934 resultados para Building sites--Planning


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Mestrado em Engenharia Civil – ramo Tecnologia e Gestão das Construções

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Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Edificações

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Esta dissertação considera a importância da avaliação imobiliária no mercado imobiliário, nas mais diversas situações. Contudo, cinge-se à determinação de um presumível valor de transação para apartamentos, moradias, lojas e terrenos, para venda ou arrendamento. Os mercados imobiliários escolhidos são dois concelhos conhecidos, da autora, por ser mais fácil a perceção dos locais e preços de venda. Foi escolhido o Concelho de Valongo para apartamentos, moradias e terrenos e o Concelho da Maia para lojas. Para determinarmos os valores em estudo adotaram-se os métodos de avaliação imobiliária mais comuns nomeadamente: o Método Comparativo, Método do Rendimento e o Método do Custo. São apresentados os métodos de avaliação mais utilizados, descrevendo-se a aplicação de cada um deles e as suas condições necessárias. Fez-se uma comparação entre cada um o que permitiu concluir sobre os mesmos. A recolha dos imóveis objeto de estudo foi efetuada em Sites de empresas imobiliárias que dispunham de informação necessária ao âmbito do trabalho. Aplicaram-se os métodos a cada caso recolhido e posteriormente fez-se a comparação dos resultados obtidos. Através de tratamento estatístico, utilizaram-se as técnicas de regressão múltipla para análise de relações entre os métodos de avaliação aplicados. Por fim, retiraram-se conclusões sobre a relação existente entre os três métodos de avaliação.

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Useissa suomalaisissa rakennus- tai suunnitteluyrityksissä on selkeät tavoitteet ja odotukset liiketoiminnan kasvulle. Kasvun mahdollisuudet kotimarkkinoilla ovat rajalliset. Liiketoiminnan kasvua on haettava kotimarkkinoiden ulkopuolelta.Liiketoiminnan kasvua haettaessa alan yritykset ovat nopeasti kansainvälistyneet ja etabloituneet lähialueille. Erityisesti etabloitumista on tapahtunut Baltiaan, Viroon. Heräte tämän työn tekemiseen syntyi case-yrityksentoimenpiteistä kansainväistymisessä ja etabloitumisen aiheuttamasta oletettua suuremmasta kustannusten kehittymisestä. Tutkimuksella ja toimenpiteillä tuetaan etabloitumiskehitystä ja parannetaan liiketoimintaprojektin kustannustehokkuutta. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli case-yrityksen toimitusprosessin kuvaaminen, suositeltavan toimitusmallin rakentaminen liiketoimintaprojektille ja kohdemaan riskien kuvaaminen projektiriskikartalle. Kansainvälisen projektiliiketoiminnan erityispiirteitä ovat toimintaympäristön ja asiakkaiden erilaisuus, erilaiset pelisäännöt ja tavat toimia, erilainen kulttuuri ja arvot, tuntematon markkinoiden kysyntä- ja tarjontatilanne. Kansainvälisessä projektiliiketoiminnassa joudumme sopeutumaan ja sopeuttamaan totuttua toimintaamme toisenlaisiin olosuhteisiin. Toisenlaisista olosuhteista johtuen kotimarkkinoille ja kotimaisiin asiakastoimituksiin laadittuun toimintajärjestelmään kuvattu prosessimalli ei sellaisenaan ole toimiva. Samanaikaisesti riskikartta muodostuu kohdemaasta johtuen hyvin erilaiseksi. Tutkimuksen lähtökohta oli toisenlaisesta markkinasta, valituista toimitusprojekteista ja kokemuksesta oppiminen. Tutkimuksen tuloksena rakentui liiketoimintaprojektimalli, joka on selkeästivaiheistettu, roolitettu ja vastuutettu. Lisäksi toisenlaisista markkinoista ja projektimallista johtuen kuvattiin kohdemaan projektiriskikartta. Tutkimuksessa kuvattu liiketoimintaprojektimalli ja kohdemaan mukainen projektiriskikartta toimivat yrityksen seuraavana kehitysaskeleena toiminnan vakauttamisessa. Henkilöstön roolia ja kumppanuuksia tulee kuitenkin jatkossa tarkastella. Työn tuloksena syntyi yksittäisen yrityksen liiketoimintaprojektimallin projektiosien ja roolien kuvaus sekä riskikartta. Työn tuloksen arvioidaan selkeyttävän yrityksen liiketoimintaa ja osaltaan varmistavan yrityksen kansainvälisen liiketoiminnan tavoitteiden saavuttamista.

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Suomalaiset rakennusliikkeet ostavat nykyisin aliurakoitsijoiltaan huomattavan osan varsinaisesta rakennustyöstä. Alihankintakustannusten hallinnasta on tullut avain kannattavaan toimintaan. Tämän tutkimuksen kohteena on suomalaisen rakennusliikkeen alihankintaan liittyvien kustannusriskien hallinta. Tavoitteena oli selvittää, mitkä tekijät aiheuttavat kohdeyrityksessä toistuvia kustannusbudjetin ylityksiä ja kuinka ongelmia voitaisiin välttää. Tutkimuksessa haastateltiin viittätoista yrityksen alihankintaprosessin kanssa työskentelevää keskeistä toimihenkilöä. Heidän käytössään olevat työvälineet, -ohjeet ja työn tuloksena syntyvät dokumentit tutkittiin. Yrityksen avainhenkilöistä koostunut asiantuntijaryhmä määritteli kokemuksensa perusteella riskialttiita hankintaryhmiä. Ryhmätyön tulosta verrattiin yhtiön kustannusseurantajärjestelmästä poimittuun faktatietoon. Eri lähteistä näin kootun tiedon pohjalta määriteltiin havaittujen ongelmien syntymekanismi ja taustalla vaikuttavat tekijät. Tutkimuksen tulosten mukaan kustannusriskien hallinta rakennusliikkeen alihankinnoissa koostuu kolmesta elementistä: toimittajakunnan hallinnasta, ostoihin liittyvän informaation hallinnasta sekä aliurakoiden toteutuksen hallinnasta. Toimittajakunnan heikko hallinta aiheuttaa riskejä koko alihankintaprosessissa. Kohdeyrityksessä ei ole riittävästi kiinnitetty huomiota kykyyn johtaa hankintoja alueyksikkötasolla. Tämä on johtanut lyhytjänteiseen toimintaan ja kyvyttömyyteen hankkia kestävää kilpailuetua ostotoiminnan avulla. Toimittajakunnan ja ostoihin liittyvän informaation hallinta luovat edellytykset aliurakoiden toteutuksen hyvälle hallinnalle. Tutkimuksessa päädyttiin suosittelemaan kriittisten hankintojen organisoimista uudelleen kohdeyrityksen Etelä-Suomen alueyksikössä. Kriittisten hankintojen toimittajakunnan hallintaan pitäisi yrityksessä kiinnittää erityistä huomiota. Olisi luotava menettely, jolla toimittajien luotettavuus otettaisiin järjestelmällisesti huomioon valintatilanteissa. Sopimusten sisältöä on tarpeen vakioida valvonnan helpottamiseksi. Kustannusten seurantaan ja analysointiin tarvittaisiin myös uusia välineitä. Hankinnan tulisi rakennusliikkeissä olla kiinteästi Mukkana yrityksen strategiatyössä. Ostaa / valmistaa itse –päätökset pitäisi tehdä strategisella tasolla ja ottaa huomioon ulkoisten resurssien hallinnan vaatimat resurssit.

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This report synthesizes the findings of 11 country reports on policy learning in labour market and social policies that were conducted as part of WP5 of the INSPIRES project, which is funded by the 7th Framework Program of the EU-Commission. Notably, this report puts forward objectives of policy learning, discusses tools, processes and institutions of policy learning and presents the impacts of various tools and structures of the policy learning infrastructure for the actual policy learning process. The report defines three objectives of policy learning: evaluation and assessment of policy effectiveness, vision building and planning, and consensus building. In the 11 countries under consideration, the tools and processes of the policy learning, infrastructure can be classified into three broad groups: public bodies, expert councils, and parties, interest groups and the private sector. Finally, we develop four recommendations for policy learning: Firstly, learning processes should keep the balance between centralisation and plurality. Secondly, learning processes should be kept stable beyond the usual political business cycles. Thirdly, policy learning tools and infrastructures should be sufficiently independent from political influence or bias. Fourth, Policy learning tools and infrastructures should balance out mere effectiveness, evaluation and vision building.

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The ISO has issued a Draft International Standard on construction procurement and the British Standards Institute is drafting a standard based upon this for use in the UK. Three questions arise from these observations. First, what kind of consultation processes would be adequate to ensure that such a standard meets the requirements of an industry as diverse as construction? Second, why would an international standard be inappropriate for use in a country like UK? Third, what sort of issues should such a standard seek to cover? There are strong precedents for process standards, such as quality assurance, design management and workmanship on building sites. So the idea of a standard on procurement is not unusual. Moreover, there are many differences in tendering and procurement practice that are wasteful and even collusive or illegal. These issues are explored with a view to offering insights and suggestions for guidance based on the experiences in UK. The research method is first-hand observation of the drafting committee who are dealing with the British Standard. As an example to test and inform the standardization concept, six different standard guidance documents on tendering procedures are compared. This reveals a significant degree of diversity, and based on this, nine stages for implementing a tendering procedure are derived.

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Este trabalho apresenta uma técnica de programação e controle da construção repetitiva denominada Linha de Balanço. E uma técnica, surgida na indústria fabril, onde a produção em série e em grande escala exige a organização dos métodos de produção e a racionalização do trabalho. O estudo, inicialmente, modela o trabalho de construção de unidades repetitivas, salientando os problemas de organização e administração destes empreendimentos. Num segundo momento, são apresentados os princípios teóricos da técnica com aplicações práticas da programação. Por fim, é analisada a metodologia usual de construção de conjuntos habitacionais através de um estudo de caso e, observadas as condições de aplicação da técnica da Linha de Balanço, não exigindo mudificações muito profundas na atual ação gerencial neste tipo de obra. As conclusões esboçadas confirmam as vantagens da técnica da Linha de Balanço para estes empreendimentos e propõem a sua utilização na organização do trabalho nos canteiros repetitivos.

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O presente trabalho consiste em uma análise das perdas de materiais na construção de edificações. Inicialmente, são classificados os diferentes tipos de perdas de materiais e apresentados os resultados de pesquisas já realizadas sobre o assunto. São discutidos, também, alguns princípios do gerenciamento das materiais e apresentados conceitos relativos a sistemas de controle. É apresentada a metodologia e os resultados de um estudo realizado em cinco canteiros de obras, situados na cidade de Porto Alegre, no qual foram levantados índices e causas de incidências de perdas de materiais. A pesquisa realizada demonstrou que há consideráveis variações em relação à incidência de perdas para diferentes insumos e de um mesmo insumo para diferentes canteiros. Estes índices são bastante elevados em comparação com os valores apontados pela bibliografia. Este estudo demonstrou, também, que existem oportunidades de redução das perdas de materiais através de melhorias no manuseio e estacagem de materiais e, principalmente, através de aplicação de métodos que possibilitem a identificação e o controle das perdas durante o processo construtivo. Por fim,é apresentado um conjunto de diretrizes para a implementação de um sistema de controle de perdas de materiais para a construcão de edificações

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In 2000, the city of Barcelona launched 22@ Barcelona, dubbed the innovation district. The city sees the project as a means to accelerate Barcelona’s transition toward the knowledge economy. Other cities around the world have since followed the example of Barcelona, building or planning to build their own innovation districts. Boston began to establish its innovation district in 2010. Cities’ ultimate goal for these initiatives is to become more innovative and thus more competitive. Innovative districts are different from technology parks in that they aim to respond to a new economic paradigm in which economic production flows back to cities. The 22@ Barcelona model involves theoretical designs regarding five layers of innovation: economics, urban planning, productive, innovative, and creative. The comparative approach between 22@ Barcelona and Boston’s Innovation District intends to highlight the similarities and differences between those two innovation districts as well as providing a framework to define innovation districts.

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The increasing competitiveness of the construction industry, set in an economic environment in which the offer is now greater than the demand , causes the prices of many products and services, are strongly influenced by the processes of production and the final consumer. Thus, to become more competitive in the market and construction companies are seeking new alternatives to reduce and control costs, production processes and tools that allow for close monitoring of the construction schedule, with the consequent compliance deadline with the client. Based on this scenario, the creation of control tools, service management and planning work emerges as an investment opportunity and an area that can promote great benefits to construction companies. The goal of this work is to present a system of planning, service management and costs control that through worksheets provide information relating to the production phase of the work, allowing the visualization of possible irregularities in the planning and cost of the enterprise, enabling the company to take steps to achieve the goals of the enterprise in question, and correct them when necessary. The developed system has been used in a piece of real estate in Rio Grande do Norte, and the results showed that its use together allowed the construction company to accompany their results and take corrective and preventive actions during the production process, efficiently and effective

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A análise objetivou traçar um perfil global do setor de saneamento básico, procurando apontar um padrão do atendimento da NR 18 em seus canteiros de obras. Também foram identificadas diferentes posturas em relação à norma estudada e às causas que as originaram, como falta de fiscalização, carência de empresas fornecedoras de equipamentos de proteção, etc. Os resultados da pesquisa mostraram que, mesmo sabendo da sua importância, a indústria da construção ainda apresenta índices de acidentes relativamente elevados. Ao analisarmos esse contexto, a pesquisa realizou levantamento do cumprimento dessa norma em empresas prestadoras de serviços do setor de saneamento básico, na região metropolitana da cidade de Belém, totalizando 10 canteiros de obras. Este trabalho apresenta um método para a realização da análise em canteiros de obras, que consiste basicamente da aplicação de três ferramentas: lista de verificação (check-list), entrevista e registro fotográfico dos problemas encontrados, verificando o comportamento dessas 10 (dez) empresas em relação à aplicação da NR 18. Além do aperfeiçoamento das ferramentas, as aplicações comprovaram a validade do método, podendo-se considerar que este cumpre com eficiência a função de analisar os canteiros de obras de prestadoras de serviços do setor de saneamento básico.

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The present study is in reference to precast concrete (panels) walls as the main structural system. The diversification of the structural systems is a reality due to specific characteristics', as a result there is a lack of study and analysis. Some systems are already established in their applications, for instance: conventional reinforced concrete, structural masonry, metal structures, and wood structure. Apart from this precast concrete elements has had a growth in building sites in Brazil, therefore professionals should be more aware. Affordable house funding initiatives to address the housing shortage has been recurrent throughout the country, additionally precast concrete walls has been an alternative that meets the three basic concepts of engineering, which are: the technique, economy, and security. The objective of this study is to gather concepts from the literature and TOMO (2012) about precast concrete walls and make a didactic synthesis of how they are viewed. The modeling structure method of the system was performed following the concept of assigning bars, using the computer program of calculations SAP2000. Initially will be presented a theoretical part, furthermore a case study to illustrate the sizing of the walls using EXCEL tables programmed with calculation routine. The results will be presented in calculated efforts by the program for further analysis. Finally, will be highlighted important items of modeling and interpretation of the results

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The construction of a Gothic vault implied the solution of several technical challenges. The literature on Gothic vault construction is quite large and its growth continues steadily. The main challenge of any structure is that, during and after construction, it must be "safe", that is, it must not collapse. Indeed, it must be amply safe, able to support different loads for long periods of time. Masonry architecture has shown its structural safety for centuries or millennia. The Pantheon of Rome stands today after almost 2,000 years without having needed any structural reinforcement (of course, the survival of any building implies continuous maintenance) . Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, finished in the 6th century AD, has withstood not only the dead loads but also many severe earthquakes . Finally, the Gothic cathedrals, with their appearance of weakness, are• more than a half millennium old. The question arises of what the source of this amazing strength is and how the illiterate master masons were able to design such daring and safe structures . This question is usually evaded in manuals of Gothic architecture. This is quite surprising, the structure being a fundamental part of Gothic buildings. The present article aims to give such an explanation, which has been studied in detail elsewhere. In the first part, the Gothic design methods "V ill be discussed. In the second part, the validity of these methods wi11 be verified within the frame of the modern theory of masonry structures . References have been reduced to a minimum to make the text simpler and more direct.

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The difficulty of dealing with construction and demolition waste (CDW) on construction sites is not new and continues to be a significant environmental problem. Currently the CDW collection system in Spain is done in a decentralized manner by each sub-contracted company, being necessary to implement effective waste management measures ensuring a correct management and minimization. During the last years several measures have been launched in order to improve and encourage the reuse and recycling of CDW. A widespread solution for CDW recovery is using them as a landscaping aggregate or for road bases and sub-bases. However, measures encouraging onsite prevention still need to be enhanced. This paper studies the major work stage generating CDW and analyses the categories of CDW produced during its execution. For this, several real building sites have been analysed in order to quantify the estimation of CDW generated. Results of this study show that a significant contributor to the CDW generation on building construction sites in Spain are the masonry works. Finally, a Best Practices Manual (BPM) is proposed containing several strategies on masonry works aimed not only at CDW prevention, but also at improving their management and minimization. The use of this BPM together with the Study and Plan of CDW management --required by law--, promotes the environmental management of the company, favouring the cohesion of the construction process organization at all stages giving rise to establishing responsibilities in the field of waste and providing a greater control over the process. Keywords: construction and demolition waste, management, masonry works, good practice measures, prevention.