Características del Ciberbullying en los estudiantes de la Unidad Educativa César Dávila Andrade. Cuenca. Ecuador. 2013

Antecedentes: En la actualidad los adolescentes se desenvuelven a la perfección en el uso de la tecnología de la información y comunicación. El internet y la telefonía móvil se han constituido en instrumentos de primer orden para su formación, desarrollo, socialización y diversión; sin embargo, en ocasiones puede que no hagan un buen uso de la tecnología y más bien algunos adolescentes, con una personalidad agresora, se valen de estos medios para perturbar a sus compañeros y realizar nuevas modalidades de acoso escolar. Objetivo: Determinar las características de ciberbullying en los estudiantes de la Unidad Educativa “César Dávila Andrade”. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo descriptivo, el universo estuvo conformado por todos los estudiantes del ciclo básico, a quiénes se les aplicó un formulario modificado del Protocolo de Actuación Escolar ante Ciberbullying de EMICI (Equipo Multidisciplinar de Investigación sobre Ciberbullying); para la tabulación y procesamiento de la información se utilizó el programa SPSS versión 15; como medidas estadísticas se emplearon: frecuencias, medias, porcentajes; para la presentación de los datos se elaboraron tablas de acuerdo a los objetivos y, para el análisis de la información se utilizó estadística descriptiva. Resultados: El ciberbullying se presenta en el 11% de los alumnos: 9.5% en el sexo masculino y 15% en el sexo femenino; el medio más utilizado para acosar son las redes sociales 52%, seguido de mensajes por celular 21.7%; dentro de las consecuencias académicas el 34.2% tiene deseos de no ir al colegio, el 47.4% ha bajado sus calificaciones; en relación a problemas familiares el 42% tiene problemas con sus padres y hermanos y dentro de los problemas psicológicos cerca del 40% se siente deprimido y, la tercera parte de las víctimas de ciberbullying declaran que “creen que es mejor desaparecer”. Conclusiones: Se detectaron casos de ciberbullying con predominio en el sexo femenino evidenciándose un componente de género

A participação dos alunos no Governo da Escola Pública

O presente estudo centra-se na temática das políticas de autonomia da escola pública portuguesa, particularmente na problemática da participação dos alunos na organização e gestão da escola, e tem como objetivo conhecer o modo como se constrói e se desenvolve a participação dos alunos do ensino secundário na escola objeto de análise. Procurámos conjugar a análise teórica da evolução dos modelos de administração escolar, no pós-25 de abril, com especial foco para o atual regime jurídico da autonomia, administração e gestão das escolas, implementado pelo DL n.º 75/2008, de 22 de abril, na redação dada pelo DL nº 137/2012, de 2 de julho e a forma como se constrói a participação dos alunos do ensino secundário nos órgãos de gestão e administração de uma escola secundária com 3º ciclo, sita em Viseu. Dada a existência de uma relação intrínseca entre democracia e educação, o nosso estudo foi alicerçado no ideário da "gestão democrática da escola", no que tange à participação dos alunos na tomada de decisões na vida organizativa da sua escola. Para tal, importa identificar os espaços formais e informais da participação discente na vida da escola e perceber de que forma as experiências participativas, no contexto da escola, podem contribuir para o exercício de uma verdadeira cidadania ativa. Embora a legislação atualmente em vigor promova a autonomia da escola e abra espaço à participação dos alunos, constatamos que as decisões na escola ainda estão centradas nos professores, caracterizando-se a participação dos alunos nesses órgãos, por uma participação formal e passiva (presencial), elegendo outras áreas de participação, tais como em atividades de complemento curricular e as promovidas pela AE. A nossa investigação permitiu-nos concluir que é importante a participação dos alunos na gestão e organização da escola, mas que essa participação não ocorre de forma espontânea. É necessário criar estratégias de motivação e de incentivo à participação dos alunos, através da criação de espaços de diálogo que potenciem a construção de uma verdadeira cultura de cidadania participativa dos alunos na escola. É fruto deste contexto que propomos a implementação do projeto "Dar voz aos Alunos".

Relatório da prática de ensino supervisionada em ensino de artes visuais no 3º ciclo do ensino básico e no ensino secundário

Este relatório foi elaborado no âmbito do mestrado em Ensino de Artes Visuais no 3.° Ciclo do Ensino Básico e no Secundário, na Universidade de Évora (UE). Reporta-se à unidade curricular Prática de Ensino Supervisionada (PES) realizada nas Escolas EBI André de Resende e na Escola Secundária Gabriel Pereira, em Évora, no ano lectivo 2009-201O. O Prof. Doutor Leonardo Charréu (UE), orientador científico, os professores orientadores cooperantes Paulo Matias e Carlos Guerra, constituíram o apoio ao núcleo de estágio das alunas Cristina Malta e Ana Sofia Henriques (autora deste relatório). O Prof. Doutor Leonardo Charréu assistiu a quatro aulas nas disciplinas de Educação Visual e Desenho A. O relatório da PES relata os objectivos de trabalho, planificações, metodologias e instrumentos de avaliação nas disciplinas de Educação Visual e Desenho A e nas actividades extracurriculares realizadas. Teve como intuito, também, elaborar uma análise reflexiva do trabalho desenvolvido na aprendizagem da PES. ABSTRACT: This report was developed during the Master in Visual Arts Teaching in the 3 rd Basic Cycle and Secondary Education at the Évora University. The Supervised Teaching Practice unit (referred under de Portuguese acronym PES) was completed at the EBI André de Resende School and at the Secondary School Gabriel Pereira, in Évora, in 2009-2010. The Professor Leonardo Charréu (UE), Scientific Supervisor and the teachers/local supervisors Paulo Matias and Carlos Guerra, supported the internship of the master students Cristina Malta and Ana Sofia Henriques. Professor Leonardo Charréu observed four lessons in Visual Education and Drawing A disciplines. The PES report describes the work objectives, planning, methodologies, and evaluation methods in the Visual Education and Drawing A subjects and the extra-curricular activities. The objective was also to develop a reflective analysis of the work made during the entire learning period of PES.

The Integration of Foreign Students in the Portuguese School of the 1st Cycle of Basic Education: the Case of a School Grouping in the Municipality of Viseu

The present study aims to understand whether the foreign students who have different nationalities but the Portuguese are integrated into the school of the 1st Cycle of Basic Education. With this purpose, a descriptive and phenomenological research was conducted, making use of documental analysis, as well as semi-structured interviews and sociometric tests. These two data collecting tools were applied to students attending from the 1st to the 4th school years, in three 1st Cycle of Basic Education schools, within a school grouping in Viseu. The data obtained through the interviews allow us to conclude that foreign students, in general, feel integrated both in the school and in the class they belong to. However, the analysis of the results of the sociometric tests reveals other data, allowing us to conclude that one of the students is neither integrated in the school, nor in the class he is part of.

Motivating Medical Students To Learn Basic Science Concepts Using Chronic Myeloid Leukemia As An Integration Theme.

To report on the use of chronic myeloid leukemia as a theme of basic clinical integration for first year medical students to motivate and enable in-depth understanding of the basic sciences of the future physician. During the past thirteen years we have reviewed and updated the curriculum of the medical school of the Universidade Estadual de Campinas. The main objective of the new curriculum is to teach the students how to learn to learn. Since then, a case of chronic myeloid leukemia has been introduced to first year medical students and discussed in horizontal integration with all themes taught during a molecular and cell biology course. Cell structure and components, protein, chromosomes, gene organization, proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, signaling and so on are all themes approached during this course. At the end of every topic approached, the students prepare in advance the corresponding topic of clinical cases chosen randomly during the class, which are then presented by them. During the final class, a paper regarding mutations in the abl gene that cause resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors is discussed. After each class, three tests are solved in an interactive evaluation. The course has been successful since its beginning, 13 years ago. Great motivation of those who participated in the course was observed. There were less than 20% absences in the classes. At least three (and as many as nine) students every year were interested in starting research training in the field of hematology. At the end of each class, an interactive evaluation was performed and more than 70% of the answers were correct in each evaluation. Moreover, for the final evaluation, the students summarized, in a written report, the molecular and therapeutic basis of chronic myeloid leukemia, with scores ranging from 0 to 10. Considering all 13 years, a median of 78% of the class scored above 5 (min 74%-max 85%), and a median of 67% scored above 7. Chronic myeloid leukemia is an excellent example of a disease that can be used for clinical basic integration as this disorder involves well known protein, cytogenetic and cell function abnormalities, has well-defined diagnostic strategies and a target oriented therapy.

Estudio de la muerte celular por Apoptosis en el ovario de Columba maculosa y Columbina picui (Aves:Columbidae) durante el Ciclo Reproductivo Anual. Study of cell death by apoptosis in the ovary of Columba maculosa and Columbina picui (Aves: Columbidae) during the reproductive annual cycle.

En este trabajo se analizarán las características estructurales, cuantitativas y el proceso de muerte celular por apoptosis en el ovario de C. maculosa y C.picui con el objetivo de aportar conocimientos básicos a la biología reproductiva de estas aves. Cincuenta hembras adultas de cada especie se capturarán en el Dpto. Río Primero (Pcia. de Cba), R. Argentina, durante el ciclo reproductivo 2011-2012. Las muestras de ovarios se fijaran en Formalina Neutra pH 7.0, procesarán con la técnica de inclusión en parafina y colorearan con Hematoxilina /Eosina y Reacción Nuclear de Feulgen. Cinco muestras serán utilizadas para la determinación de muerte celular por apoptosis con la técnica de TUNEL. Se estudiarán las características morfohistológicas del ovario de C.maculosa y C. picui e identificarán, categorizarán y cuantificarán los folículos atrésicos no bursting (folículos atrésicos previtelogénicos y vcitelogénicos pequeños que conservan la integridad de la pared folicular) y bursting (folículos vitelogénicos mayores de 2 mm que liberar el contenido folicular por ruptura de la pared folicular) durante el ciclo reproductivo anual. Mediante la marcación de ADN fragmentado, se revelará la muerte celular por apoptosis en las células granulosas de los folículos atrésicos. Se compararán las semejanzas y diferencias estructurales y cuantitativas y el proceso de muerte celular en los folículos regresivos entre las dos especies. Los resultados de este trabajo representarán un importante aporte al conocimiento de la atresia folicular como así también a la muerte celular, un proceso estrechamente asociado a la misma, aún poco estudiado en el ovario de las aves. In this work we analyse the structural, quantitative and the process of the cell death by apoptosis in the ovary of Columba maculosa and Columbina picui in order of providing basic knowledge of reproductive biology of these birds. Fifty adult female of each species will be caught in the Río Primero (Pcia. Cba) R.Argentina, during 2011 - 2012. The ovarian samples will be fixed en neutral buffered Formalin (pH 7.0), processed with the technique of inclusion in paraffin and stained with Haematoxylin - Eosin, and nuclear Reaction of Feulgen. Five samples will be used to reveal cell death by apoptosis with the technique of TUNEL. Will be studied the morphohistological characteristics of ovary of both species, and identify, categorize and quantify the atretic follicles over the cycle, the non-bursting (pre-vitellogenic follicles and vitellogenic small < 2 mm, involution an without follicular rupture) and bursting (vitellogenic follicle > 2 mm in the which the yolk falls into the peritoneum due to rupture of with out put of the wall follicular). Will be revealed DNA fragmentation in the granulosa cells of the atretic follicles. Will compared the similaritues and differences in structure and quantitative and the cell death process by apoptosis in the regresive follicles, between the two species. The results of this study represent an important contribution to the knowledge of follicular atresia as well cell death a process closely associated with it and still poorly studied in the ovary of birds.

Basic biology of Pneumocystis carinii: a mini review

Basic aspects of cell biology of Pneumocystis carinii are reviewed with major emphasis on its life cycle and the structural organization of the trophozoites and cyst forms. Initially considered as a protozoan it is now established that Pneumocystis belongs to the Fungi Kingdom. Its life cycle includes two basic forms: (a) trophozoites, which are haploid cells that divide by binary fission and may conjugate with each other forming an early procyst and (b) cysts where division takes place through a meiotic process with the formation of eight nuclei followed by cytoplasmic delimitation and formation of intracystic bodies which are subsequently released and transformed into trophozoites. Basic aspects of the structure of the two developmental stages of P. carinii are reviewed.

Role of the HCF-1 basic region in sustaining cell proliferation.

BACKGROUND: The human herpes simplex virus-associated host cell factor 1 (HCF-1) is a conserved human transcriptional co-regulator that links positive and negative histone modifying activities with sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factors. It is synthesized as a 2035 amino acid precursor that is cleaved to generate an amino- (HCF-1(N)) terminal subunit, which promotes G1-to-S phase progression, and a carboxy- (HCF-1(C)) terminal subunit, which controls multiple aspects of cell division during M phase. The HCF-1(N) subunit contains a Kelch domain that tethers HCF-1 to sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factors, and a poorly characterized so called "Basic" region (owing to a high ratio of basic vs. acidic amino acids) that is required for cell proliferation and has been shown to associate with the Sin3 histone deacetylase (HDAC) component. Here we studied the role of the Basic region in cell proliferation and G1-to-S phase transition assays. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Surprisingly, much like the transcriptional activation domains of sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factors, there is no unique sequence within the Basic region required for promoting cell proliferation or G1-to-S phase transition. Indeed, the ability to promote these activities is size dependent such that the shorter the Basic region segment the less activity observed. We find, however, that the Basic region requirements for promoting cell proliferation in a temperature-sensitive tsBN67 cell assay are more stringent than for G1-to-S phase progression in an HCF-1 siRNA-depletion HeLa-cell assay. Thus, either half of the Basic region alone can support G1-to-S phase progression but not cell proliferation effectively in these assays. Nevertheless, the Basic region displays considerable structural plasticity because each half is able to promote cell proliferation when duplicated in tandem. Consistent with a potential role in promoting cell-cycle progression, the Sin3a HDAC component can associate independently with either half of the Basic region fused to the HCF-1 Kelch domain. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: While conserved, the HCF-1 Basic region displays striking structural flexibility for controlling cell proliferation.

A phosphorylation cycle shapes gradients of the DYRK family kinase Pom1 at the plasma membrane.

Concentration gradients regulate many cell biological and developmental processes. In rod-shaped fission yeast cells, polar cortical gradients of the DYRK family kinase Pom1 couple cell length with mitotic commitment by inhibiting a mitotic inducer positioned at midcell. However, how Pom1 gradients are established is unknown. Here, we show that Tea4, which is normally deposited at cell tips by microtubules, is both necessary and, upon ectopic cortical localization, sufficient to recruit Pom1 to the cell cortex. Pom1 then moves laterally at the plasma membrane, which it binds through a basic region exhibiting direct lipid interaction. Pom1 autophosphorylates in this region to lower lipid affinity and promote membrane release. Tea4 triggers Pom1 plasma membrane association by promoting its dephosphorylation through the protein phosphatase 1 Dis2. We propose that local dephosphorylation induces Pom1 membrane association and nucleates a gradient shaped by the opposing actions of lateral diffusion and autophosphorylation-dependent membrane detachment.

Polyhydroxyalknoate synthesis in plants as a tool for biotechnology and basic studies of lipid metabolism.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are polyesters of hydroxyacids naturally synthesized in bacteria as a carbon reserve. PHAs have properties of biodegradable thermoplastics and elastomers and their synthesis in crop plants is seen as an attractive system for the sustained production of large amounts of polymers at low cost. A variety of PHAs having different physical properties have now been synthesized in a number of transgenic plants, including Arabidopsis thaliana, rape and corn. This has been accomplished through the creation of novel metabolic pathways either in the cytoplasm, plastid or peroxisome of plant cells. Beyond its impact in biotechnology, PHA production in plants can also be used to study some fundamental aspects of plant metabolism. Synthesis of PHA can be used both as an indicator and a modulator of the carbon flux to pathways competing for common substrates, such as acetyl-coenzyme A in fatty acid biosynthesis or 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A in fatty acid degradation. Synthesis of PHAs in plant peroxisome has been used to demonstrate changes in the flux of fatty acids to the beta-oxidation cycle in transgenic plants and mutants affected in lipid biosynthesis, as well as to study the pathway of degradation of unusual fatty acids.

Role of oxidation-reduction cycle of iron in direct leaching of zinc concentrate

Direct leaching is an alternative to conventional roast-leach-electrowin (RLE) zinc production method. The basic reaction of direct leach method is the oxidation of sphalerite concentrate in acidic liquid by ferric iron. The reaction mechanism and kinetics, mass transfer and current modifications of zinc concentrate direct leaching process are considered. Particular attention is paid to the oxidation-reduction cycle of iron and its role in direct leaching of zinc concentrate, since it can be one of the limiting factors of the leaching process under certain conditions. The oxidation-reduction cycle of iron was experimentally studied with goal of gaining new knowledge for developing the direct leaching of zinc concentrate. In order to obtain this aim, ferrous iron oxidation experiments were carried out. Affect of such parameters as temperature, pressure, sulfuric acid concentration, ferrous iron and copper concentrations was studied. Based on the experimental results, mathematical model of the ferrous iron oxidation rate was developed. According to results obtained during the study, the reaction rate orders for ferrous iron concentration, oxygen concentration and copper concentration are 0.777, 0.652 and 0.0951 respectively. Values predicted by model were in good concordance with the experimental results. The reliability of estimated parameters was evaluated by MCMC analysis which showed good parameters reliability.

Supply base development for life-cycle business

Yritysten liiketoimintamallit ovat jatkuvan kehityksen kohteena. Viimeisinä vuosina valmistavien yhtiöiden kiinnostus huolehtia asiakkaistaan koko tuotteen elinkaaren aikana ja tarjota erilaisia palveluita asiakkailleen on kasvanut. Tämän palvelujen laajentumisen myötä myös vaateet yrityksen omaa toimittajakenttää kohtaan ovat muuttuneet. Yritykset eivät kykene tuottamaan kaikkia tuotteistamiaan palveluja itse, jolloin yrityksen toimittajakenttä ja sen kyvykkyydet tuottaa tarvittavia palveluita ovat avainasemassa yrityksen menestystekijänä. Tämän työn teoriaosuudessa on esitelty toimittajakentän hallinnan perusteorioita. Kirjallisuus osuuden lisäksi työssä on hyödynnetty toimintatutkimusta kohdeyrityksessä. Tässä diplomityössä on tutkittu mahdollisia keinoja kehittää organisaation omaa toimintaa ja sekä yrityksen toimittajakenttää niin, että se tukee liiketoimintamallin kehitystä koneenrakennusyrityksestä kohti elinkaariliiketoimintaa. Työssä esitetyt keinot voidaan ottaa käyttöön, joko yksitellen tai kokonaisuutena.

Vieillissement démographique et gestion des sociétés vieillissantes des Caraïbes dans le contexte du premier cycle d'évaluation du Plan d'action international de Madrid

La dynamique démographique ayant cours au sein de la région des Caraïbes est très particulière, notamment par la rapidité avec laquelle la population vieillit, un rythme des plus élevés par rapport aux autres régions du monde. Les enjeux cruciaux que sont ceux d’assurer la qualité de vie des aînés d’aujourd’hui et de demain ainsi qu’une gestion efficace de ces sociétés vieillissantes se doivent d’être abordés et pris en compte. Le présent mémoire diffuse les résultats d'une analyse ciblée des caractéristiques sociodémographiques des personnes âgées de quatre États des Caraïbes (Antigua-et-Barbuda, Sainte-Lucie, Saint-Vincent-et-les-Grenadines et Trinité-et-Tobago) à partir des données de leur plus récent recensement. Ce portrait met une emphase particulière sur les conditions de vie, la santé et la participation sur le marché du travail des personnes âgées, soit sur les grands thèmes des trois objectifs du Plan d’action international sur le vieillissement de Madrid. Par ailleurs, un regard est posé sur les effets des cinq premières années en vigueur du Plan de Madrid sur les populations caribéennes. Les informations obtenues à la suite d’interviews effectués auprès de personnes contacts de quelques pays caribéens sont synthétisées et identifient les efforts déployés principalement par les gouvernements pour inclure les objectifs du Plan de Madrid et autres enjeux du vieillissement démographique dans les mécanismes et les politiques de développement social et économique ainsi que ceux de respect des droits humains.

L’évolution de la motivation pour les mathématiques au second cycle du secondaire selon la séquence scolaire et le sexe

De nombreuses études sur l’évolution de la motivation pour les mathématiques sont disponibles et il existe également plusieurs recherches qui se sont penchées sur la question de la différence motivationnelle entre les filles et les garçons. Cependant, aucune étude n’a tenu compte de la séquence scolaire des élèves en mathématiques pour comprendre le changement motivationnel vécu pendant le second cycle du secondaire, alors que le classement en différentes séquences est subi par tous au secondaire au Québec. Le but principal de cette étude est de documenter l’évolution de la motivation pour les mathématiques des élèves du second cycle du secondaire en considérant leur séquence de formation scolaire et leur sexe. Les élèves ont été classés dans deux séquences, soit celle des mathématiques de niveau de base (416-514) et une autre de niveau de mathématiques avancé (436-536). Trois mille quatre cent quarante élèves (1864 filles et 1576 garçons) provenant de 30 écoles secondaires publiques francophones de la grande région de Montréal ont répondu à cinq reprises à un questionnaire à items auto-révélés portant sur les variables motivationnelles suivantes : le sentiment de compétence, l’anxiété de performance, la perception de l’utilité des mathématiques, l’intérêt pour les mathématiques et les buts d’accomplissement. Ces élèves étaient inscrits en 3e année du secondaire à la première année de l’étude. Ils ont ensuite été suivis en 4e et 5e année du secondaire. Les résultats des analyses à niveaux multiples indiquent que la motivation scolaire des élèves est généralement en baisse au second cycle du secondaire. Cependant, cette diminution est particulièrement criante pour les élèves inscrits dans les séquences de mathématiques avancées. En somme, les résultats indiquent que les élèves inscrits dans les séquences avancées montrent des diminutions importantes de leur sentiment de compétence au second cycle du secondaire. Leur anxiété de performance est en hausse à la fin du secondaire et l’intérêt et la perception de l’utilité des mathématiques chutent pour l’ensemble des élèves. Les buts de maîtrise-approche sont également en baisse pour tous et les élèves des séquences de base maintiennent généralement des niveaux plus faibles. Une diminution des buts de performance-approche est aussi retrouvée, mais cette dernière n’atteint que les élèves dans les séquences de formation avancées. Des hausses importantes des buts d’évitement du travail sont retrouvées pour les élèves des séquences de mathématiques avancées à la fin du secondaire. Ainsi, les élèves des séquences de mathématiques avancées enregistrent la plus forte baisse motivationnelle pendant le second cycle du secondaire bien qu’ils obtiennent généralement des scores supérieurs aux élèves des séquences de base. Ces derniers maintiennent généralement leur niveau motivationnel. La différence motivationnelle entre les filles et les garçons ne sont pas souvent significatives, malgré le fait que les filles maintiennent généralement un niveau motivationnel inférieur à celui des garçons, et ce, par rapport à leur séquence de formation respective. En somme, les résultats de la présente étude indiquent que la diminution de la motivation au second cycle du secondaire pour les mathématiques touche principalement les élèves des séquences avancées. Il paraît ainsi pertinent de considérer la séquence scolaire dans les études sur l’évolution de la motivation, du moins en mathématiques. Il semble particulièrement important d’ajuster les interventions pédagogiques proposées aux élèves des séquences avancées afin de faciliter leur transition en mathématiques de quatrième secondaire.

Investigations on the structural and operational changes of Ring Seine Fishing Systems of Kerala and its Life Cycle Assessment (lCA)

The study covers theFishing capture technology innovation includes the catching of aquatic animal, using any kind of gear techniques, operated from a vessel. Utilization of fishing techniques varies, depending upon the type of fisheries, and can go from a basic and little hook connected to a line to huge and complex mid water trawls or seines operated by large fishing vessels.The size and autonomy of a fishing vessel is largely determined by its ability to handle, process and store fish in good condition on board, and thus these two characteristics have been greatly influenced by the introduction and utilization of ice and refrigeration machinery. Other technological developments especially hydraulic hauling machinery, fish finding electronics and synthetic twines have also had a major impact on the efficiency and profitability of fishing vessels.A wide variety of fishing gears and practices ranging from small-scale artisanal to advanced mechanised systems are used for fish capture in Kerala. Most important among these fishing gears are trawls, seines, lines, gillnets and entangling nets and traps The modern sector was introduced in 1953 at Neendakara, Shakthikulangara region under the initiative of Indo-Norwegian project (INP). The novel facilities introduced in fishing industry by Indo- Norwegian project accordingly are mechanically operated new boats with new fishing nets. Soon after mechanization, motorization programme gained momentum in Kerala especially in Alleppey, Ernakulam and Kollam districts.