[4 lettres de Benjamin Godard à Jules Massenet, 1879-[1895]]

f.1 : adressé à Madame Massenet, f. 5 à 6 : lettre sur papier de deuil écrite par Madeleine, la soeur de Benjamin Godard, celui-ci étant malade, et datée d'après : le contexte des f.3-4 et l'année de décès de Benjamin Godard

O Futuro (1862-1863), Jornal das Famílias (1863-1878) e A Estação (1879-1904); três periódicos em que colaborou Machado de Assis

Machado de Assis (1839-1908) teve sua carreira marcada pela constante atividade de colaboração em periódicos, dentre os quais nos interessam particularmente O Futuro (18621863), o Jornal das Famílias (1863-1878) e A Estação (1879-1904). Por sua atuação constante e eficaz nesses veículos, o escritor foi considerado seu principal colaborador. As três revistas, por sua vez, marcaram sua presença no processo de formação de Machado: O Futuro presenciou o início da trajetória do escritor, e o Jornal das Famílias e A Estação, por seu longo período de circulação, ofereceram-lhe maior espaço para a prática e o aperfeiçoamento no gênero narrativo, principalmente na produção contos, essencial para a consagração de Machado de Assis no panorama da literatura brasileira. Assim sendo, é importante conhecer as principais características dessas revistas, uma vez que o perfil das publicações também devia ser levado em conta pelos escritores na produção de seus textos.

Correspondance diplomatique chinoise relative aux négotiations du traité de Whampoa conclu entre la France et la Chine le 24 Octobre 1844.

Mode of access: Internet.

Data compilation on the biological response to ocean acidification: environmental and experimental context of data sets and related literature

The exponential growth of studies on the biological response to ocean acidification over the last few decades has generated a large amount of data. To facilitate data comparison, a data compilation hosted at the data publisher PANGAEA was initiated in 2008 and is updated on a regular basis (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.149999). By January 2015, a total of 581 data sets (over 4 000 000 data points) from 539 papers had been archived. Here we present the developments of this data compilation five years since its first description by Nisumaa et al. (2010). Most of study sites from which data archived are still in the Northern Hemisphere and the number of archived data from studies from the Southern Hemisphere and polar oceans are still relatively low. Data from 60 studies that investigated the response of a mix of organisms or natural communities were all added after 2010, indicating a welcomed shift from the study of individual organisms to communities and ecosystems. The initial imbalance of considerably more data archived on calcification and primary production than on other processes has improved. There is also a clear tendency towards more data archived from multifactorial studies after 2010. For easier and more effective access to ocean acidification data, the ocean acidification community is strongly encouraged to contribute to the data archiving effort, and help develop standard vocabularies describing the variables and define best practices for archiving ocean acidification data.

Le développement de l'instruction publique catholique à Magog : ses rapports avec le processus d'industrialisation, 1879-1943

La présente étude présente un exemple concret du développement d'une commission scolaire en fonction de l'amorce du processus d'industrialisation dans une ville des Cantons de l'Est, Magog. L'étude débute avec l'école catholique dissidente en 1879, un peu avant la mise en place du processus d'industrialisation à Magog. La recherche s'arrête en 1943, date de la loi sur la fréquentation scolaire obligatoire au Québec. Les conséquences démographiques issues de l'industrialisation viennent transformer considérablement le visage ethnique et religieux de Magog. Principalement constituée d'Américains protestants, la population magogoise subit une intense transformation ethnique et religieuse entre 1881 et 1891. De protestante et anglophone qu'elle était jusqu'alors, elle devient majoritairement catholique et francophone en moins de dix ans. L'appareil scolaire en place n'est pas sans subir l'impact de ces profonds changements. D'abord conçu pour une clientèle enfantine protestante, il s'adapte en fonction des nouveaux arrivants en créant une branche dissidente catholique en 1879. Les dissidents catholiques, à leur tour, s'organisent en commission scolaire en 1890. Afin de considérer le développement scolaire de Magog comme une phase de l'évolution d'une localité, l'étude est centrée autour de la problématique suivante: quels sont les principaux obstacles qui ont exercé une influence sur le développement scolaire de Magog? Basée essentiellement sur des sources quantitatives et qualitatives variées de la Commission scolaire de Memphrémagog, états financiers, registres d'appel, procès-verbaux et correspondance, notre démarche est de reconstituer le passer administratif de la corporation scolaire: ses ressources humaines, matérielles et financières, ses clientèles, ses services. L'objectif visé ici est de vérifier et caractériser la capacité d'adaptation de la commission scolaire face à des situations comme les hausses de clientèles, le développement des quartiers, les relations entre l'usine textile et les jeunes travailleurs et enfin, la nature des rapports entre les décideurs et les membres de la communauté locale. Le mémoire est divisé en quatre chapitres. Le premier chapitre consiste à situer notre démarche à l'intérieur des courants ou tendances en histoire de l'éducation au Québec. Un rapide survol de l'historiographie nous a permis d'identifier notre démarche à un courant historiographique nouveau et issu d'historiens ontariens insatisfaits de l'approche radicale du contrôle social qui a sous-estimé, aux yeux de certains, le rôle effectif des régions dans le développement de l'Instruction publique. Cette nouvelle approche théorique met donc l'accent sur le rôle important des communautés locales dans l'organisation des structures scolaires. Aussi, l'apport de la sociologie de l'éducation et de la théorie générale des systèmes (approche systémique) nous a permis d'axer notre étude non pas en regard d'un seul point d'intérêt, mais surtout à partir de l'interaction soutenue entre les différentes factions ou acteurs afin de faire évoluer le système scolaire en fonction de besoins manifestes de la communauté locale ou issus de politiques étatiques. Une deuxième partie du chapitre est consacrée au contexte historique qui met en place les structures éducatives sur le territoire. Le deuxième chapitre s'intéresse à identifier les principaux acteurs qui oeuvrent au sein du système. Avec la création du régime municipal et de l'élargissement de ses pouvoirs dans la commission scolaire, l'État décentralise une bonne partie de l'administration scolaire et précise son rôle d'organisme subventionnaire aux corporations scolaires. Regroupés autour de leur commission scolaire, enfants, parents et citoyens contribuent à accroître les besoins scolaires. Pour équilibrer cette demande, le Conseil des commissaires oriente ses politiques vers un juste milieu entre les orientations gouvernementales, ses ressources matérielles et l'implication personnelle de chacun des commissaires. Le rôle de l'Église et de la petite bourgeoisie a contribué à concentrer l'effort du progrès de l'éducation vers des secteurs privilégiés de la ville, ne tenant pas toujours compte des besoins scolaires réels de l'ensemble de la population. Le chapitre IH présente le portrait concret du partage entre l'État et les communautés locales dans le financement du réseau public d'éducation et introduit un nouvel acteur dans le système: le milieu industriel local. Après une étude sur les revenus, les dépenses et les emprunts, il est démontré clairement que la communauté locale finance presque à elle seule les écoles publiques de Magog: 90% des recettes totales de la commission scolaire provient des contribuables catholiques. Les subventions du DIP sont nettement en-deçà de ce que l'État se proposait de soutenir au XIXe siècle (une subvention égale au montant total perçu en taxes scolaires). Un regard sur l'attitude des conseillers municipaux à accorder des arrangements politico-économiques à l'usine textile nous a permis d'identifier des conséquences non négligeables dans la perception des taxes scolaires de l'usine. Dans la période où l'usine textile demande des exemptions et commutations de taxes (de 1894 à 1943), les élus municipaux rajustent (ou conservent) l'évaluation du complexe industriel à une fraction seulement de l'évaluation réelle, ne tenant pas ainsi compte des nombreux ajouts et constructions qui affectent à la hausse l'évaluation foncière de la compagnie. Résultat: les commissaires catholiques ne perçoivent pas les sommes réelles qui leur sont dues. Cette disparité fiscale n'est pas sans affecter la commission scolaire aux prises avec de lourds emprunts issus des nombreuses constructions scolaires pour accueillir les enfants des nouveaux arrivants. L'étude des modalités du développement scolaire (quatrième chapitre) nous a permis de mettre en lumière la nature des rapports entre factions de la communauté locale et leurs représentants au Conseil des commissaires. Une étude sur les revendications et les affrontements entre les résidents du quartier ouvrier et membres du Conseil nous a permis de voir que les commissaires d'école ne prennent pas toujours les décisions politiques adéquates pour répondre aux besoins scolaires de la ville. L'appartenance sociale et géographique des commissaires justifient les priorités adoptées et qui se traduisent par un souci pour les écoles du centre-ville et particulièrement des garçons, plutôt que dans le quartier ouvrier, là où se manifestent depuis longtemps des besoins scolaires de plus en plus criants.

Voter behaviour and constitutional change in Australia since 1967

Australian Constitutional referendums have been part of the Australian political system since federation. Up to the year 1999 (the time of the last referendum in Australia), constitutional change in Australia does not have a good history of acceptance. Since 1901, there have been 44 proposed constitutional changes with eight gaining the required acceptance according to section 128 of the Australian Constitution. In the modern era since 1967, there have been 20 proposals over seven referendum votes for a total of four changes. Over this same period, there have been 13 federal general elections which have realised change in government just five times. This research examines the electoral behaviour of Australian voters from 1967 to 1999 for each referendum. Party identification has long been a key indicator in general election voting. This research considers whether the dominant theory of voter behaviour in general elections (the Michigan Model) provides a plausible explanation for voting in Australian referendums. In order to explain electoral behaviour in each referendum, this research has utilised available data from the Australian Electoral Commission, the 1996 Australian Bureau of Statistics Census data, and the 1999 Australian Constitutional Referendum Study. This data has provided the necessary variables required to measure the impact of the Michigan Model of voter behaviour. Measurements have been conducted using bivariate and multivariate analyses. Each referendum provides an overview of the events at the time of the referendum as well as the =yes‘ and =no‘ cases at the time each referendum was initiated. Results from this research provide support for the Michigan Model of voter behaviour in Australian referendum voting. This research concludes that party identification, as a key variable of the Michigan Model, shows that voters continue to take their cues for voting from the political party they identify with in Australian referendums. However, the outcome of Australian referendums clearly shows that partisanship is only one of a number of contributory factors in constitutional referendums.

Virtually real : Suzanne Collins's the Hunger Games Trilogy

The Hunger Games trilogy by Suzanne Cololins deals with a dystopian future society in which a punitive ruling elite provide 'entertainment' for the masses in the form of mediatised 'games' featuring young people who must fight to kill one another until there is only one winner. The purpose of these games is to remind the populace of the power of the government and its ability to dispose of any who dare defy it. In acknowledging violent 'games' as virtual entertainments which can be used to political effect, Collins suggests that they possess a disturbing capacity to undermine ethical perspective on the human,the humane and the real. Drawing on Baudrillard's ideas about simulation and simulacra as well as Elaine Scarry's and Susan Sontag's concerns for media representations of the body in pain, this paper discusses the ways in which the texts highlight the dangers of virtual modes while also risking perpetuating their entertainment value.

Experimental evaluation of the culture performance of three exotic and a ‘local’ Giant Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii, De Man 1879) culture strain in Fiji

Giant freshwater prawn (GFP; Macrobrachium rosenbergii) aquaculture has expanded rapidly since 1990. Most local culture industries, however, have developed in an unsystematic way. Fiji has a small culture industry producing the ‘Anuenue’ strain; however, performance of this strain has never been systematically evaluated. Recently, some Fijian farmers have reported declines in stock productivity. The current project evaluated the relative performance of three exotic strains with different genetic backgrounds from Malaysia, Indonesia and Vietnam, against the ‘local’ strain in Fiji in a 4 × 3 replicated pond trial experiment. A total of 5827 prawns were harvested after 143 days growout. Individual growth rate and relative survival of the Fiji strain were not statistically different from any of the introduced strains, but Vietnam strain was superior to that of the Malaysia strain. Genetic diversity showed significant differences in variability among strains, with the Malaysian strain displaying the lowest genetic diversity. Indonesia strain showed that females were reaching maturation earlier than other strains and were smaller in size. This study suggests that Malaysian and Indonesian strains would constitute a poor choice for Fiji, whereas the Vietnam strain consistently performed well on all criteria measured. High variation among replicate ponds within strains unfortunately confounded among-strain variation.

Genetic diversity of cultured and wild populations of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879) based on microsatellite analysis

Freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) culture in the Western Hemisphere is primarily, if not entirely, derived from 36 individual prawns originally introduced to Hawaii from Malaysia in 1965 and 1966. Little information is available regarding genetic variation within and among cultured prawn stocks worldwide. The goal of the current study was to characterize genetic diversity in various prawn populations with emphasis on those cultured in North America. Five microsatellite loci were screened to estimate genetic diversity in two wild (Myanmar and India-wild) and seven cultured (Hawaii-1, Hawaii-2, India-cultured, Israel, Kentucky, Mississippi and Texas) populations. Average allelic richness ranged from 3.96 (Israel) to 20.45 (Myanmar). Average expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.580 (Israel) to 0.935 (Myanmar). Many of the cultured populations exhibited reduced genetic diversity when compared with the Myanmar and the India-cultured populations. Significant deficiency in heterozygotes was detected in the India-cultured, Mississippi and Kentucky populations (overall Fis estimated of 0.053, 0.067 and 0.108 respectively) reflecting moderate levels of inbreeding. Overall estimate of fixation index (Fst = 0.1569) revealed moderately high levels of differentiation among the populations. Outcome of this study provide a baseline assessment of genetic diversity in some available strains that will be useful for the development of breeding programmes.

Practice and procedure - District Court Act 1967 s79 - transfer of proceeding pending in Magistrates Court to District Court

In Lambert v Surplice [2004] QDC 092 McGill DCJ considered the extent to which the court should exercise a discretion on an application under s79 of the District Court Act 1967 to transfer a proceeding pending in the Magistrates Court to the District Court.

Redundant or essential? How politics shaped the outcome of the 1967 Protocol

The 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees has been described as an unnecessary addendum to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. However, if the 1967 Protocol was superfluous, why did the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in the early 1960s insist on its development? This article seeks to establish that the 1967 Protocol was originally intended to encompass the broader concerns of African and Asian states concerning refugee populations in their region. However, the political influence upon the development of international refugee law radically altered the UNHCR's endeavour to make the 1951 Convention universally accessible.

Identification of a putative cellulase gene in the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879)

Nutrition plays an important role in the development of all organisms and in particular that of farmed aquatic species where costs associated with feed can often exceed 60% of total production costs. Crustacean species in addition, have the added metabolic requirement for regular moulting to allow normal growth and this requires large amounts of energy in the form of sugars (glucose). The current study explored the capacity of the giant freshwater prawn to produce endogenous cellulose-degrading enzymes capable of extracting nutrients (simple sugars) from plant sources in formulated feeds used in the prawn aquaculture industry. We identified a putative cellulase cDNA fragment in the target organism of 1576 base pairs in length of non-microbial origin that after protein modelling exhibited a TM-score of 0.916 with a described cellulase reported from another crustacean species. The functional role of cellulase enzymes is to hydrolyse cellulose to glucose and the fragment identified in GFP was highly expressed in the hepatopancreas, the site of primary food digestion and absorption in crustaceans. Hepatopancreatic tissue from Macrobrachium rosenbergii also showed active digestion of cellulose to glucose following an endoglucanase assay. Cellulase gene(s) are present in the genomes of many invertebrate taxa and play an active role in the conversion of cellulose to available energy. Identification and characterization of endogenous cellulase gene(s) in giant freshwater prawn can assist development of the culture industry because the findings confirm that potentially greater levels of low-cost plant-material could be included in artificial formulated diets in the future without necessarily compromising individual growth performance. Ultimately, this development may contribute to more efficient, cost-effective production systems for freshwater prawn culture stocks that meet the animal's basic nutritional requirements and that also support good individual growth rates.

Logic as the Universal Science : Bertrand Russell's Early Conception of Logic and Its Philosophical Context

Bertrand Russell (1872 1970) introduced the English-speaking philosophical world to modern, mathematical logic and foundational study of mathematics. The present study concerns the conception of logic that underlies his early logicist philosophy of mathematics, formulated in The Principles of Mathematics (1903). In 1967, Jean van Heijenoort published a paper, Logic as Language and Logic as Calculus, in which he argued that the early development of modern logic (roughly the period 1879 1930) can be understood, when considered in the light of a distinction between two essentially different perspectives on logic. According to the view of logic as language, logic constitutes the general framework for all rational discourse, or meaningful use of language, whereas the conception of logic as calculus regards logic more as a symbolism which is subject to reinterpretation. The calculus-view paves the way for systematic metatheory, where logic itself becomes a subject of mathematical study (model-theory). Several scholars have interpreted Russell s views on logic with the help of the interpretative tool introduced by van Heijenoort,. They have commonly argued that Russell s is a clear-cut case of the view of logic as language. In the present study a detailed reconstruction of the view and its implications is provided, and it is argued that the interpretation is seriously misleading as to what he really thought about logic. I argue that Russell s conception is best understood by setting it in its proper philosophical context. This is constituted by Immanuel Kant s theory of mathematics. Kant had argued that purely conceptual thought basically, the logical forms recognised in Aristotelian logic cannot capture the content of mathematical judgments and reasonings. Mathematical cognition is not grounded in logic but in space and time as the pure forms of intuition. As against this view, Russell argued that once logic is developed into a proper tool which can be applied to mathematical theories, Kant s views turn out to be completely wrong. In the present work the view is defended that Russell s logicist philosophy of mathematics, or the view that mathematics is really only logic, is based on what I term the Bolzanian account of logic . According to this conception, (i) the distinction between form and content is not explanatory in logic; (ii) the propositions of logic have genuine content; (iii) this content is conferred upon them by special entities, logical constants . The Bolzanian account, it is argued, is both historically important and throws genuine light on Russell s conception of logic.

Bergslagenista Karjalaan : Ruotsalaisten vuorimiesten siirtolaisuus Pitkärantaan 1879 - 1904

Pitkärannan kaivokselle Laatokan Karjalaan saapui vuonna 1880 24 ruotsalaista vuorimiestä perheineen käynnistääkseen sen uudella teholla, tekemään siitä modernin ja johtamaan sen toimintaa. Heidät oli rekrytoinut sinne pietarilainen kansainvälisten liikemiesten omistama pankki suomalaisen vuoriteollisuuden asiantuntijan Hjalmar Furuhjelmin avulla. Pankki oli hankkinut lupaavalla malmialueella sijainneen kaivoksen omistukseensa muutamaa vuotta aikaisemmin. Ruotsalaisten saapumisesta käynnistyi 25 vuotta jatkunut ketjusiirtolaisuus Ruotsin vuoriteollisuuden keskusalueelta Bergslagenista Pitkärantaan, mikä oli pituutensa ja toimintansa vuoksi merkittävä. Vaikka Pitkäranta sijaitsi periferiassa, oli se hyvin kansainvälinen paikka, jossa oli myös muutamia muunmaalaisia työntekijöitä. Pitkäranta eli ruotsalaisten johdossa teollisen kultakautensa. Sieltä louhittiin pääasiassa kuparia, mutta loppuaikoina toiminta keskittyi rautamalmiin, jota rikastettiin. Kaivoksen yhteydessä toimi eri aikoina myös muuta teollisuutta kuten pullotehdas. Monet Pitkärannan ruotsalaisista olivat siirtolaisina perheensä kanssa. Naimattomista muutamat solmivat avioliiton suomalaisen kanssa ja kaksi kaivoksen saksalaisen johtajan O. G. Trüstedtin tyttärien kanssa. Ruotsalaiset siirtolaiset olivat Pitkärannassa johtavassa asemassa niin tehtäviensä pohjalta kuin sosiaalisestikin. Pitkärannan ruotsalaiset eivät pääsaantöisesti integroituneet Suomeen, vaan säilyttivät ruotsalaisen identiteettinsä ja palasivat jossain vaiheessa takaisin Ruotsiin - jopa sellaiset, jotka olivat Suomessa yli kymmenen vuotta. Vain muutama ruotsalainen vuorimies jäi Suomeen. Ruotsalaiset loivat Pitkärannassa ollessaan tiiviin suhdeverkon, johon kuului keskeisesti myös Trüstedtien perhe. Verkosto toimi tiiviisti muutama vuosi Pitkärannan jälkeen perustetun Outokummun kaivoksen alkutaipaleen aikana. Pitkärannan ruotsalaiset liittyivät vielä Petsamon nikkelinkin löytymiseen. Pitkärannan ruotsalaisuus kuului kolmeen historialliseen kontekstiin. Taustalla oli vuosisatoja Ruotsista Suomeen jatkunut vuoriammattilaisten siirtolaisuus, joka ei ollut loppunut, vaikka maiden valtiollinen side oli päättynyt vuonna 1809. Tästä syytä rekrytoijien kannalta Ruotsi oli luonnollinen kohde. Rekrytoidut taas elivät Ruotsin suurinta siirtolaisuusaaltoa, jolloin suuret siirtolaisvirrat suuntautuivat Pohjois-Amerikkaan ja siirtolaisuus kosketti lähes jokaista ruotsalaista. Kolmas taustalla vaikuttanut historiallinen kehitys oli Pietarin nopea kasvu ja kansainvälistyminen sekä sen imussa tapahtunut vaikutusalueiden ja koko Suomen teollistuminen. Pitkärannan kaivos oli Pietarin kansainvälisten liikemiesten omistama ja sen tuotanto palveli täysin Pietaria, jonka laajaan vaikutusalueeseen Pitkäranta kuului hyvin voimakkaasti. Monessa mielessä ruotsalaisten vuorimiesten siirtolaisuus Pitkärantaan olikin enemmän siirtolaisuutta Pietarin vaikutusalueelle kuin Suomeen. Pitkärannan side Suomeen oli lähinnä vain sen fyysinen sijainti, muuten sitä täytyy arvioida kiinteästi osana Pietarin vaiheita. Pitkäranta oli Amerikan siirtolaisuuteen ja vähän myöhemmin alkaneeseen Norrbotteniin muuttoon verrattuna vain pieni sivujuonne ruotsalaisessa 1800-luvun lopun siirtolaisuudessa. Suomeen ja Venäjälle tapahtuneen ruotsalaissiirtolaisuuden joukossa se oli kuitenkin aikanaan merkittävä, monimuotoinen ja kauaskantoinen tapahtuma. Avainsanat: ruotsalaiset, siirtolaisuus, vuoriteollisuus, ruukki, kaivos, Pitkäranta, Impilahti, Falun, Pietari, Bergslagen, kupari, ketjusiirtolaisuus