Mychodea compressa; Mychodeaceae

Mychodea compressa Harvey

Characterising insect plant host relationships facilitates understanding multiple host use

Weed biocontrol relies on host specificity testing, usually carried out under quarantine conditions to predict the future host range of candidate control agents. The predictive power of host testing can be scrutinised directly with Aconophora compressa, previously released against the weed Lantana camara L. (lantana) because its ecology in its new range (Australia) is known and includes the unanticipated use of several host species. Glasshouse based predictions of field host use from experiments designed a posteriori can therefore be compared against known field host use. Adult survival, reproductive output and egg maturation were quantified. Adult survival did not differ statistically across the four verbenaceous hosts used in Australia. Oviposition was significantly highest on fiddlewood (Citharexylum spinosum L.), followed by lantana, on which oviposition was significantly higher than on two varieties of Duranta erecta (‘‘geisha girl’’ and ‘‘Sheena’s gold’’; all Verbenaceae). Oviposition rates across Duranta varieties were not significantly different from each other but were significantly higher than on the two non-verbenaceous hosts (Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don: Bignoneaceae (jacaranda) and Myoporum acuminatum R. Br.: Myoporaceae (Myoporum)). Production of adult A. compressa was modelled across the hosts tested. The only major discrepancy between model output and their relative abundance across hosts in the field was that densities on lantana in the field were much lower than predicted by the model. The adults may, therefore, not locate lantana under field conditions and/or adults may find lantana but leave after laying relatively few eggs. Fiddlewood is the only primary host plant of A. compressa in Australia, whereas lantana and the others are used secondarily or incidentally. The distinction between primary, secondary and incidental hosts of a herbivore species helps to predict the intensity and regularity of host use by that herbivore. Populations of the primary host plants of a released biological control agent are most likely to be consistently impacted by the herbivore, whereas secondary and incidental host plant species are unlikely to be impacted consistently. As a consequence, potential biocontrol agents should be released only against hosts to which they have been shown to be primarily adapted.

Multiple host use by a sap-sucking membracid: population consequences of nymphal development on primary and secondary host plant species

Aconophora compressa is a gregarious, sap-sucking insect that uses multiple host plant species. Nymphal host plant species (and variety) significantly affected nymphal survival, nymphal development rate and the subsequent size and fecundity of adults, with fiddlewood ( Citharexylum spinosum ) being significantly best in all respects. Nymphs that developed on a relatively poor host ( Duranta erecta var “geisha girl”) and which were moved to fiddlewood as adults laid significantly fewer eggs (mean ± SE = 836 ± 130) than those that developed solely on fiddlewood (1,329 ± 105). Adults on geisha girl, regardless of having been reared as nymphs on fiddlewood or geisha girl, laid significantly fewer eggs (342 ± 83 and 317 ± 74, respectively) than adults on fiddlewood. A simple model that incorporates host plant related survival, development rate and fecundity suggests that the population dynamics of A. compressa are governed mainly by fiddlewood, the primary host. The results have general implications for understanding the population dynamics of herbivores that use multiple host plant species, and also for the way in which weed biological control host testing methods should be conducted.

Ulva and Enteromorpha (Ulvaceae, Chlorophyta) from two sides of the Yellow Sea: analysis of nuclear rDNA ITS and plastid rbcL sequence data

Ulvacean green seaweeds are common worldwide; they formed massive green tides in the Yellow Sea in recent years, which caused marine ecological problems as well as a social issue. We investigated two major genera of the Ulvaceae, Ulva and Enteromorpha, and collected the plastid rbcL and nuclear ITS sequences of specimens of the genera in two sides of the Yellow Sea and analyzed them. Phylogenetic trees of rbcL data show the occurrence of five species of Enteromorpha (E. compressa, E. flexuosa, E. intestinalis, E. linza and E. prolifera) and three species of Ulva (U. pertusa, U. rigida and U. ohnoi). However, we found U. ohnoi, which is known as a subtropical to tropical species, at two sites on Jeju Island, Korea. Four ribotypes in partial sequences of 5.8S rDNA and ITS2 from E. compressa were also found. Ribotype network analysis revealed that the common ribotype, occurring in China, Korea and Europe, is connected with ribotypes from Europe and China/Japan. Although samples of the same species were collected from both sides of the Yellow Sea, intraspecific genetic polymorphism of each species was low among samples collected worldwide.

Marine snow studies in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean: distribution, composition and role as a food source for migrating plankton

During a 25 d Lagrangian study in May and June 1990 in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, marine snow aggregates were collected using a novel water bottle, and the composition was determined microscopically. The aggregates contained a characteristic signature of a matrix of bacteria, cyanobacteria and autotrophic picoplankton with inter alia inclusions of the tintiniid Dictyocysta elegans and large pennate diatoms. The concentration of bacteria and cyanobacteria was much greater on the aggregates than when free-living by factors of 100 to 6000 and 3000 to 2 500 000, respectively, depending on depth. Various species of crustacean plankton and micronekton were collected, and the faecal pellets produced after capture were examined. These often contained the marine snow signature, indicating that these organisms had been consuming marine snow. In some cases, marine snow material appeared to dominate the diet. This implies a food-chain short cut wherby material, normally too small to be consumed by the mesozooplankton, and considered to constitute the diet of the microplankton can become part of the diet of organisms higher in the food-chain. The micronekton was dominated by the amphipod Themisto compressa, whose pellets also contained the marine snow signature. Shipboard incubation experiments with this species indicated that (1) it does consume marine snow, and (2) its gut-passage time is sufficiently long for material it has eaten in the upper water to be defecated at its day-time depth of several hundred meters. Plankton and micronekton were collected with nets to examine their vertical distribution and diel migration and to put into context the significance of the flux of material in the guts of migrants. “Gut flux” for the T. compressa population was calculated to be up to 2% of the flux measured simultaneously by drifting sediment traps and <5% when all migrants are considered. The in situ abundance and distribution of marine snow aggregates (>0.6 mm) was examined photographically. A sharp concentration peak was usually encountered in the depth range 40 to 80 m which was not associated with peaks of in situ fluorescence or attenuation but was just below or at the base of the upper mixed layer. The feeding behaviour of zooplankton and nekton may influence these concentration gradients to a considerable extent, and hence affect the flux due to passive settling of marine snow aggregates.

Characterization of polymorphic microsatellites for the periwinkle gastropod, Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758) and their cross-amplification in four congeners

Eight polymorphic microsatellite loci are described for Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758). Data on allelic variation in Irish and Celtic Sea samples are reported. The average number of alleles per locus was 11 (range 4-29), and observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 6.9 to 84.3% and from 9.4 to 95.2%, respectively. Loci did not deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and no linkage disequilibrium between loci pairs was detected. Microsatellites were not highly conserved in the congeners, L. fabalis, L. saxatilis, L. compressa and L. obtusata as evidenced by a low rate of cross-amplification. These microsatellites should prove useful in population genetic studies.

Consumption of mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) decreases the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in mouse liver

Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is rich in polyphenolic compounds, which are thought to contribute to the health benefits of tea. Mate tea was administered orally to mice at a dose of 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 g/kg for 60 d, and changes both in serum lipid concentration and fatty acid composition of liver and kidney were examined. The effects of mate tea on serum and tissue lipid peroxidation were assessed by the evaluation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). In tea-consuming mice, both MUFA (18: 1n-9) and PUFA (18: 2n-6 and 20: 4n-6) were increased (P<0.05) in the liver lipid (approximately 90 and 60%, respectively), whereas only MUFA (approximately 20%) were increased in the kidney lipid. The most altered PUFA class was n-6 PUFA, which increased by approximately 60-75 % (P<0.05). This difference in the fatty acid profile in the liver is reflected in the increased PUFA:SFA ratio. Consistent with these results, mice fed with mate tea had much lower TBARS in the liver. No differences (P>0.05) were found in the levels of serum cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and TAG under the conditions of the present study. These results suggest that treatment with mate tea was able to protect unsaturated fatty acids from oxidation and may have selective protective effects within the body, especially on the liver.

Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) Aqueous Extract Decreases Intestinal SGLT1 Gene Expression but Does Not Affect Other Biochemical Parameters in Alloxan-Diabetic Wistar Rats

Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is rich in polyphenols, especially chlorogenic acids. Evidence suggests that dietary polyphenols could play a role in glucose absorption and metabolism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antidiabetic properties of yerba mate extract in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Animals (n = 41) were divided in four groups: nondiabetic control (NDC, n = 10), nondiabetic yerba mate (NDY, n = 10), diabetic control (DC, n = 11), and diabetic yerba mate (NDY, n = 10). The intervention consisted in the administration of yerba mate extract in a 1 g extract/kg body weight dose for 28 days; controls received saline solution only. There were no significant differences in serum glucose, insulin, and hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activity between the groups that ingested yerba mate extract (NDY and DY) and the controls (NDC and DC). However, the intestinal SGLT1 gene expression was significantly lower in animals that received yerba mate both in upper (p = 0.007) and middle (p < 0.001) small intestine. These results indicate that bioactive compounds present in yerba mate might be capable of interfering in glucose absorption, by decreasing SGLT1 expression.

Permian bivalve molluscs from the Gai-As Formation, northern Namibia: systematics, taphonomy and biostratigraphy

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Phylogenetic analysis of the neotropical pseudopolybia de saussure, 1863, with description of the male genitalia of pseudopolybia vespiceps (Hymenoptera : Vespidae, epiponini)

The male genitalia of Pseudopolybia vespiceps are described and compared to congeners. Characters of the male genitalia are combined with morphological characters of the females and nests and used in a phylogenetic analysis. The single cladogram resulting supports monophyly of the genus Pseudopolybia and interrelationships among the species as: P. langi + (P. difficilis + (P. compressa + P. vespiceps)). A new, illustrated identification key is presented.

Bivalves permianos da fase de continentalização das bacias do Gondwana Ocidental: sistemática, paleogeografia e bioestratigrafia

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Condições bacteriológicas da superfície das poltronas hematológicas par hemodiálise

Pós-graduação em Enfermagem (mestrado profissional) - FMB

Bioindicadores funcionales en macroalgas del litoral canario : evaluación de la vulnerabilidad y aclimatación al estrés ambiental

Programa de doctorado de Acuicultura: producción controlada de animales acuáticos.

Acto celebrado en la sala de grado de la Facultad de Ciencias del Mar de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, el 28 de junio de 2013, actuando como Presidenta María Candelaria Gil Rodríguez (Universidad de La Laguna), Secretaria Ascensión Viera Rodríguez (Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria), vocales, José María Gorostiaga Garay (Universidad del País Vasco), Juan Luis Gómez Pinchetti (Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria) y Nathalie Korbee Peinado (Universidad de Málaga)

Habitat shifts: an experimental study on disappearing canopies of Cystoseira barbata (Stackhouse) C. Agard and the habitat replacing them

Cambiamenti di habitat in ambienti marini: uno studio sperimentale sulla perdita di foreste a Cystoseira barbata (Stackhouse) C. Agardh e sui popolamenti che le sostituiscono La presente tesi affronta il tema scientifico generale di come prevedere e mitigare la perdita di habitat marini naturali causata dalle attività umane. La tesi si è focalizzata sugli habitat subtidali a “canopy” formati da macroalghe brune a tallo eretto dell’ordine Fucales, che per morfologia, ruolo ed importanza ecologica possono essere paragonate alle “foreste” in ambienti terrestri temperati. Questi sistemi sono tra i più produttivi in ambienti marini, e sono coinvolti in importanti processi ecologici, offrendo cibo, protezione, riparo ed ancoraggio a diverse altre specie animali e vegetali, modificando i gradienti naturali di luce, sedimentazione e idrodinamismo, e partecipando al ciclo dei nutrienti. Sulle coste temperate di tutto il mondo, le foreste di macroalghe a canopy sono in forte regressione su scala locale, regionale e globale. Questo fenomeno, che sta accelerando a un ritmo sempre più allarmante, sta sollevando interesse e preoccupazione. Infatti, data la loro importanza, la perdita di questi habitat può avere importanti conseguenze ecologiche ed economiche, tra cui anche il possibile declino della pesca che è stato osservato in alcune aree in seguito alla conseguente riduzione della produttività complessiva dei sistemi marini costieri. Nel Mar Mediterraneo questi tipi di habitat sono originati prevalentemente da alghe appartenenti al genere Cystoseira, che sono segnalate in forte regressione in molte regioni. Gli habitat a Cystoseira che ancora persistono continuano ad essere minacciati da una sineregia di impatti antropici, ed i benefici complessivi delle misure di protezione fin ora attuate sono relativamente scarsi. Scopo della presente tesi era quello di documentare la perdita di habitat a Cystoseira (prevalentemente Cystoseira barbata (Stackhouse) C. Agardh) lungo le coste del Monte Conero (Mar Adriatico centrale, Italia), e chiarire alcuni dei possibili meccanismi alla base di tale perdita. Studi precedentemente condotti nell’area di studio avevano evidenziato importanti cambiamenti nella composizione floristica e della distribuzione di habitat a Cystoseira in quest’area, e avevano suggerito che la scarsa capacità di recupero di questi sistemi potesse essere regolata da interazioni tra Cystoseira e le nuove specie dominanti sui substrati lasciati liberi dalla perdita di Cystoseira. Attraverso ripetute mappature dell’habitat condotte a partire da Luglio 2008 fino a Giugno 2010, ho documentato la perdita progressiva delle poche, e sempre più frammentate, patch di habitat originate da questa specie in due siti chiamati La Vela e Due Sorelle. Attraverso successivi esperimenti, ho poi evidenziato le interazioni ecologiche tra le specie dominanti coinvolte in questi cambiamenti di habitat, al fine di identificare possibili meccanismi di feedback che possano facilitare la persistenza di ciascun habitat o, viceversa, l’insediamento di habitat alternativi. La mappatura dell’habitat ha mostrato un chiaro declino della copertura, della densità e della dimensione degli habitat a Cystoseira (rappresentati soprattutto dalla specie C. barbata e occasionalmente C. compressa che però non è stata inclusa nei successivi esperimenti, d’ora in avanti per semplicità verrà utilizzato unicamente il termine Cystoseira per indicare questo habitat) durante il periodo di studio. Nel sito Due Sorelle le canopy a Cystoseira sono virtualmente scomparse, mentre a La Vela sono rimaste poche, sporadiche ed isolate chiazze di Cystoseira. Questi habitat a canopy sono stati sostituiti da nuovi habitat più semplici, tra cui soprattutto letti di mitili, feltri algali e stand monospecifici di Gracilaira spp.. La mappatura dell’habitat ha inoltre sottolineato una diminuzione del potenziale di recupero del sistema con un chiaro declino del reclutamento di Cystoseira durante tutto il periodo di studio. Successivamente ho testato se: 1) una volta perse, il recupero di Cystoseira (reclutamento) possa essere influenzato dalle interazioni con le nuove specie dominanti, quali mitili e feltri algali; 2) il reclutamento di mitili direttamente sulle fronde di Cystoseira (sia talli allo stadio adulto che giovanili) possa influenzare la sopravvivenza e la crescita della macroalga; 3) la sopravvivenza e la crescita delle nuove specie dominanti, in particolare mitili, possa essere rallentata dalla presenza di canopy di Cystoseira. I risultati dimostrano che le nuove specie dominanti insediatesi (feltri algali e mitili), possono inibire il reclutamento di Cystoseira, accelerandone il conseguente declino. L’effetto diretto dei mitili sulle fronde non è risultato particolarmente significativo né per la sopravvivenza di Cystoseira che finora non è risultata preclusa in nessun stadio di sviluppo, né per la crescita, che nel caso di individui adulti è risultata leggermente, ma non significativamente, più elevata per le fronde pulite dai mitili, mentre è stato osservato il contrario per i giovanili. La presenza di canopy a Cystoseira, anche se di piccole dimensioni, ha limitato la sopravvivenza di mitili. Questi risultati complessivamente suggeriscono che una foresta di macroalghe in buone condizioni può avere un meccanismo di autoregolazione in grado di facilitare la propria persistenza. Quando però il sistema inizia a degradarsi e a frammentarsi progressivamente, i cambiamenti delle condizioni biotiche determinati dall’aumento di nuove specie dominanti contribuiscono alla mancanza di capacità di recupero del sistema. Pertanto le strategie per una gestione sostenibile di questi sistemi dovrebbero focalizzarsi sui primi segnali di cambiamenti in questo habitat e sui possibili fattori che ne mantengono la resilienza.