Análisis de la estructura varisca y alpina en la transversal Sallent-Biescas (Pirineos Centrales, Huesca)

186 p.

Alchemilla cuatrecasasii especie nueva

Se describe una especie nueva del género Alchemilla de la series Vulgares Buser, subseries Hirsutae H. Lindb. procedente de los Prepirineos meridionales.

Descripción de la estructura organizacional del área de Sostenibilidad en Alpina S.A.

El objetivo de este artículo es describir la operación del área de Sostenibilidad de Alpina S.A. en Colombia, como parte de un proyecto de investigación que permita entender el funcionamiento de dicha área. Los métodos de recolección de información utilizados fueron la entrevista semiestructurada y la consulta de fuentes secundarias. Para lograr el objetivo, se definieron indicadores agrupados en cuatro variables así: Evolución del área, Plataforma estratégica, División del trabajo y Coordinación del trabajo. La información recolectada se codificó y clasificó de acuerdo a las variables de análisis. Los resultados exponen que el área de Sostenibilidad actúa de manera transversal en la organización y está integrada a la estrategia del negocio, siendo parte fundamental en las decisiones y los proyectos de las distintas áreas de la compañía.

Internacionalización de empresas colombianas. Caso exitoso: Alpina

La globalización y la dinámica del mundo moderno imponen a las empresas cruzar sus límites geográficos y penetrar nuevos mercados. En este trabajo se abarcan dos empresas para describir a la internacionalización como decisión fundamental para el crecimiento de la organización, la industria y el sector. Por un lado el Grupo Danone es tomado como modelo de éxito, el cual a través de la contraposición de su trayectoria en mercados extranjeros con las teorías de la internacionalización de las empresas, ha demostrado una asertividad que la posiciona como uno de los líderes mundiales en lácteos. Por otro lado, la colombiana Alpina, quien en los últimos años ha posicionado su propia planta de producción en Estados Unidos, es tomada como referente para explicar la dinámica de las empresas colombianas en su búsqueda por exportar y finalmente producir en el extranjero. El análisis comparativo de estas dos rutas logra evidenciar aquellas cosas que las empresas nacionales pueden tomar, o no, de las grandes multinacionales como referencia a la hora de iniciar una ruta de internacionalización.

Rol y habilidades del CIO. Tres casos de estudio en Colombia: Alpina, Banco de Bogotá, Grupo Aval

Con base en la revisión de la literatura realizada acerca de los roles directivos y del rol de uno en particular que es el CIO, y tomando como referencia la información suministrada por los directivos de tecnologías de Información de las organizaciones Alpina, Banco de Bogotá y Grupo AVAL, el trabajo de investigación hace una descripción del contenido del rol de CIO e identifica las habilidades requeridas para el ejercicio de este rol en dichas organizaciones. Se espera que los resultados del presente estudio generen un valioso aporte como retroalimentación para la academia y las empresas acerca de la formación de los futuros CIO.

Shifts in rhizosphere microbial communities and enzyme activity of Poa alpina across an alpine chronosequence

This study quantifies the influence of Poa alpina on the soil microbial community in primary succession of alpine ecosystems, and whether these effects are controlled by the successional stage. Four successional sites representative of four stages of grassland development (initial, 4 years (non-vegetated); pioneer, 20 years; transition, 75 years; mature, 9500 years old) on the Rotmoos glacier foreland, Austria, were sampled. The size, composition and activity of the microbial community in the rhizosphere and bulk soil were characterized using the chloroform-fumigation extraction procedure, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and measurements of the enzymes beta-glucosidase, beta-xylosidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase and sulfatase. The interplay between the host plant and the successional stage was quantified using principal component (PCA) and multidimensional scaling analyses. Correlation analyses were applied to evaluate the relationship between soil factors (C-org, N-t, C/N ratio, pH, ammonium, phosphorus, potassium) and microbial properties in the bulk soil. In the pioneer stage microbial colonization of the rhizosphere of P. alpina was dependent on the reservoir of microbial species in the bulk soil. As a consequence, the rhizosphere and bulk soil were similar in microbial biomass (ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen (NHR-N)), community composition (PLFA), and enzyme activity. In the transition and mature grassland stage, more benign soil conditions stimulated microbial growth (NHR-N, total amount of PLFA, bacterial PLFA, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria), and microbial diversity (Shannon index H) in the rhizosphere either directly or indirectly through enhanced carbon allocation. In the same period, the rhizosphere microflora shifted from a G(-) to a more G(+), and from a fungal to a more bacteria-dominated community. Rhizosphere beta-xylosidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, and sulfatase activity peaked in the mature grassland soil, whereas rhizosphere leucine aminopeptidase, beta-glucosidase, and phosphatase activity were highest in the transition stage, probably because of enhanced carbon and nutrient allocation into the rhizosphere due to better growth conditions. Soil organic matter appeared to be the most important driver of microbial colonization in the bulk soil. The decrease in soil pH and soil C/N ratio mediated the shifts in the soil microbial community composition (bacPLFA, bacPLFA/fungPLFA, G(-), G(+)/G(-)). The activities of beta-glucosidase, beta-xylosidase and phosphatase were related to soil ammonium and phosphorus, indicating that higher decomposition rates enhanced the nutrient availability in the bulk soil. We conclude that the major determinants of the microllora vary along the successional gradient: in the pioneer stage the rhizosphere microflora was primarily determined by the harsh soil environment; under more favourable environmental conditions, however, the host plant selected for a specific microbial community that was related to the dynamic interplay between soil properties and carbon supply. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Shifts in rhizosphere microbial communities and enzyme activity of Poa alpina across an alpine chronosequence

This study quantifies the influence of Poa alpina on the soil microbial community in primary succession of alpine ecosystems, and whether these effects are controlled by the successional stage. Four successional sites representative of four stages of grassland development (initial, 4 years (non-vegetated); pioneer, 20 years; transition, 75 years; mature, 9500 years old) on the Rotmoos glacier foreland, Austria, were sampled. The size, composition and activity of the microbial community in the rhizosphere and bulk soil were characterized using the chloroform-fumigation extraction procedure, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and measurements of the enzymes beta-glucosidase, beta-xylosidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase and sulfatase. The interplay between the host plant and the successional stage was quantified using principal component (PCA) and multidimensional scaling analyses. Correlation analyses were applied to evaluate the relationship between soil factors (C-org, N-t, C/N ratio, pH, ammonium, phosphorus, potassium) and microbial properties in the bulk soil. In the pioneer stage microbial colonization of the rhizosphere of P. alpina was dependent on the reservoir of microbial species in the bulk soil. As a consequence, the rhizosphere and bulk soil were similar in microbial biomass (ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen (NHR-N)), community composition (PLFA), and enzyme activity. In the transition and mature grassland stage, more benign soil conditions stimulated microbial growth (NHR-N, total amount of PLFA, bacterial PLFA, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria), and microbial diversity (Shannon index H) in the rhizosphere either directly or indirectly through enhanced carbon allocation. In the same period, the rhizosphere microflora shifted from a G(-) to a more G(+), and from a fungal to a more bacteria-dominated community. Rhizosphere beta-xylosidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, and sulfatase activity peaked in the mature grassland soil, whereas rhizosphere leucine aminopeptidase, beta-glucosidase, and phosphatase activity were highest in the transition stage, probably because of enhanced carbon and nutrient allocation into the rhizosphere due to better growth conditions. Soil organic matter appeared to be the most important driver of microbial colonization in the bulk soil. The decrease in soil pH and soil C/N ratio mediated the shifts in the soil microbial community composition (bacPLFA, bacPLFA/fungPLFA, G(-), G(+)/G(-)). The activities of beta-glucosidase, beta-xylosidase and phosphatase were related to soil ammonium and phosphorus, indicating that higher decomposition rates enhanced the nutrient availability in the bulk soil. We conclude that the major determinants of the microllora vary along the successional gradient: in the pioneer stage the rhizosphere microflora was primarily determined by the harsh soil environment; under more favourable environmental conditions, however, the host plant selected for a specific microbial community that was related to the dynamic interplay between soil properties and carbon supply. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Exigências nutricionais de caprinos da raça alpina em crescimento. 2. composição corporal e do ganho em peso em proteína, extrato etéreo, energia, cálcio e fósforo

This experiment was conducted to estimate the body composition and the composition of the weight gain of energy, protein, calcium and phosphorus of kid goals in the growing phase. Fifteen four-month-old male kid goats, average live weight of 20 kg and fed an isocaloric and isoproteic diet with an increased level of calcium, were used. The experimental period was 27 days. The animals were slaughtered to determine the body composition and estimate the body content of energy, protein, ether extract, calcium, and phosphorus. The average values for the body composition were, respectively: water, 64.88%; protein, 15.22%; ether extract 14.17%; energy, 2.40 Mcal/kg as fed; calcium, .79%; and phosphorus, .54%. The values for the composition of live weight gain for 18 and 26 kg of live weight were: protein, 168.15 and 183.12 g; ether extract 83.47 and 67.71 g; energy, 1.80 and 1.63 Mcal/kg as fed; calcium, 6995.36 and 6579.02 mg; and phosphorus, 5860.95 and 6427.16 mg, respectively.

Exigências nutricionais de caprinos da raça alpina em crescimento. 3. exigências nutricionais de energia, proteína, cálcio e fósforo1

This experiment was conducted to estimate the energy, protein, calcium, and phosphorus requirements for kid goats in the growing phase. Fifteen four-month-old male kid goats, average live weight of 20 kg and fed an isocaloric and isoprotein diet with increased levels of calcium, were used. The experimental period was 27 days. The animals were slaughtered to determine body composition and to estimate the body contents of energy, protein, ether extract, calcium, and phosphorus. The estimates per kg of gain were: net energy, 1,802 to 1,632 kcal; net protein, 0.168 to 0.183 g; calcium, 6.993 to 6.758 mg; and phosphorus, 5.865 to 6.430 mg for animals from 18 to 26 kg of live weight.

Estimação de parâmetros genéticos para produção de leite de cabras da raça Alpina

Foram utilizados 9.374 registros semanais de produção de leite de 302 primeiras lactações de cabras da raça Alpina. A produção de leite no dia do controle foi analisada por meio de um modelo animal, unicarater, de regressão aleatória, em que as funções de covariâncias para os componentes genéticos aditivos e de ambiente permanente foram modeladas por meio das funções de Wilmink, Ali e Schaeffer e por polinômios ortogonais, em uma escala de Legendre de ordens cúbica e quíntica. Assumiu-se, ainda, variância residual homogênea durante toda a lactação e heterogênea com três e quatro classes de variância residual. Os modelos foram comparados pelo critério de informação de Akaike (AIC), pelo critério de informação Bayesiano de Schwar (BIC), pela função de verossimilhança (Ln L), pela visualização das estimativas de variâncias genéticas, de ambiente permanente, fenotípicas e residuais e pelas herdabilidades. O polinômio de Legendre de ordem quíntica, com quatro e três classes de variâncias residuais, e a função de Ali e Schaeffer, com quatro classes de variâncias residuais, foram indicados como os mais adequados pelo AIC, BIC e Ln L. Estes modelos diferiram na partição da variância fenotípica para as variâncias de ambiente permanente, genética e residual apenas no início e no final da lactação. Contudo, a função de Ali e Schaeffer resultou em estimativas negativas de correlação genética entre os controles mais distantes. O polinômio de Legendre de ordem quíntica, assumindo variância residual heterogênea, mostrou-se mais adequado para ajustar a produção de leite no dia do controle de cabras da raça Alpina.