Degradação ruminal e síntese de proteína microbiana em bovines alimentados com silagem de sorgo contendo tanino suplementado com concentrado ou uréia

This work aimed to determine ruminal parameters of dry mater (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and protein synthesis in the rumen of animals fed diets based on sorghum with different tannin levels. In situ degradation was evaluated by rumen incubation of level 1 (L1) and level 2 (L2) sorghum silages during 0, 6, 24, 48 and 96 hours. A duplicated 4 × 4 Latin Square was used. Potential degradability (PD) of DM was similar among silages, whereas the effective degradability (ED) decreased when the diets were supplemented with concentrate. Microbial nitrogen flux and microbial synthesis efficiency were not affected by roughage source. The synthesis efficiency, expressed in organic matter and crude protein digested in rumen, was higher in L1 tannin diets supplemented with concentrate. There was not relationship between the presence of tannins and the parameters of ruminal degradation.

An inter-laboratory comparative study of serological tools employed in the diagnosis of Besnoitia besnoiti infection in bovines

Bovine besnoitiosis is considered an emerging chronic and debilitating disease in Europe. Many infections remain subclinical, and the only sign of disease is the presence of parasitic cysts in the sclera and conjunctiva. Serological tests are useful for detecting asymptomatic cattle/sub-clinical infections for control purposes, as there are no effective drugs or vaccines. For this purpose, diagnostic tools need to be further standardized. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the serological tests available in Europe in a multi-centred study. A coded panel of 241 well-characterized sera from infected and non-infected bovines was provided by all participants (SALUVET-Madrid, FLI-Wusterhausen, ENV-Toulouse, IPB-Berne). The tests evaluated were as follows: an in-house ELISA, three commercial ELISAs (INGEZIM BES 12.BES.K1 INGENASA, PrioCHECK Besnoitia Ab V2.0, ID Screen Besnoitia indirect IDVET), two IFATs and seven Western blot tests (tachyzoite and bradyzoite extracts under reducing and non-reducing conditions). Two different definitions of a gold standard were used: (i) the result of the majority of tests ('Majority of tests') and (ii) the majority of test results plus pre-test information based on clinical signs ('Majority of tests plus pre-test info'). Relative to the gold standard 'Majority of tests', almost 100% sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) were obtained with SALUVET-Madrid and FLI-Wusterhausen tachyzoite- and bradyzoite-based Western blot tests under non-reducing conditions. On the ELISAs, PrioCHECK Besnoitia Ab V2.0 showed 100% Se and 98.8% Sp, whereas ID Screen Besnoitia indirect IDVET showed 97.2% Se and 100% Sp. The in-house ELISA and INGEZIM BES 12.BES.K1 INGENASA showed 97.3% and 97.2% Se; and 94.6% and 93.0% Sp, respectively. IFAT FLI-Wusterhausen performed better than IFAT SALUVET-Madrid, with 100% Se and 95.4% Sp. Relative to the gold standard 'Majority of test plus pre-test info', Sp significantly decreased; this result was expected because of the existence of seronegative animals with clinical signs. All ELISAs performed very well and could be used in epidemiological studies; however, Western blot tests performed better and could be employed as a posteriori tests for control purposes in the case of uncertain results from valuable samples.

La ladrerie des bêtes bovines et le ténia inerme de l'homme (observations recueilles en Tunisie)

At head of title: Inspection des viandes de boucherie.

Médecine du boeuf ou Traité des maladies, les plus meurtrières des bêtes bovines... /

Mode of access: Internet.

De l'innoculation du bétail : opération destinée a prévenir la pleuro-pneumonie exsudative des bètes bovines /

Mode of access: Internet.

Traité sur la maladie de sang des bêtes bovines : Suivi de l'etude comparée de cette affection avec l'entérite suraige et la fièvre charbonneuse /

Mode of access: Internet.

A baseline study of importance of bovines for human Schistosoma Japonicum infections around Poyang Lake, China: Villages studied and snail sampling strategy

An epidemiologic survey among four administrative villages around Poyang Lake, in Jiangxi Province, China (two experimental and two controls) is being conducted to determine if bovine infections are responsible for the persistence of human schistosomiasis transmission on Yangtze River marshlands. A previously published paper presented the experimental design and baseline data for humans and bovines. This paper presents basic data for the four villages using remote sensing, and baseline data for snails that includes geographic information systems and remote sensing technology to classify the areas of bovine grazing ranges and habitats suitable for snails. A new method for sampling Oncomelania snails in China is used to determine the distribution, density, and infection rates of snails throughout the grazing ranges from season to season over a four-year period. Hypothetically, treating bovines should reduce infection rates in snails to below the critical number necessary to maintain infections in man and bovines.

Évaluation de l'efficacité de la pasteurisation à la vapeur pour le contrôle de la contamination microbiologique des carcasses bovines

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Évaluation de l'efficacité de la pasteurisation à la vapeur pour le contrôle de la contamination microbiologique des carcasses bovines

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

High prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum and Fasciola gigantica in bovines from Northern Samar, the Philippines

The cause of zoonotic schistosomiasis in the Philippines is Schistosoma japonicum, which infects up to 46 mammalian hosts, including humans and bovines. In China, water buffaloes have been identified as major reservoir hosts for schistosomiasis japonica, contributing up to 75% of human transmission. In the Philippines, water buffaloes (carabao; Bubalus bubalis carabanesis) have, historically, been considered unimportant reservoirs. We therefore revisited the possible role of bovines in schistosome transmission in the Philippines, using the recently described formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation (FEA-SD) technique and a qPCR assay to examine fecal samples from 153 bovines (both carabao and cattle) from six barangays in Northern Samar. A high prevalence of S. japonicum was found using qPCR and FEA-SD in both cattle (87.50% and 77.08%, respectively) and carabao (80.00% and 55.24%, respectively). The average daily egg output for each bovine was calculated at 195,000. High prevalence and infection intensity of F. gigantica was also found in the bovines by qPCR and FEA-SD (95.33% and 96.00%, respectively). The identification of bovines as major reservoir hosts for S. japonicum transmission suggests that bovine treatment and/or vaccination, as one becomes available, should be included in any future control program that aims to reduce the disease burden due to schistosomiasis in the Philippines.

Caractérisation de l’effet antibiofilm et antibactérien du chitosane sur les souches de Staphylococcus aureus responsables des mammites bovines

La mammite bovine est l’inflammation des tissus internes de la glande mammaire des vaches laitières. Elle est la plupart du temps causée par l’intrusion d’agents pathogènes dans le canal du trayon de la glande mammaire causant ainsi une infection intramammaire (IIM). La mammite engendre des pertes économiques importantes pour l’industrie laitière en raison de la faible production du lait, des coûts de traitements élevés, la présence de résidus d’antibiotiques dans le lait suite à leur utilisation, le rejet de lait non destiné à la consommation et les faibles taux de rendement pendant la transformation du lait en divers produits laitiers. Le développement de l’inflammation est souvent associé au degré d’exposition des glandes mammaires aux pathogènes. Staphylococcus aureus est le pathogène le plus souvent responsable de la mammite bovine au Canada. Il est capable de causer des infections intramammaires persistantes sous-cliniques souvent réfractaires à l’antibiothérapie. En outre, le biofilm représente un facteur de virulence clé dans la persistance de S. aureus pendant la mammite, car il augmente la résistance des bactéries contre les antibiotiques grâce à la matrice extracellulaire qui recouvre et protège la communauté. Le biofilm représente donc, une problématique majeure de l’industrie laitière et le besoin de nouveaux outils thérapeutiques alternatifs adressant ce facteur de virulence est très urgent. Le chitosane est une molécule naturelle extraite de la carapace des crustacés. Elle est exploitée pour de multiples applications biologiques, y compris certaines activités antibiofilm. Dans cette étude, nous avons démontré que les formes de 2,6 kDa et 4 kDa empêchaient la production de biofilm des souches : S. aureus 2117 (forte productrice du biofilm) et le SARM bovin (S. aureus résistant à la méthicilline). Chez la souris, l’administration d’un chitosane de 2,6 kDa n’a démontré aucun effet inflammatoire comparativement au 4 kDa. Les tests de bactéricidie ont démontré que le 2,6 kDa était capable de tuer les bactéries incorporées dans les biofilms préformés d'une manière dose-réponse avec une réduction de > 3 log[indice inférieur 10] CFU / biofilm à la concentration de 4 mg / ml. En culture cellulaire, nous avons observé que le chitosane de 2,6 kDa pouvait empêcher la persistance du SARM bovin dans les cellules épithéliales bovines MAC-T. Les tests de combinaison sur plaque ont révélé que le 2,6 kDa produit une synergie avec les antibiotiques de la classe des macrolides (par exemple, la tilmicosine) contre S. aureus, en réduisant la CMI des deux molécules par 2-8 fois. Finalement, l'administration intramammaire de 2,6 kDa, seul (p <0,01) ou en combinaison avec la tilmicosine (p <0,0001), a réduit la colonisation de S. aureus dans les glandes mammaires de notre modèle de mammite aigu murin.

A cluster-randomised intervention trial against Schistosoma japonicum in the Peoples' Republic of China: bovine and human transmission

Background Zoonotic schistosomiasis japonica is a major public health problem in China. Bovines, particularly water buffaloes, are thought to play a major role in the transmission of schistosomiasis to humans in China. Preliminary results (1998–2003) of a praziquantel (PZQ)-based pilot intervention study we undertook provided proof of principle that water buffaloes are major reservoir hosts for S. japonicum in the Poyang Lake region, Jiangxi Province. Methods and Findings Here we present the results of a cluster-randomised intervention trial (2004–2007) undertaken in Hunan and Jiangxi Provinces, with increased power and more general applicability to the lake and marshlands regions of southern China. The trial involved four matched pairs of villages with one village within each pair randomly selected as a control (human PZQ treatment only), leaving the other as the intervention (human and bovine PZQ treatment). A sentinel cohort of people to be monitored for new infections for the duration of the study was selected from each village. Results showed that combined human and bovine chemotherapy with PZQ had a greater effect on human incidence than human PZQ treatment alone. Conclusions The results from this study, supported by previous experimental evidence, confirms that bovines are the major reservoir host of human schistosomiasis in the lake and marshland regions of southern China, and reinforce the rationale for the development and deployment of a transmission blocking anti-S. japonicum vaccine targeting bovines.

Standardization and validation of an induced ovulation model system in buffalo cows: Characterization of gene expression changes in the periovulatory follicle

In bovines characterization of biochemical and molecular determinants of the dominant follicle before and during different time intervals after gonadotrophin surge requires precise identification of the dominant follicle from a follicular wave. The objectives of the present study were to standardize an experimental model in buffalo cows for accurately identifying the dominant follicle of the first wave of follicular growth and characterize changes in follicular fluid hormone concentrations as well as expression patterns of various genes associated with the process of ovulation. From the day of estrus (day 0), animals were subjected to blood sampling and ultrasonography for monitoring circulating progesterone levels and follicular growth. On day 7 of the cycle, animals were administered a PGF2α analogue (Tiaprost Trometamol, 750 μg i.m.) followed by an injection of hCG (2000 IU i.m.) 36 h later. Circulating progesterone levels progressively increased from day 1 of the cycle to 2.26 ± 0.17 ng/ml on day 7 of the cycle, but declined significantly after PGF2α injection. A progressive increase in the size of the dominant follicle was observed by ultrasonography. The follicular fluid estradiol and progesterone concentrations in the dominant follicle were 600 ± 16.7 and 38 ± 7.6 ng/ml, respectively, before hCG injection and the concentration of estradiol decreased to 125.8 ± 25.26 ng/ml, but concentration of progesterone increased to 195 ± 24.6 ng/ml, 24 h post-hCG injection. Inh-α and Cyp19A1 expressions in granulosa cells were maximal in the dominant follicle and declined in response to hCG treatment. Progesterone receptor, oxytocin and cycloxygenase-2 expressions in granulosa cells, regarded as markers of ovulation, were maximal at 24 h post-hCG. The expressions of genes belonging to the super family of proteases were also examined; Cathepsin L expression decreased, while ADAMTS 3 and 5 expressions increased 24 h post-hCG treatment. The results of the current study indicate that sequential treatments of PGF2α and hCG during early estrous cycle in the buffalo cow leads to follicular growth that culminates in ovulation. The model system reported in the present study would be valuable for examining temporo-spatial changes in the periovulatory follicle immediately before and after the onset of gonadotrophin surge.