Analisi numerica e sperimentale del comportamento a compressione di materiali compositi

L’obbiettivo di questa tesi è ottenere un modello agli elementi finiti che simuli la prova a compressione su un campione di materiale composito a matrice polimerica rinforzata con fibre di carbonio unidirezionali (UD), mediante l’utilizzo di una attrezzatura denominata Combined Loading Compression (CLC) Test Fixture. Il programma utilizzato per realizzare il modello agli elementi finiti è Abaqus della Simulia. Il materiale oggetto dello studio è un prepreg UD di interesse nel settore automobilistico, e fa seguito ad una campagna di prove sperimentali (caratterizzazione a compressione) svolta nei laboratori ENEA di Faenza, dove opera l’Unità Tecnica Tecnologie dei Materiali Faenza (UTTMATF).

Caratterizzazione sperimentale di materiali compositi soggetti ad impatto sul bordo

Il materiale composito è entrato nell’ambiente industriale rivoluzionando il concetto di progettazione delle strutture e permettendo il raggiungimento di prestazioni molto più elevate, rispetto ai materiali tradizionali. Infatti, i compositi sono in grado di garantire elevata resistenza e leggerezza, proprietà molto richieste in svariati ambiti industriali. Un suo notevole impiego è riscontrabile nell’industria aeronautica, dove le principali case produttrici di aeromobili hanno investito un apprezzabile quantitativo di risorse economiche nella realizzazione di velivoli con una sempre maggiore percentuale di questo materiale. Il composito, nonostante ci siano testimonianze del suo utilizzo già durante la seconda guerra mondiale, viene tutt’ora ritenuto “nuovo”; questo poiché molte delle sue caratteristiche non sono state ancora esaurientemente analizzate. Le conoscenze ad esso relative presentano ancora, infatti delle lacune, come il loro comportamento a seguito di un impatto. L’obiettivo della presente tesi è quello di indagare, attraverso una campagna sperimentale innovativa, il comportamento del CFRP di fronte a tale problematica, prestando particolare attenzione alla casistica dell’impatto sul bordo. Su tale argomento infatti, non si hanno esempi in letteratura né normative a cui fare riferimento. I campioni, impiegati nel presente studio, sono stati realizzati scegliendo una configurazione cross-ply, che ben si adatta alle successive fasi della campagna. Sui provini ottenuti sono stati eseguiti gli impatti, con l’utilizzo di un pendolo di Charpy, alcuni centrali e altri laterali, con due differenti energie. Questa prima parte della campagna sperimentale è stata svolta presso i laboratori hangar di Forlì, della Scuola di Ingegneria e Architettura dell’Università di Bologna. La caratterizzazione del materiale è avvenuta mediante prove a compressione. Il processo è stato eseguito per verificare l’influenza che l’impatto genera sulle proprietà meccaniche a compressione. Per poter eseguire una campagna di test ottimale, si è vista necessaria un’attenta analisi delle varie attrezzature utilizzabili per le prove a compressione. La scelta è ricaduta sull’attrezzatura CLC (Combined Loading Compression), la quale è risultata essere la più affidabile e maneggevole per le prove oggetto di studio. La fase relativa allo svolgimento delle prove a compressione è stata eseguita presso i laboratori ENEA di Faenza –Unità Tecnica Tecnologie dei Materiali Faenza (UTTMATF).

Influenza dei parametri di processo delle caratteristiche meccaniche di materiali compositi

Lo scopo di questa tesi è valutare la resistenza a compressione e il valore del modulo elastico di tre laminati ottenuti con lo stesso materiale composito, CFRP, distinti in fase di laminazione dall’utilizzo di tre diverse tipologie di distaccante (peel-ply, film distaccante e controstampo). In questo modo è stato possibile valutare come quest’ultimi abbiano influito, in modo diverso per ogni laminato, sull’omogeneità dello spessore, sul peso, sulla fuoriuscita di resina e sulla percentuale volumetrica delle fibre. Tali fattori a loro volta hanno caratterizzato i valori di resistenza a compressione e modulo elastico. Nei capitoli successivi è descritto un metodo di analisi a compressione dei materiali compositi, a matrice epossidica rinforzata con fibre di carbonio (CFRP), denominato Combined Loading Compression (CLC) Test Method, basato sull’applicazione, combinata, del carico sul campione, a taglio e all’estremità. La realizzazione dei provini è stata effettuata presso i laboratori dell’università: sono stati realizzati 3 laminati, per ognuno dei quali si è scelto di utilizzare su ogni pezzo una diversa tipologia di distaccante: controstampo, film distaccante e peel-ply, allo scopo di valutare quanta resina uscirà dal manufatto una volta in autoclave e quanta variazione di spessore avremo. Da ognuno di questi laminati sono stati ricavati 5 provini. La campagna sperimentale è stata condotta presso il Laboratorio Tecnologie dei Materiali Faenza (TEMAF). L’elaborazione dei dati è stata effettuata mediante l’utilizzo del software Office Excel, in cui sono stati calcolati i parametri fondamentali, suggeriti dalla normativa ASTM D6641/D6641M, per la caratterizzazione meccanica a compressione dei materiali CFRP.

Prestressed concrete beams with stirrups subjected to torsion, bending and shear

Reported in this thesis are test results of 37 eccentrically prestressed beams with stirrups. Single variable parameters were investigated including the prestressing force, the prestressing steel area, the concrete strength, the aspect ratio h/b and the stirrups size and spacing. Interaction of bending, torsion and shear was also investigated by testing a series of beams subjected to varying bending/torsional moment ratios. For the torsional strength an empirical expression of linear format is proposed and can be rearranged in a non-dimensional interaction form: T/To+V/Vo+M/Mo+Ps/Po+Fs/Fo=Pc2/Fsp. This formula which is based on an average experimental steel stress lower than the yield point is compared with 243 prestressed beams containing ' stirrups, including the author's test beams, and good agreement is obtained. For the theoretical analysis of the problem of torsion combined with bending and shear in concrete beams with stirrups, the method of torque-friction is proposed and developed using an average steel stress. A general linear interaction equation for combined torsion with bending and/or shear is proposed in the following format: (fi) T/Tu=1 where (fi) is a combined loading factor to modify the pure ultimate strength for differing cases of torsion with bending and/or shear. From the analysis of 282 reinforced and prestressed concrete beams containing stirrups, including the present investigation, good agreement is obtained between the method and the test results. It is concluded that the proposed method provides a rational and simple basis for predicting the ultimate torisional strength and may also be developed for design purposes.

Development of docetaxel and alendronate-loaded chitosan-conjugated polylactide-co-glycolide nanoparticles: In vitro characterization in osteosarcoma cells

Purpose: To develop docetaxel (DTX)- and alendronate (ALN)-loaded, chitosan (CS)-conjugated polylactide- co-glycolide (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) to increase therapeutic efficacy in osteosarcoma cells. Methods: Drug-loaded PLGA NPs were prepared by nanoprecipitation and chemically conjugated by the carboxylic group of PLGA to the amine-bearing CS polymer. The nanocarrier was characterized by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry as well as by in vitro drug release and cell culture studies. Results: NP size was within the tumour targeting range (~200 nm) with an effective positive charge (20 mV), thus increasing cellular uptake efficiency. Morphological analysis revealed clear spherical particles with uniform dispersion. The NPs exhibited identical sustained release kinetics for both DTX and ALN. CS-conjugated PLGA with dual-drug-loaded (DTX and AL) NPs showed typical time-dependent cellular uptake and also displayed superior cytotoxicity in MG-63 cells compared with blank NPs, which were safe and biocompatible. Conclusion: Combined loading of DTX and ALN in NPs increased the therapeutic efficacy of the formulation for osteosarcoma treatment, thus indicating the potential benefit of a combinatorial drug regimen using nanocarriers for effective treatment of osteosarcoma.

Elastodynamic stress-intensity factors for a semiinfinite crack under 3-d combined mode loading

The dynamic stress intensity factor histories for a half plane crack in an otherwise unbounded elastic body are analyzed. The crack is subjected to a traction distribution consisting of two pairs of suddenly-applied shear point loads, at a distance L away from the crack tip. The exact expression for the combined mode stress intensity factors as the function of time and position along the crack edge is obtained. The method of solution is based on the direct application of integral transforms together with the Wiener-Hopf technique and the Cagniard-de Hoop method, which were previously believed to be inappropriate. Some features of solutions are discussed and the results are displayed in several figures.

Plastic limit solution for the response of plate anchors under combined translational and torsional undrained loading

Plate anchors are increasingly being used to moor large floating offshore structures in deep and ultradeep water. These facilities impart substantial vertical uplift loading to plate anchors. However, extreme operating conditions such as hurricane loading often result in partial system failures, with significant change in the orientation of the remaining intact mooring lines. The purpose of this study is to investigate the undrained pure translational (parallel to plate) and torsional bearing capacity of anchor plates idealized as square and rectangular shaped plates. Moreover, the interaction response of plate anchors under combined translational and torsional loading is studied using a modified plastic limit analysis (PLA) approach. The previous PLA formulation which did not account for shear-normal force interaction on the vertical end faces of the plate provides an exact solution to the idealized problem of an infinitely thin plate but only an approximate solution to the problem of a plate of finite thickness. This is also confirmed by the three-dimensional finite element (FE) results, since the PLA values exceed FE results as the thickness of the plate increases. By incorporating the shear-normal interaction relationship in the modified solution, the torsional bearing capacity factors, as well as the plate interaction responses are enhanced as they show satisfactory agreement with the FE results. The interaction relationship is then obtained for square and rectangular plates of different aspect ratios and thicknesses. The new interaction relationships could also be used as an associated plastic failure locus for combined shear and torsional loading to predict plastic displacements and rotations in translational and torsional loading modes as well. Copyright © 2011 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE).

Porous PLGA microspheres effectively loaded with BSA protein by electrospraying combined with phase separation in liquid nitrogen

Polymer microspheres loaded with bioactive particles, biomolecules, proteins, and/or growth factors play important roles in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and cell therapy. The conventional double emulsion method and a new method of electrospraying into liquid nitrogen were used to prepare bovine serum albumin (BAS)-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) porous microspheres. The particle size, the surface morphology and the internal porous structure of the microspheres were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The loading efficiency, the encapsulation efficiency, and the release profile of the BSA-loaded PLGA microspheres were measured and studied. It was shown that the microspheres from double emulsion had smaller particle sizes (3-50 m), a less porous structure, a poor loading efficiency (5.2 %), and a poor encapsulation efficiency (43.5%). However, the microspheres from the electrospraying into liquid nitrogen had larger particle sizes (400-600 m), a highly porous structure, a high loading efficiency (12.2%), and a high encapsulation efficiency (93.8%). Thus the combination of electrospraying with freezing in liquid nitrogen and subsequent freeze drying represented a suitable way to produce polymer microspheres for effective loading and sustained release of proteins.

Elasto-plastic stress analysis of an insulated rail joint (IRJ) with a loading below shakedown limit

A finite element numerical simulation is carried out to examine stress distributions on railhead in the vicinity of the endpost of a insulated rail joint. The contact patch and pressure distribution are considered using modified Hertzian formulation. A combined elasto-plastic material modelling available in Abaqus is employed in the simulation. A dynamic load factor of 1.21 is considered in modelling for the wheel load based on a previous study as part of this on going research. Shakedown theorem is employed in this study. A peak pressure load which is above the shakedown limit is determined as input load. As a result, a progressive damage in the railhead has been captured as depicted in the equivalent plastic strain plot.