Arquitectura + juego : (los años pop 1956-1967)

En 1938 surge en la escena académica un nuevo hombre –el homo ludens–, que llega de la mano del historiador Johan Huizinga. Ante el inminente aumento del tiempo libre, a partir de la disminución de la jornada de trabajo por una creciente automatización de la industria, el homo ludens viene a complementar el tiempo de trabajo ocupado desde la Revolución Industrial por el homo faber. La validez y fuerza de la propuesta de Huizinga está basada en el Juego como generador de cultura y desde allí el estudio del comportamiento de la sociedad desde su aspecto lúdico. Aquí radica la fortaleza representativa del HOMO LUDENS para las vanguardias de posguerra, que se proponen incluirlo en sus debates culturales analíticos y propositivos. En la posguerra Europa vivía el triunfalismo de la guerra en medio de sociedades y ciudades ruinosas que necesitaban una urgente reconstrucción. Se oían otras realidades, tanto el ‘American way of life’ como “The Americans” (Robert Frank, 1958): la sociedad de la abundancia, el gusto popular, la inclusión de lo cotidiano y lo banal, la publicidad, los medios de comunicación de masas, el consumo, la reconversión de la industria bélica en doméstica, las telecomunicaciones, los robots, los nuevos materiales, la carrera espacial y la ciencia ficción. Inglaterra surge como natural vínculo social y cultural con Estados Unidos, convirtiéndose en catalizador de las ideas vanguardistas. Ese panorama efervescente, ‘los años pop’, surge como una realidad cultural que representaba la complejidad, el caos, y la fascinación de la imaginería de un futuro presente, ilustrado en las propuestas artísticas de la época. Surgían, tanto desde Estados Unidos como desde Europa, ideas novedosas sobre la utilización lúdica del tiempo libre, como forma de potenciar la naturaleza creativa del ser humano: el Independent Group, Charles y Ray Eames, el Black Mountain Collage, el Theatre of Action, The Factory, la Internacional Situacionista y la Generación Beat. Estos grupos de gran impacto cultural basaron sus acciones en la utilización del Juego en sus propuestas, esencialmente bajo la in¬ fluencia dadá y singularmente de Marcel Duchamp cuyas propuestas revolucionaron la historia del arte del siglo XX. Todos ellos exploraron permanentemente la unión del arte a la vida a través de experiencias lúdicas, sirviendo como motivadores de las propuestas arquitectónico-urbanísticas en estudio en esta investigación. Estas principales son: de Alison y Peter Smithson “Berlín Hauptstadt” (1957); de ARCHIGRAM “Plug-in city” (1963-1964) e Instant City (1968); de Yona Friedman “Arquitectura Móvil” (1957); de Cederic Price “Fun Palace” (1960-1961); y de Constant Nieuwenhuys “New Babylon” (1959-64). La investigación fue conducida por una búsqueda ‘flexible’ de conceptos, hechos, personajes y proyectos. Desde el análisis de los escritos, gráficos, estudios y trabajos realizados por los protagonistas de la vanguardia, así como de una lectura contextual de la época enriquecida e ilustrada con hechos significativos y anécdotas divertidas, se opera en simultaneidad con una multiplicidad de fuentes. Se maneja un gran volumen de información proveniente de áreas de conocimiento muy diferentes (filosofía, arte, arquitectura, antropología, sociología, sicología, etc.), trabajándose con un objeto de estudio ‘vivo’, abierto y en constante reorganización. Pretende además de comunicar sus dérives, como construcción de discursos históricos, estimular el planteamiento de nuevas derivas. A través de un proceso minucioso se buscaron las relaciones entre los conceptos de Juego teóricos elaborados por distintos pensadores a partir de Kant y Schiller, que tuvieran una clara relación con los procesos proyectuales de los Arquitectos de la vanguardia en estudio. Dos factores son claves: el carácter de seriedad del Juego y la decisión de situar la investigación en el lugar del juego-play (juego libre y sin reglas). Se concluye sobre la estrecha relación Arquitectura y Juego en la vanguardia estudiada, profundizando en: el acto creativo del proyectar como proceso lúdico –por parte del Arquitecto–; el desarrollo de un homo ludens destinatario/usuario; las nuevas herramientas disciplinares desarrolladas: soporte topológico, plug-in, fragmentación, flexibilidad, on-off, transportabilidad. Una nueva arquitectura lúdica desde la que se profundiza en los aportes disciplinares teóricos y prácticos bajo este enfoque: la Arquitectura desde el automovimiento, lo efímero, el fragmento, el azar e indeterminación, lo ficticio, el vacío.

Voter behaviour and constitutional change in Australia since 1967

Australian Constitutional referendums have been part of the Australian political system since federation. Up to the year 1999 (the time of the last referendum in Australia), constitutional change in Australia does not have a good history of acceptance. Since 1901, there have been 44 proposed constitutional changes with eight gaining the required acceptance according to section 128 of the Australian Constitution. In the modern era since 1967, there have been 20 proposals over seven referendum votes for a total of four changes. Over this same period, there have been 13 federal general elections which have realised change in government just five times. This research examines the electoral behaviour of Australian voters from 1967 to 1999 for each referendum. Party identification has long been a key indicator in general election voting. This research considers whether the dominant theory of voter behaviour in general elections (the Michigan Model) provides a plausible explanation for voting in Australian referendums. In order to explain electoral behaviour in each referendum, this research has utilised available data from the Australian Electoral Commission, the 1996 Australian Bureau of Statistics Census data, and the 1999 Australian Constitutional Referendum Study. This data has provided the necessary variables required to measure the impact of the Michigan Model of voter behaviour. Measurements have been conducted using bivariate and multivariate analyses. Each referendum provides an overview of the events at the time of the referendum as well as the =yes‘ and =no‘ cases at the time each referendum was initiated. Results from this research provide support for the Michigan Model of voter behaviour in Australian referendum voting. This research concludes that party identification, as a key variable of the Michigan Model, shows that voters continue to take their cues for voting from the political party they identify with in Australian referendums. However, the outcome of Australian referendums clearly shows that partisanship is only one of a number of contributory factors in constitutional referendums.

Marcel Cousins : every little thing

This review considers the artwork of Melbourne artist Marcel Cousins showed at Ryan Renshaw Gallery, Brisbane in April 2012. The review traces Cousins' doctoral study in Tokyo. It then assesses his paintings and installations that explore the transformation of generic objects in exhibition contexts, as well as the aesthetic dimensions of such processes.

Practice and procedure - District Court Act 1967 s79 - transfer of proceeding pending in Magistrates Court to District Court

In Lambert v Surplice [2004] QDC 092 McGill DCJ considered the extent to which the court should exercise a discretion on an application under s79 of the District Court Act 1967 to transfer a proceeding pending in the Magistrates Court to the District Court.

Redundant or essential? How politics shaped the outcome of the 1967 Protocol

The 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees has been described as an unnecessary addendum to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. However, if the 1967 Protocol was superfluous, why did the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in the early 1960s insist on its development? This article seeks to establish that the 1967 Protocol was originally intended to encompass the broader concerns of African and Asian states concerning refugee populations in their region. However, the political influence upon the development of international refugee law radically altered the UNHCR's endeavour to make the 1951 Convention universally accessible.

Sairaanhoitajaksi kasvattaminen : Sairaanhoitajakoulutus ja siinä käytetyt oppikirjat Suomessa vuoteen 1967 asti

The historical development of Finnish nursing textbooks from the late 1880s to 1967: the training of nurses in the Foucauldian perspective. This study aims, first, to analyse the historical development of Finnish nursing textbooks in the training of nurses and in nursing education: what Foucauldian power processes operate in the writing and publishing processes? What picture of nursing did early nursing books portray and who were the decision makers? Second, this study also aims to analyse the processes of power in nurse training processes. The time frame extends from the early stages of nurse training in the late 1880s to 1967. This present study is a part of textbook research and of the history of professional education in Finland. This study seeks to explain how, who or what contributed the power processes involved in the writing of nursing textbooks and through textbooks. Did someone use these books as a tool to influence nursing education? The third aim of this study is to define and analyse the purpose of nurse training. Michel Foucault´s concept of power served as an explanatory framework for this study. A very central part of power is the assembling of data, the supplying of information and messages, and the creation of discourses. When applied to the training of nurses, power dictates what information is taught in the training and contained in the books. Thus, the textbook holds an influential position as a power user in these processes. Other processes in which such power is exercised include school discipline and all other normalizing processes. One of most powerful ways of adapting is the hall of residence, where nursing pupils were required to live. Trained nurses desired to separate themselves from their untrained predecessors and from those with less training by wearing different uniforms and living in separate housing units. The state supported the registration of trained nurses by legislation. With this decision the state made it illegal to work as a nurse without an authorised education, and use these regulations to limit and confirm the professional knowledge and power of nurses. Nurses, physicians and government authorities used textbooks in nursing education as tools to achieve their own purposes and principles. With these books all three groups attempted to confirm their own professional power and knowledge while at the same time limit the power and expertise of others. Public authorities sought to unify the training of nurses and the basis of knowledge in all nursing schools in Finland with similar and obligatory textbooks. This standardisation started 20 years before the government unified nursing training in 1930. The textbooks also served as data assemblers in unifying nursing practices in Finnish hospitals, because the Medical Board required all training hospitals to attach the textbooks to units with nursing pupils. For the nurses, and especially for the associations of Finnish nurses, making and publishing their own textbooks for the training of nurses was a part of their professional projects. With these textbooks, the nursing elite and the teachers tended to prepare nursing pupils’ identities for nursing’s very special mission. From the 1960s, nursing was no longer understood as a mission, but as a normal vocation. Nurses and doctors disputed this view throughout the period studied, which was the optimal relationship between theory and practice in nursing textbooks and in nurse education. The discussion of medical knowledge in nursing textbooks took place in the 1930s and 1940s. Nurses were very confused about their own professional knowledge and expertise, which explains why they could not create a new nursing textbook despite the urgency. A brand new nursing textbook was published in 1967, about 30 years after the predecessor. Keyword: nurse, nurse training, nursing education, power, textbook, Michel Foucault

Lapsi, lapsuus ja perhe varhaiskasvatusasiakirjoissa 1967-1999

The aim of this study is to describe and interpret discourses in Finnish national early childhood education and care (ECEC) documents concerning the child, childhood and family, including preschool education of six-year-old children. The study begins with preparation phase of the Act on Children s Day Care (1967) and concludes with the definition of ECEC policy (1999). The research data consists of committee memoranda and national ECEC curriculum guidelines. The total number of documents studied was 20, comprising some 1700 pages. The research data was examined with qualitative text analysis and employed a discursive approach. A semiotic square (Greimas rectangle) served as a tool for clarifying the discourses and constructions reflected in the research data. The theoretical framework of the study consists of the theories of childhood and family studies. The main concepts from childhood studies used in this study were childhood as a cultural construct and child-centred pedagogy in ECEC. The theoretical approaches from family studies used were the formation of modern and late-modern parenthood and family, as well as the concept of familism. Two main discursive lines were constructed from the ECEC documents. The notion of universalistic childhood suggests that early education and care aim to create the same good childhood for all children, regardless of their family background or living area. The second discursive line followed in the documents is the familistic discourse. This discourse contains emphasis on the priority of parental care. The construct of the competent child was found in the research data as early as in the mid-1970s. On the other hand, the construct of the weak family is distinguishable throughout almost the entire research period. This raises the question of whether Finnish ECEC system has been developed for the competent and self-sufficient child of a weak family which needs constant support and guidance of welfare experts. According to the study, it appears that within the Finnish ECEC system the relatively heavy emphasis on social work rather than on early education has been legitimised by the construct of the weak family. This study also shows that a more thorough analysis should be given to what we mean when we say that the main task of ECEC system is to support families in the upbringing of their children. The study was completed during the period when historical decisions concerning the administration in Finland were in the making (i.e. the potential transfer of ECEC services from the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health to the Ministry of Education). Also, over the past decade, a major reformation of the Act on Children s Daycare has been on the agenda, but no concrete measures have been implemented. Based on the findings of this study, we can ask for what kind of child and family we are preparing the ECEc reforms of the new millennium. Key words: ECEC policy Finland, childhood, family, familism, discourse analysis, semiotic square

Philippsburg, Baden Jewish community 1967

Newspaper clipping (1967) from Bruchsaler Rundschau about a memorial plaque at the site of the former synagogue in Philippsburg.

Andreas Biss Collection 1967-1988

The collection is made up of correspondence, press clippings, and other materials pertaining to Andreas Biss’ efforts to save Hungarian Jewry. The correspondence includes laudatory letters by the President of Israel; correspondence with the BBC concerning a program on the Holocaust; and others. Also included are materials about Biss’ book ‘Der Stopp der Endloesung’, as well as an off-print of his article ‘List als Mittel des Widerstandes’ in its entirety.

Es war einmal 1882-1902

Childhood in Berlin; cultural life in fin-de-siecle Berlin; voyages and travels; marriage with physician Ernst Gustav Levin; contains newspaper clippings on author's mother, the social worker Hermine Lesser, copies of letter by the author from 1942, poems by Ernst Ludwig Levin

Manuel F. Lisan papers 1902-1969

Contains a typescript of memoirs (some sections in several drafts) covering the period until 1907 and describing Lisan's youth in Russia, his journey to America, his early years in Philadelphia, and his travels throughout Pennsylvania. The memoirs also relate in some detail Lisan's Zionist activities in Russia and America and his reaction to world Jewish events. Includes also correspondence covering the years 1902-1969 dealing with Lisan's Zionist activities, as well as announcements (1909-1910) of the Maccabean Zionist Society in Philadelphia and receipts and a Land Certificate from the American Zion Commonwealth and a share certificate from the Jewish Colonial Trust.

Strauss-Stern Family 1902-1942

Personal and official documents relating to the life of the Strauss family during the years 1902-1940: pre-marital agreement dated February 1902 and June 1904 (Ehe und Erbvertrag); partnership agreement dated on several dates in 1905; variety of Lehrvertraege, passports, documents necessary for emigration and immigration to Italy and USA. The Lehrvertrag is dated 1920, the other documents pertain to the period from 1938 to 1942. "Schulzeugnisse" from the early 1900s.