The government of South Africa.

"The starting of a national government in Austrailia, by R. R. Garran": vol. I, p. [373]-389.

Garenganze West and East, a review of twenty-one years' pioneer work in the heart of Africa.

http://www.archive.org/details/garenganze00arnouoft/

Geoelectric evidence for centripetal resurge of impact melt and breccias over central uplift of Araguainha impact structure

We present five profiles from electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), with surface constraints and gravity data, in the central uplift of the Araguainha impact structure in central Brazil. The central uplift, the overlying polymict breccias, and decameter-scale impact melt rocks are characterized by contrasting ranges of electrical resistivity. Our resistivity model provides empirical evidence that supports the existing model in which impact melt and breccias resurged toward the crater center in the final stages of the cratering process. On the basis of our results from the first use of ERT in impact cratering studies, we conclude that the deposition and flow of impact melt and breccias over the central uplift were influenced by the geometry of the lithologic boundaries in the central uplift.

Congo River Basin, 1885 (Image 1 of 2) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: A map of the Congo basin and adjoining territories : shewing the extent of the Congo Free State, Henry M. Stanley. It was published by Harper & Brothers in 1885. Scale [ca. 1:3,000,000]. This layer is image 1 of 2 total images of the two sheet source map, representing the western portion of the map. Covers a portion of Central Africa.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Africa Lambert Conformal Conic projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures and spot heights.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Congo River Basin, 1885 (Image 2 of 2) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: A map of the Congo basin and adjoining territories : shewing the extent of the Congo Free State, Henry M. Stanley. It was published by Harper & Brothers in 1885. Scale [ca. 1:3,000,000]. This layer is image 2 of 2 total images of the two sheet source map, representing the eastern portion of the map. Covers a portion of Central Africa. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Africa Lambert Conformal Conic projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures and spot heights. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Congo River Valley & Zambezi River Valley, 1732 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: L'Ethiopie occidentale, par le Sr. D'Anville, Geographe ordre. du Roi. It was published in 1732. Scale [ca. 1:9,250,000]. Map in French. Covers the Congo River Valley and the Zambezi River Valley, and portions of Central and Eastern Africa.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Africa Lambert Conformal Conic projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially. Includes also notes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

North Africa or Barbary

I. Marocco (Scale [ca. 1:2,800,000]) -- II. Algier (Scale [ca. 1:2,000,000]) -- III. Tunis and part of Tripoli (Scale [ca. 1:2,000,000]) -- IV. Tripoli (Scale [ca. 1:2,000,000]) -- V. Parts of Tripoli and Egypt (Scale [ca. 1:2,000,000]).

The origins and radiation of Australian Coptotermes termites: From rainforest to desert dwellers

The termite genus Coptotermes (Rhinotermitidae) is found in Asia, Africa, Central/South America and Australia, with greatest diversity in Asia. Some Coptotermes species are amongst the world’s most damaging invasive termites, but the genus is also significant for containing the most sophisticated mound-building termites outside the family Termitidae. These mound-building Coptotermes occur only in Australia. Despite its economic and evolutionary significance, the biogeographic history of the genus has not been well investigated, nor has the evolution of the Australian mound-building species. We present here the first phylogeny of the Australian Coptotermes to include representatives from all described species. We combined our new data with previously generated data to estimate the first phylogeny to include representatives from all continents where the genus is found. We also present the first estimation of divergence dates during the evolution of the genus. We found the Australian Coptotermes to be monophyletic and most closely related to the Asian Coptotermes, with considerable genetic diversity in some Australian taxa possibly representing undescribed species. The Australian mound-building species did not form a monophyletic clade. Our ancestral state reconstruction analysis indicated that the ancestral Australian Coptotermes was likely to have been a tree nester, and that mound-building behaviour has arisen multiple times. The Australian Coptotermes were found to have diversified ∼13 million years ago, which plausibly matches with the narrowing of the Arafura Sea allowing Asian taxa to cross into Australia. The first diverging Coptotermes group was found to be African, casting doubt on the previously raised hypothesis that the genus has an Asian origin.

Appropriation de la décision collective : évaluation environnementale comme champ d’application de la participation publique au Bénin

En se basant sur le principe organisationnel des deux types d’ensembles politiques rencontrés au Bénin, le but de cette recherche est d’explorer un ou des modèles conjoints, classiques et coutumiers, de participation en vue de promouvoir une démocratie participative plus proche des citoyens. Trois échelons spatiaux ont constitué le terrain de la recherche : l’Afrique, le Bénin centre et les milieux proches des anciennes royautés. La documentation et les données d’observations et d’entrevues ont été analysées par la démarche de théorisation ancrée et l’appréhension des phénomènes socio-spatiaux. Des quatre modèles originaux avec les critères endogènes d’appréciation de la participation mis en évidence et caractérisés dans les cultures du Bénin, deux, Togbésso-Hon-Togbassa et Daŋnou, émergent comme représentatifs des exigences d’une démocratie avec des formes territorialisées de la participation. La mise en perspective de la participation au Bénin avec les États d’Afrique montre une bonne performance qui le fait référencer comme le plus performant pour ses procédures et pratiques et comme source d’inspiration de mise en place des dispositifs participatifs dans le palmarès des grandes démocraties. Ses deux instruments de la décision, l’analyse participative et l’audience publique, restent perfectibles. La première, une innovation intéressante à encadrer, limite la participation à des acteurs choisis selon des critères généralement non énoncés. L’audience publique reste insatisfaisante par son inadéquation à la production de la décision collective et un modèle antinomique de la pensée politique africaine qui vise le consensus dans une démarche inclusive à essence délibérative sous forme de palabre. Fondement de la démocratie participative, la palabre offre le soubassement pour un modèle synergique basé sur les principes de délibération collective, d’offre de l’initiative de la décision au citoyen, de l’invitation aux débats et de l’écoute active (DROIE), d’un dispositif décisionnel flexible et adapté, au centre duquel se trouvent la délibération, le huis clos, la validation populaire et la reddition de compte, le recours et la réparation ainsi que le contrôle de qualité de la décision, essentiels à la gestion, et structurants à l’évaluation environnementale.

Análisis de la incidencia de la Reforma al Sector de Seguridad en el proceso de Desarme, Desmovilización y Reintegración en la República Democrática del Congo (2003 - 2009)

El continente africano ha sido por excelencia analizado por los estudios de seguridad, con el fin de comprender la naturaleza de los conflictos que han tenido lugar en el territorio y poder ofrecer a través de diversas estrategias, posibles soluciones para el no retorno al conflicto por parte de los grupos armados. Por esta razón, a partir de la década de los noventa surge la puesta en marcha de programas y reformas como la Desmovilización, el Desarme y la Reintegración (DDR) dentro de una Reforma al Sector de la Seguridad (RSS). En el caso de la República Democrática del Congo, luego de numerosos conflictos e intervenciones por parte de diferentes actores, se plantea llevar a cabo un programa de DDR en el marco de una RSS especialmente dirigido a las Fuerzas Armadas. En este sentido, esta monografía analiza la incidencia de la RSS sobre el programa de DDR, con el fin de vislumbrar los retos que se presentan dentro de un contexto de conflicto complejo como el de la RDC.

Análisis de la incidencia del postconflicto ruandés en la seguridad de la zona Kivú Norte en la República Democrática del Congo (2003 - 2009)

El continente africano se ha caracterizado, especialmente a partir de la postguerra Fría, por los numerosos conflictos interestatales e intraestatales. Es así cómo surge el interés por ampliar los estudios de seguridad, con el fin de poder no sólo comprender sino dar posibles soluciones a conflictos de larga duración e intensidad que tienen sus orígenes al interior de los Estados y que inevitablemente han hecho mella en la seguridad de los Estados vecinos a través de sus fronteras. Es por esto que la presente monografía analiza la incidencia del postconflicto ruandés de 1994 en la zona de Kivú Norte ubicado al este de la RDC, con el fin de dar cuenta de las razones por las cuales un conflicto intraestatal que tuvo lugar en Ruanda fue trasladado a su vecino, la República Democrática del Congo, generando un conflicto que aun hasta el año 2009 seguía en aumento.

A climate change risk analysis for world ecosystems

We quantify the risks of climate-induced changes in key ecosystem processes during the 21st century by forcing a dynamic global vegetation model with multiple scenarios from 16 climate models and mapping the proportions of model runs showing forest/nonforest shifts or exceedance of natural variability in wildfire frequency and freshwater supply. Our analysis does not assign probabilities to scenarios or weights to models. Instead, we consider distribution of outcomes within three sets of model runs grouped by the amount of global warming they simulate: <2°C (including simulations in which atmospheric composition is held constant, i.e., in which the only climate change is due to greenhouse gases already emitted), 2–3°C, and >3°C. High risk of forest loss is shown for Eurasia, eastern China, Canada, Central America, and Amazonia, with forest extensions into the Arctic and semiarid savannas; more frequent wildfire in Amazonia, the far north, and many semiarid regions; more runoff north of 50°N and in tropical Africa and northwestern South America; and less runoff in West Africa, Central America, southern Europe, and the eastern U.S. Substantially larger areas are affected for global warming >3°C than for <2°C; some features appear only at higher warming levels. A land carbon sink of ≈1 Pg of C per yr is simulated for the late 20th century, but for >3°C this sink converts to a carbon source during the 21st century (implying a positive climate feedback) in 44% of cases. The risks continue increasing over the following 200 years, even with atmospheric composition held constant.

Characterization of the genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in São Paulo city, Brazil

Background: Tuberculosis is a major health problem in São Paulo, Brazil, which is the most populous and one of the most cosmopolitan cities in South America. To characterize the genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the population of this city, the genotyping techniques of spoligotyping and MIRU were applied to 93 isolates collected in two consecutive years from 93 different tuberculosis patients residing in São Paulo city and attending the Clemente Ferreira Institute (the reference clinic for the treatment of tuberculosis). Findings. Spoligotyping generated 53 different spoligotype patterns. Fifty-one isolates (54.8%) were grouped into 13 spoligotyping clusters. Seventy- two strains (77.4%) showed spoligotypes described in the international databases (SpolDB4, SITVIT), and 21 (22.6%) showed unidentified patterns. The most frequent spoligotype families were Latin American Mediterranean (LAM) (26 isolates), followed by the T family (24 isolates) and Haarlem (H) (11 isolates), which together accounted for 65.4% of all the isolates. These three families represent the major genotypes found in Africa, Central America, South America and Europe. Six Spoligo-International- types (designated SITs by the database) comprised 51.8% (37/72) of all the identified spoligotypes (SIT53, SIT50, SIT42, SIT60, SIT17 and SIT1). Other SITs found in this study indicated the great genetic diversity of M. tuberculosis, reflecting the remarkable ethnic diversity of São Paulo city inhabitants. The MIRU technique was more discriminatory and did not identify any genetic clusters with 100% similarity among the 93 isolates. The allelic analysis showed that MIRU loci 26, 40, 23 and 10 were the most discriminatory. When MIRU and spoligotyping techniques were combined, all isolates grouped in the 13 spoligotyping clusters were separated. Conclusions: Our data indicated the genomic stability of over 50% of spoligotypes identified in São Paulo and the great genetic diversity of M. tuberculosis isolates in the remaining SITs, reflecting the large ethnic mix of the São Paulo city inhabitants. The results also indicated that in this city, M. tuberculosis isolates acquired drug resistance independently of genotype and that resistance was more dependent on the selective pressure of treatment failure and the environmental circumstances of patients. © 2011 Leite et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Estrutura e evolução cariotípica de peixes ciclídeos sul americanos

Pós-graduação em Biologia Geral e Aplicada - IBB

Avaliação do potencial tripanocida dos óleos essenciais de Melampodium divaricatum e Hedychium coronarium e dos extratos de Polygonum ferrugineum em cepas de Trypanosoma brucei

Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia - IQ