of this work focuses on geomorphological mapping. An analysis of a sample of 146 (extracts of) maps or legend systems dating from the middle of the 20th century to 2009 - realised in more than 40 different countries - was carried out. Even if this study is not exhaustive, it shows a clear renewed interest for the discipline worldwide. It highlights the diversity of applications, techniques (scale, colours and symbology) used for their conception.

Estudi per a una interfície d'ajuda a daltònics en la interpretació de mapes de metro

En aquest projecte fem un estudi de diferents mètodes per a la segmentació i extracció de línies de mapes de metro com a suport per a daltònics. Hem aplicat dos mètodes amb intervenció de l’usuari i cinc mètodes automàtics on fem servir K-means per a la segmentació de color i Hough per a l’extracció de línies. Dels mètodes amb intervenció obtenim millors resultats amb un mètode d’assignació aproximada del color, i entre els autoàatics tenim com a millor una solució ad-hoc sense paràmetres aplicada sobre l’espai RGB. D’acord amb els resultats experimentals, aquests mètodes ens permeten fer una bona segmentació i extracció de les línies de metro.

Loviisan ydinvoimalaitoksen kaapelireittien tiedonhallinnan kehittäminen paloriskitutkimusta varten

Tässä diplomityössä kehitetään Loviisan voimalaitoksen todennäköisyyspohjaisen paloriskianalyysin kaapelitietokantaa tulevaisuuden haasteita varten. Tietokannan kehittämistä varten tutustutaan todennäköisyyspohjaiseen riskianalyysiin varsin-kin paloriskianalyysin osalta. Käytännönläheisempää kehittämistä varten tutustu-taan voimalaitoksella nykyisin käytössä oleviin kaapelitietokantoihin: paloriski-tutkimusta varten laadittuun PSA-ELTIEen, kunnossapidon tiedonhallintajärjes-telmä LOMAXiin, sähkö- ja automaatiosuunnitteluyksikköjen arkistoihin sekä automaatiouudistuksen tietokantaan. Tietokannan käytännönläheisempien ominai-suuksien selvittämiseksi voimalaitoksella kokeiltiin kenttätarkastusmenetelmää, joka on ensisijainen kaapelikartoitusmenetelmä. Tietokantoihin tutustumisen perusteella vaihtoehtoisiksi tulevaisuuden tietokan-noiksi mietittiin LOMAXia, PSA-ELTIEtä tai uutta tietokantaa. Tulevaisuuden tietokantavaihtoehdoksi on päädytty ehdottamaan LOMAXia, joka vaatii vähem-män muutoksia muihin vaihtoehtoihin nähden. Tällainen laajalti käytössä oleva yhteinen tietokanta mahdollistaa sen, että tiedot ovat helpommin ja varmemmin kaikkien niitä tarvitsevien käytettävissä ja asiantuntijoiden muokattavissa, millä myös varmistetaan tietojen oikeellisuutta ja pysymistä ajan tasalla. Tulevaan LOMAX päivitykseen on ehdotettu tarpeellisia tietokenttien lisäyksiä ja kaapeli-hierarkian parantamista kaapelitietokannaksi käyttöönottamista varten.

Design of electron band pass filters for electrically biased finite superlattices

We design optimal band pass filters for electrons in semiconductor heterostructures, under a uniform applied electric field. The inner cells are chosen to provide a desired transmission window. The outer cells are then designed to transform purely incoming or outgoing waves into Bloch states of the inner cells. The transfer matrix is interpreted as a conformal mapping in the complex plane, which allows us to write constraints on the outer cell parameters, from which physically useful values can be obtained.