Influência do herbicida Glifosato (N-Fosfonometil)Glicina) na formação de biomassa da alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Chlorophyceae)

Herbicides are chemical agents most consumed for agricultural production and of these, glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine) represents more than half of world consumption of non-selective herbicides, use of systemic action and post-emergent. The present study aims to analyze the interference of different concentrations of glyphosate in the development of micro algae, unicellular species Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, with supplementary analysis of the interference of green algae concentrations in the artificial lake Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista in Rio Claro, SP. To identify the effect of glyphosate on the development of microalgae concentrations: 0.118; 0.236; 0.472; 0.944; 1.888 and 3.776 mg of product (all in rejoinders), maintaining control without glyphosate, were inoculated into flasks containing 150mL of medium culture and 5mL of suspension inoculum levels. Each test was continued for 96 hours in a shaker rotating at 150 rpm at 25 / - 2 ° C and constant light of 3200 lux. At baseline and 48; 72 and 96 hours samples were taken for testing for absorbance. The final dry weight was measured and the tests with P. subcapitata cell number was quantified at the beginning and end of the tests using the Neubauer chamber under optical microscope. For algae of the artificial lake of the diversity of microalgae cells was identified through photographic documentation. The analysis of variance comparing treatments for dry biomass showed no significant differences in the tests with P. subicapitata as for the algae to the lake.The analysis of variance MANOVA showed significant differences between the treatments over time but there was no significant difference between the interactions of treatment for tests with P. subicapitata There were significant differences in the tests with microalgae of the artificial lake. With respect to cell quantification, it was found... (Complete abstract click electronic acces below)

Grãos em carbonatos marinhos cretácicos da Bacia Potiguar: formações Ponta do Mel e Jandaíra

This work aims to identify and photograph grains that compose important Cretaceous carbonate units of the Potiguar Basin, represented by the Ponta do Mel and Jandaíra formations (Albian-Campanian). Petrographic investigation of thin sections was essential. The samples studied come from wells and surface samples from the collection UNESPetro – UNESP, Rio Claro. In the Ponta do Mel Formation, the grains consist of ooids, oncoids, peloids and bioclasts. Regarding to the identified bioclasts, the solenoporacean red algae, mollusks (bivalves and gastropods), echinoids, foraminifera, ostracods and worms were the dominant elements. In the Jandaíra Formation, the grains are composed by ooids, peloids and bioclasts, which are represented by green algae, mollusks (bivalves and gastropods), benthic foraminifera miliolids, worms, echinoderms and ostracods. The grains found in the Ponta do Mel Formation are somewhat similar to those found in the Jandaíra Formation, with the exception of calcareous algae. The subsurface material from the Ponta do Mel Formation is derived from the upper part of the unit, representing marine high-energy carbonates, which also contains ooids and Trocholina. The samples of Jandaíra Formation, collected in outcrops, often contain green algae, mollusks and miliolids, and come from inner shelf and lagoon facies previously described

Asimilación y biofiltración de fosfatos con macroalgas marinas de interés para el desarrollo de sistemas integrados en acuicultura : efecto de las variaciones en la relación N/P

Máster Universitario International en Acuicultura. Trabajo presentado como requisito parcial para la obtención del Tí­tulo de Máster Universitario Internacional en Acuicultura, otorgado por la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), el Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas (ICCM), y el Centro Internacional de Altos Estudios Agronómicos Mediterráneos de Zaragoza (CIHEAM)

Análise geoambiental da plataforma continental Rasa Equatorial, por meio de sensoriamento remoto e dados sedimentológicos: parrachos de Rio do Fogo-RN, Brasil

In the shallow continental shelf in Northeastern Rio Grande do Norte - Brazil, important underwater geomorphological features can be found 6km from the coastline. They are coral reefs, locally known as “parrachos”. The present study aims to characterize and analyze the geomorphological feature as well as the ones of the benthic surface, and the distribution of biogenic sediments found in parrachos at Rio do Fogo and associated shallow platforms, by using remote sensing products and in situ data collections. This was made possible due to sedimentological, bathymetric and geomorphological maps elaborated from composite bands of images from the satellite sensors ETM+/Landsat-7, OLI/Landsat-8, MS/GeoEye and PAN/WordView-1, and analysis of bottom sediments samples. These maps were analyzed, integrally interpreted and validated in fieldwork, thus permitting the generation of a new geomorphological zoning of the shallow shelf in study and a geoenvironmental map of the Parrachos in Rio do Fogo. The images used were subject to Digital Image Processing techniques. All obtained data and information were stored in a Geographic Information System (GIS) and can become available to the scientific community. This shallow platform has a carbonate bottom composed mostly by algae. Collected and analyzed sediment samples can be classified as biogenic carbonatic sands, as they are composed 75% by calcareous algae, according to the found samples. The most abundant classes are green algae, red algae, nonbiogenic sediments (mineral grains), ancient algae and molluscs. At the parrachos the following was mapped: Barreta Channel, intertidal reefs, submerged reefs, the spur and grooves, the pools, the sandy bank, the bank of algae, sea grass, submerged roads and Rio do Fogo Channel. This work presents new information about geomorphology and evolution in the study area, and will be guiding future decision making in the handling and environmental management of the region

O impacto da remoção de peixes sobre a dinâmica e estrutura dos grupos funcionais fitoplanctônicos em um lago raso tropical durante uma seca severa

The artifi cial eutrophication is one of the biggest t h reat for the quality of aquatic ecosystems in the whole world. The expectations for the future climatic scenarios in arid and semi - arid regions are intense and frequent droughts enhancing the risk of eutrophicati on and cyanobacterial blooms. Restoration techniques of eutrophic lakes were proposed to reduce nutrient loading and improve the water quality. A successful technique used in temperate regions is the biomanipulation by benthivorous fish removal . Our hypoth esis is that the benthivorous fish removal reduces phytoplankton total biomass and change the composition of phytoplankton functional groups, improving water quality. The aim of the study was evaluate the impact of biomanipulation on phytoplankton function al groups and in the water quality. We applied the technique of biomanipulation in the artificial lake ESEC, in a semi - arid region of Brazil and analyzed the physical and chemical variables and the dynamic of phytoplankton functional groups monthly during November 2012 to August 2013. With the removal of benthivorous fish we observed a significant increase of the euphotic depth, phytoplankton richness and the recruitment of green algae (groups F and J ), indicators of good water quality. However, we did not observe significant differences on total phosphorous concentration and on phytoplankton biomass and diversity. The drought effect in the region during the study was evident , promoting a drastic reduction on water level which influenced the availability of resource and affected phytoplankton community before the biomanipulation. To evaluate the effect of severe drought on the dynamic of phytoplankton functional groups and test if the drought periods are favorable to dominance of cyanobacterial groups, we stu died two artificial neighbors lakes (ESEC and Pocinhos) in a semi - arid tropical region during May 2012 to February 2013. We observed a temporal differentiation of biotic and abiotic variables caused by drought. Both lakes presented reduction of 2 meters of water level and increase on conductivity, turbidity, nutrients concentration and a reduction on water transparency, during the severe drought. The deeper lake (Pocinhos) increased phytoplankton total biomass and presented cyanobacterial functional group d ominance (group S N ) and the shallower lake (ESEC) reduced phytoplankton total biomass and presented dominance of mixotrophic and flagellate functional groups (groups W 1 e W 2 ). Summarizing, the knowledge of the effects of benthivorous fish removal in semi - a rid tropical lakes still unknown and this study had limitations caused by the impact of drought. Thus, it is necessary a long term monitoring to investigate the real effects of biomanipulation on the functioning of the studied ecosystems. Otherwise, period s of drought could have opposite effects (increase or reduction) on total biomass and composition of phytoplankton functional groups. Drought not always leads to dominance of cyanobacterial groups.

Propriedades antioxidantes de constituintes fenólicos de macroalgas marinhas

Desde tempos remotos que as macroalgas marinhas são utilizadas por comunidades humanas, nomeadamente as orientais, como parte importante da sua dieta alimentar. A composição química das diferentes macroalgas marinhas (algas castanhas – Phaeophyta, algas vermelhas – Rhodophyta e algas verdes – Chlorophyta) confirma que além de terem um valor nutricional satisfatório podem ser uma fonte muito interessante de compostos bioativos como, por exemplo, os compostos fenólicos. Quimicamente os compostos fenólicos caracterizam-se por apresentarem um ou mais grupos hidroxilo ligados a um anel aromático. Estes compostos englobam desde moléculas simples até moléculas poliméricas de grandes dimensões. A maioria dos compostos fenólicos apresenta atividade antioxidante. O interesse pelo estudo de metabolitos secundários das macroalgas com propriedades antioxidantes surgiu, numa primeira fase, como uma tentativa de encontrar substitutos para os antioxidantes sintéticos usados como aditivos alimentares (nomeadamente o BHA e o BHT) que demonstravam possuir efeitos carcinogénicos. No entanto, rapidamente a comunidade científica reconheceu que a aplicação de novos compostos fenólicos naturais é muito mais vasta. Sabe-se hoje que é crucial para a promoção da saúde de um indivíduo que se verifique a manutenção do equilíbrio entre a produção de radicais livres e as respetivas defesas antioxidantes. Quando esse equilíbrio se altera e ocorre uma acumulação de radicais livres no organismo, este entra em stress oxidativo, situação que pode conduzir a danos dos lípidos celulares, proteínas e ácidos nucleicos, o que favorece o aparecimento de diversas doenças e acelera o envelhecimento celular. Assim, atualmente existe um crescente interesse por parte da indústria farmacêutica e da indústria da cosmética no estudo dos compostos fenólicos isolados de macroalgas. De entre estes, destacam-se os florotaninos, que para além das propriedades antioxidantes têm demonstrado possuir outras atividades farmacológicas importantes, tais como atividade antibacteriana, anti-viral, antineoplásica, anti-hipertensora e anti-diabética. Este trabalho consiste numa revisão bibliográfica sobre os diversos compostos fenólicos com atividade antioxidante isolados de macroalgas marinhas e que demonstraram vantagens na sua incorporação, quer em formulações cosméticas, quer em medicamentos, debatendo as suas ações farmacológicas, mecanismos de ação e possíveis aplicações futuras.

Efeito da salinidade da água do mar no rendimento, composição e atividades biológicas de frações polissacarídicas da Chlorophyta Caulerpa cupressoides var. flabellata

Seaweeds sulfated polysaccharides have been described as having various pharmacological activities. However, nothing is known about the influence of salinity on the structure of sulfated polysaccharides from green seaweed and pharmacological activities they perform. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of salinity of seawater on yield and composition of polysaccharides-rich fractions from green seaweed Caulerpa cupressoides var. flabellata, collected in two different salinities beaches of the coast of Rio Grande do Norte, and to verify the influence of salinity on their biological activities. We extracted four sulfated polysaccharides-rich fractions from C. cupressoides collected in Camapum beach (denominated CCM F0.3; F0.5; F1.0; F2.0), which the seawater has higher salinity, and Buzios beach (denominated CCB F0.3; F0.5; F1.0; F2.0). Different from that observed for other seaweeds, the proximate composition of C. cupressoides did not change with increased salinity. Moreover, interestingly, the C. cupresoides have high amounts of protein, greater even than other edible seaweeds. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the yield of polysaccharide fractions of CCM and its CCB counterparts, which indicates that salinity does not interfere with the yield of polysaccharide fractions. However, there was a significant difference in the sulfate/sugar ratio of F0.3 (p<0.05) and F0.5 (p<0.01) (CCM F0.3 and CCB F0.5 was higher than those determined for their counterparts), while the sulfate/sugar ratio the F1.0 and F2.0 did not change significantly (p>0.05) with salinity. This result suggested that the observed difference in the sulfate/sugar ratio between the fractions from CCM and CCB, is not merely a function of salinity, but probably also is related to the biological function of these biopolymers in seaweed. In addition, the salinity variation between collection sites did not influence algal monosaccharide composition, eletrophoretic mobility or the infrared spectrum of polysaccharides, demonstrating that the salinity does not change the composition of sulfated polysaccharides of C. cupressoides. There were differences in antioxidant and anticoagulant fractions between CCM and CCB. CCB F0.3 (more sulfated) had higher total antioxidant capacity that CCM F0.3, since the chelating ability the CCM F0.5 was more potent than CCB F0.5 (more sulfated). These data indicate that the activities of sulfated polysaccharides from CCM and CCB depend on the spatial patterns of sulfate groups and that it is unlikely to be merely a charge density effect. C. cupressoides polysaccharides also exhibited anticoagulant activity in the intrinsic (aPTT test) and extrinsic pathway (PT test). CCB F1.0 and CCM F1.0 showed different (p<0,001) aPTT activity, although F0.3 and F0.5 showed no difference (p>0,05) between CCM and CCB, corroborating the fact that the sulfate/sugar ratio is not a determining factor for biological activity, but rather for sulfate distribution along the sugar chain. Moreover, F0.3 and F0.5 activity in aPTT test was similar to that of clexane®, anticoagulant drug. In addition, F0.5 showed PT activity. These results suggest that salinity may have created subtle differences in the structure of sulfated polysaccharides, such as the distribution of sulfate groups, which would cause differences in biological activities between the fractions of the CCM and the CCB

Atividades antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória de uma fração rica em heterogalactana sulfatada extraída da alga Codium isthmocladum (Vickers 1905)

Sulfated polysaccharides comprise a complex group of macromolecules with a range of several biological activities, including antiviral activity, anticoagulant, antiproliferative, antiherpética, antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. These anionic polymers are widely distributed in tissues of vertebrates, invertebrates and algae. Seaweeds are the most abundant sources of sulfated polysaccharides in nature. The green algal sulfated polysaccharides are homo or heteropolysaccharides comprised of galactose, glucose, arabinose and/or glucuronic acid. They are described as anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-angiogenic, antitumor compounds. However, there are few studies about elucidation and evaluation of biological/pharmacological effects of sulfated polysaccharides obtained from green algae, for example, there is only one paper reporting the antinociceptive activity of sulfated polysaccharides of these algae. Therefore this study aimed to obtain sulfated polysaccharides of green seaweed Codium isthmocladum and evaluates them as potential antinociceptive agents. Thus, in this study, the total extract of polysaccharides of green alga C. isthmocladum was obtained by proteolytic digestion, followed by fractionation resulting in five fractions (F0.3, F0.5, F0.7, F0.9 and F1.2) by sequential precipitation with acetone. Using the test of abdominal contractions we observed that the fraction F0.9 was the most potent antinociceptive aompound. F0.9 consists mainly of a sulfated heterogalactana. More specific tests showed that Fo.9 effect is dose and time dependent, reaching a maximum at 90 after administration (10 mg / kg of animal). F0.9 is associated with TRPV1 and TRPA1 receptors and inhibits painful sensation in animals. Furthermore, F0.9 inhibits the migration of lymphocytes induced peritonitis test. On the other hand, stimulates the release of NO and TNF-α. These results suggest that F0.9 has the potential to be used as a source of sulfated galactan antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory

Pasión por la herpetología: entrevista al Dr. David Lazcano Villarreal

El Dr. David Lazcano Villarreal es egresado de las facultades de Ciencias Químicas (1978) y Ciencias Biológicas (1980). Cuenta con maestría en ciencias, con especialidad en manejo de vida silvestre y doctorado en ciencias biológicas, con la misma especialidad (2005), ambos por la Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL). Realizó su servicio social en la Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, utilizando sus conocimientos de química y biología para trabajar en un proyecto de recuperación de aguas residuales con el uso de algas verdes. Actualmente es jefe del Laboratorio de Herpetología y uno de los coordinadores de Intercambio Académico de la Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas. Desde 1979 es docente impartiendo cursos en programas de licenciatura y posgrado. Funge como miembro del cuerpo académico “Biología de la Conservación” y de la Red Nacional “Especies Exóticas de México”. Entre sus principales líneas de investigación figuran: edafología, biogeografía, taxonomía y sistemática, ecología e inventarios herpetológicos y propagación de especies en cautiverio. Ha contribuido al conocimiento de la herpetología de la región a través de 34 proyectos de investigación. Es autor de 165 artículos/notas científicos, 19 capítulos de libros y tres libros. Los resultados de investigación fueron difundidos en reuniones científicas nacionales e internacionales.

Utilização de macroalgas verdes como biorremediadores em efluentes de indústrias agroalimentares: dinâmica das vias metabólicas relacionadas com os compostos azotados

Dissertação de mest., Tecnologia de Alimentos, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Univ. do Algarve, 2013

Algas comunes de Asturias

La mayor parte de la informaci??n existente procede de publicaciones extranjeras dif??ciles de encontrar y comprender. Se dan claves de clasificaci??n

Ação alelopática de saxitoxinas e microcistinas em cianobactérias e microalgas verdes em condições controladas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efecto de la incorporación de abonos verdes y dos niveles de biofertilizantes sobre el cultivo de fresa (Fragaria spp) variedad britget en Las Sabanas, Madriz

Los pequeños productores de fresa del municipio Las Sabanas, Madríz, han venido desarrollando en conjunto con la Universidad Nacional Agraria, algunos trabajos que les han permitido incrementar la producción orgánica del cultivo de fresa (Fragaria spp.); sin embargo, las principales limitantes se centran sobre el manejo de plagas y enfermedades, fertilidad de los suelos, introducción y evaluación de genotipos, entre otros. En el presente se planteó evaluar momentos de incorporación de abonos verdes y biofertilizantes en el cultivar de fresa Britget. Para esto se utilizó un Diseño de Bloques Completos al Azar (BCA) con arreglos en Parcelas Subdivididas en el que se estudiaron especies de leguminosas: caupí(Vigna unguiculata L.) y mungo (Vigna radiataL.), y su incorporación en el suelo (12, 24 y 36 dds (días después de la siembra), y niveles de biofertilizantes (200 y 400 l ha-1) sobre tres réplicas. Las variables fueron sujetas a un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) y agrupación de medias mediante LSD (8=0.05). El diámetro, espesor y longitud el fruto fueron afectados significativamente por las leguminosas incorporadas al suelo. De igual manera, los resultados obtenidos indicaron que los abonos verdes y sus momentos de incorporación al suelo, así como los niveles de biofertilizantes foliar tuvieron efecto significativo sobre el rendimiento total, no así en las interacciones conformadas. Los mayores valores promedios en los efectos principales se presentaron en caupí (1,490 kg ha-1) a los 12 dds de incorporados al suelo (1,409 kg ha-1) y 400 l ha-1 de biofertilizante foliar (1,318 kg ha-1). Los mejores tratamientos conformados fueron el caupí incorporado al suelo a los 12 y 24 días después de la siembra con 400 l ha-1 de biofertilizante, con totales de 2,000 y 2,100 kg ha-1, respectivamente.

Incorporación de abonos verdes y biofertilizante foliar en el cultivo orgánico de fresa (Fragaria spp.) variedad Britget en Las Sabanas, Madriz

Los pequeños productores de fresa del Municipio Las Sabanas, han venido desarrollando en conjunto con la Universidad Nacional Agraria, algunos trabajos que les han permitido incrementar la producción orgánica del cultivo de fresa ( Fragaria spp.); sin embargo, las principales limitantes se centran sobre el manejo de plagas y enfermedades, fertilidad de los suelos, evaluación de nuevos genotipos, entre otros. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron evaluar momentos de incorporación de abonos verdes y biofertilizante en el cultivar de fresa Britget. El estudio fue conducido en la finca del Sr. José Méndez, en la Comunidad El Castillito, Municipio de Las Sabanas, Departamento de Madriz durante el período de agosto del 2006 a mayo del 2007. Para esto se empleó un diseño de parcelas e franjas en el que se estudiaron especies de leguminosas: gandul ( Vigna unguilata L.) y mungo ( Vigna radiata L.), y su incorporación en el suelo (12, 24 y 36 dds), y niveles de biofertilizante foliar (200 y 400 l ha -1 ). Los tratamientos resultaron del arreglo factorial 2x3x2 con tres réplicas. Las variables de fruto y rendimiento fueron sujeto a un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) y categorización estadística mediante LSD (∞=0.05). Las variables de fruto fueron afectadas por las leguminosas incorporada al suelo. De igual manera, los resultados obtenidos indicaron que los tratamientos conformados tuvieron efecto significativo sobre el rendimiento total, no así en las interacciones. Los mayores valores promedios en los efectos principales se presentaron en caupí (1490 kg ha -1 ) a los 12 dds de incorporados al suelo (1410 kg ha -1 ) y 400 l ha -1 de biofertilizante (1318 kg ha -1 ). Los mejores tratamientos fueron el caupí incorporado al suelo a los 12 y 24 dds con 400 lts ha -1 de biofertilizante, con totales de 2000 y 2100 kg ha -1 de fruta fresca, respectivamente.

Peligro aviario: Caracterización de la vegetación y determinación de las especies que son atractivas para la fauna silvestre en las areas verdes del Aeropuerto Internacional Augusto C. Sandino, Managua, Nicaragua

Se evaluó la diversidad, estructura y fenología de la flora en las áreas verdes del Aeropuerto Internacional Augusto C. Sandino con el fin de determinar las especies que son atractivas para fauna silvestre de peligro para la aviación, sea por que les provee de alimento o de refugio y hábitat. Y por otro lado, brindar recomendaciones sobre especies con potencial para formar parte de las áreas verdes del aeropuerto. Para ello, se establecieron parcelas anidadas de 2 x 2 m, 5 x 5 m y 10 x 10 m en las cuales se tomaron los datos en los estratos herbáceos, arbustivos y arbóreos respectivamente. Las parcelas se establecieron aleatoriamente en tres sitios dentro del aeropuerto: en el bosque seco al oeste del aeropuerto (BSO), en la Fuerza Aérea (FA) y en el área verde alrededor de la pista de aterrizaje (AVP). Dentro de las parcelas se contaron 117 árboles en todos los sitios, los cuales estaban agrupados en 11 especies, 10 géneros, 8 familias y 4 órdenes. Las especies arbóreas de mayor densidad fueron: Calycophyllum candidissimum(450 individuos/ ha), Albizia niopides (344), Azadirachta indica (289) y Senna siamea (261) y el sitio que presento mayor diversidad y densidad de árboles fue FA. Fueron contados 36 individuos de arbustos, pertenecientes a las especiesCapsicum annum (1) yLantana camara (35). En cuanto a especies herbáceas se contaron 11,845 individuos dentro de las unidades de muestreo, agrupados en 28 especies, 23 géneros, 14 familias y 13 órdenes, siendo el AVP el sitio que registró mayor diversidad y densidad de las mismas. Las especies herbáceas con mayores densidades fueron Cenchrus brownii (256,282.05 individuos/ha), Cynodon dactylon (141,538.46), Digitaria decumbens(106,794.87), Bothriochloa pertusa(51,282.05), Elytaria imbricada (38,846.15) y Panicum maximum (30,192.31). De las 41 especies vegetales, se determinó la fenología completa para 3�, de estas, 6 (�9.35%) florecen y fructifican todo el año:Cordia dentata, Boerhavia erecta, Chamaesyce hyssopifolia, Eleucine indica, Melanthera nivea y Rhynchosia minima. Entre las especies arbóreas mayormente atractivas para la fauna silvestre se determinaron: Albizia niopoides, Manguifera indica, Spondias mombin, Cordia dentata, Guazuma ulmifoliay Calycophyllum candidissimum al ser considerados proveedores de alimentos y refugio a la fauna silvestre, por sus frutos, flores con abundante néctar, copas con poca obstrucción visual (alta densidad de hojas) y ramificaciones horizontales propias para el perchaje de las aves de alto tamaño. Dentro de la vegetación herbáceas se determinaron especies como Tridax procumbensy Tribulus terrestis formando densos tapetes de vegetación con flores atractivas para insectos en el período seco, los cuales a la vez eran focos de atracción para aves insectívoras como: Hirundus rustica (Golondrinas), Quiscalus mexicanus (Zanate), Molotrus aeneus (Tordos), Egretta thula (Garza blanca) que permanecen en las áreas verdes alrededor de la pista de aterrizaje y que peligran colisionar con los aviones. Por otra parte, las especies de la familia Poaceae fueron registradas como proveedoras de granos a las aves del grupo de las Columbidae (Palomas). Especies de gramíneas de gran porte como Panicum maximum, P. antidotale, Sorgum halapensis, además de poseer semillas grandes (>0.3 cm), formaban corredores por donde se desplazan mamífero medianos, reptiles y aves. Dentro del mismo áreas se determinaron dos especies (B. pertusay C. dactylon) que por su baja estatura (menos de 0.3 m), reproducción vegetativa y semillas muy pequeña o ausentes, son ideales para establecer en los alrededores de la pista de aterrizaje. Mediante un ensayo se evaluó su establecimiento, el cual resulto satisfactorio al competir y ganar espacio ante otras monocotiledones y dicotiledonesas, principalmente C. dactylon