The Role of the European Imperial Powers throughout the Armenian Schism in the 1870s

The Bull "Reversurus" (1867) and its dogmatic legitimization at the First Vatican Council in 1870 caused not only ecclesiastical controversy and Schism in the Armenian Catholic Church, but it had also wide political consequences for the Armenian Catholics in the Ottoman Empire. The conflict originally between the Armenian Catholics and Rome attracted very soon the attention of the European imperial Powers. France, the British Empire, the German Empire, Austria-Hungary and Russia were the main political powers who were involved in the Armenian affair. A full picture of the role of all these powers for the course of the Armenian Schism is missing. Mostly the role of France is foregrounded in the printed sources, as the main power, which supported the papacy to win during the Armenian affair. The role and the motives of the other imperial powers is almost missing. This article will try to describe as completely as possible the historical and political background, which brought to the escalation of the Armenian conflict beyond the national frontiers and led to number of conflicts at the international and transnational level. It will be shown that the imperial policy in Europe in the 19th century have played an enormous role throughout the Armenian Schism. It will be explained that several historical circumstances in Europe, especially the relation of the European imperial powers to each other as well as their expectations from the Ottoman Empire and its Armenian subjects were decisive for the duration and conclusion of the Armenian Schism.

Recent Armenian Developments

The War has brought us into a close relation with Armenia. The annihilation of her people in 1915 and 1916 aroused universal sympathy. For the most of us Armenia, hitherto, had been relegated to a position of partial obscurity in the Near East. We were acquainted with the fact that they had suffered persecution beore at Turkish hands but an indifference born of unfamiliarity with her history, customs and people still continued with us. However much the gulf separating ourselves and these people has been narrowed by the war it is only by an actual journey into their life past and present that we can ever come into a full appreciation of a people who despite persecution and oppression are potentially fine citizens.

Three Armenian folk-tunes,

Mode of access: Internet.

Appendices to various nautical almanacs between the years 1834 and 1854.

Mode of access: Internet.

[Collection of English Almanacs for the years 1702-1835.

Multiple titles included (Imprint varies): "Court and City Register, or, Gentleman's complete annual Kalendar"; "Free-Masons' Calendar..."; "Poor Robin, an Almanack"; "Gentleman's Diary, or the mathematical repository"; "Merlinus Liberatus"; Ladies Diary: or, Woman's almanack"; "Speculum anni: or, Season on the season"; "Coelestial atlas, containing a new Ephemeris of the planetary motions..."; "Parker's ephemeris"; "Remarkable news from the stars, or, an Ephemeris"; "Diary Companion being a Supplement to the Ladies' diary"; "Vox stellarum: or, a loyal almanack..."; etc...

Practical handbook for diabetic patients, with 180 international recipes (American, Jewish, French, German, Italian, Armenian, etc.)

2d ed. has title: Simplified diabetic manual.

Simplified diabetic manual, with 163 international recipes (American, Jewish, French, German, Italian, Armenian, etc.)

Mode of access: Internet.

A grammar, Armenian and English /

Engraved title vignette.

Translations from the Chinese and Armenian,

Each work has special t.p.

Pocket dictionary of the English and Armenian languages.

Each vol. has added t.p. in Armenian.

A Pocket dictionary of the English, Armenian and Turkish languages.

Title varies as to order of languages listed to indicate the primary language in each volume.

Elements of the comparative grammar of the Indo-Germanie languages. A concise exposition of the history of Sanskrit, Old Iranian ... Old Armenian. Old Greek, Latin, Umbrian-Samnitic. Old Irish. Gothic. Old High German, Lithuanian and Old Bulgarian.

Vols. II-[V] have title: A comparative grammar of the Indo-Germanic languages. Other variations in title.

Crisis in the Armenian church : text of a memorandum to the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America on the dissident Armenian Church in America /

Mode of access: Internet.