Sulfetos volatilizáveis por acidificação e metais extraídos simultaneamente na avaliação de sedimentos de água doce

This paper discusses the historical and methodological fundaments of the dynamics and quantification of acid volatile sulfides (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) in aquatic sediments. It also discusses the SEM/AVS relationship, which involves several controversial aspects such as sulfide stability, sulfide-organic matter interaction, and the inability to predict the toxicity of organic compounds in the environment. This relationship is an important tool for the inference of metal bioavailability. The use of ecotoxicological tests with target organisms regulated by international standards is also a relevant aspect.

Controle da qualidade na determinação potenciométrica de sulfetos volatilizáveis por acidificação (SVA) utilizando adições de padrão

This paper presents a quality assurance and quality control protocol in order to ensure the reliability of analytical results for the determination of acid volatile sulfides in environmental samples by potentiometry. The monitoring of the ion selective sensor readings must be realized continually and particularly in this situation where the analyte is susceptible to transformation and volatilization. Potentiometry with the standard addition was presented as a rapid, accurate, precise, feasible as well as a low cost technique. Concentrations of the analyte in the range of 0.49 to 1.02 mg L-1 were tested with percentage recoveries varying from 89 to 113%.

Frações da matéria orgânica e propriedades redox de substâncias húmicas em sedimentos de oceanos profundos

Previous studies have verified that free radicals such as quinone moieties in organic matter participate in the redox reactions in natural systems. These functional groups were positively correlated with the increase in aromaticity and hydrophobicity of the humic substances. As an alternative to relatively complex and expensive spectroscopic methods, the redox properties of the humic substances, determined by potentiometric titrations, have been used to evaluate organic carbon stability in soil and sediments. The present study aimed to perform organic matter fractionation and isolation of humic substances from deep oceans in different isobaths (750; 1,050; 1,350; 1,650; 1,950 m) to determine their redox properties by iodimetric titrations under an inert atmosphere and specified conditions of pH and ionic strength. Sediment samples were collected to the North and South of platforms of petroleum exploration located in the North of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Fractions of organic carbon and redox properties of humic substances varied with origin and depth of the samples and with position North and South of the petroleum exploration area.

Oceanografia e Química: unindo conhecimentos em prol dos oceanos e da sociedade

The marine environment is certainly one of the most complex systems to study, not only because of the challenges posed by the nature of the waters, but especially due to the interactions of physical, chemical and biological processes that control the cycles of the elements. Together with analytical chemists, oceanographers have been making a great effort in the advancement of knowledge of the distribution patterns of trace elements and processes that determine their biogeochemical cycles and influences on the climate of the planet. The international academic community is now in prime position to perform the first study on a global scale for observation of trace elements and their isotopes in the marine environment (GEOTRACES) and to evaluate the effects of major global changes associated with the influences of megacities distributed around the globe. This action can only be performed due to the development of highly sensitive detection methods and the use of clean sampling and handling techniques, together with a joint international program working toward the clear objective of expanding the frontiers of the biogeochemistry of the oceans and related topics, including climate change issues and ocean acidification associated with alterations in the carbon cycle. It is expected that the oceanographic data produced this coming decade will allow a better understanding of biogeochemical cycles, and especially the assessment of changes in trace elements and contaminants in the oceans due to anthropogenic influences, as well as its effects on ecosystems and climate. Computational models are to be constructed to simulate the conditions and processes of the modern oceans and to allow predictions. The environmental changes arising from human activity since the 18th century (also called the Anthropocene) have made the Earth System even more complex. Anthropogenic activities have altered both terrestrial and marine ecosystems, and the legacy of these impacts in the oceans include: a) pollution of the marine environment by solid waste, including plastics; b) pollution by chemical and medical (including those for veterinary use) substances such as hormones, antibiotics, legal and illegal drugs, leading to possible endocrine disruption of marine organisms; and c) ocean acidification, the collateral effect of anthropogenic emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere, irreversible in the human life time scale. Unfortunately, the anthropogenic alteration of the hydrosphere due to inputs of plastics, metal, hydrocarbons, contaminants of emerging concern and even with formerly "exotic" trace elements, such us rare earth elements is likely to accelerate in the near future. These emerging contaminants would likely soon present difficulties for studies in pristine environments. All this knowledge brings with it a great responsibility: helping to envisage viable adaptation and mitigation solutions to the problems identified. The greatest challenge faced by Brazil is currently to create a framework project to develop education, science and technology applied to oceanography and related areas. This framework would strengthen the present working groups and enhance capacity building, allowing a broader Brazilian participation in joint international actions and scientific programs. Recently, the establishment of the National Institutes of Science and Technology (INCTs) for marine science, and the creation of the National Institute of Oceanographic and Hydrological Research represent an exemplary start. However, the participation of the Brazilian academic community in the latest assaults on the frontier of chemical oceanography is extremely limited, largely due to: i. absence of physical infrastructure for the preparation and processing of field samples at ultra-trace level; ii. limited access to oceanographic cruises, due to the small number of Brazilian vessels and/or absence of "clean" laboratories on board; iii. restricted international cooperation; iv. limited analytical capacity of Brazilian institutions for the analysis of trace elements in seawater; v. high cost of ultrapure reagents associated with processing a large number of samples, and vi. lack of qualified technical staff. Advances in knowledge, analytic capabilities and the increasing availability of analytical resources available today offer favorable conditions for chemical oceanography to grow. The Brazilian academic community is maturing and willing to play a role in strengthening the marine science research programs by connecting them with educational and technological initiatives in order to preserve the oceans and to promote the development of society.

Elaboração do queijo mozarela de leite de búfala pelos métodos tradicional e da acidificação direta

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a elaboração do queijo Mozarela de leite de búfala pelos métodos tradicional e da acidificação direta com ácido cítrico. O pH da acidificação variou de 5,1 a 5,2. Observou-se uma redução de 8 para 3 horas no tempo total de fabricação pelo método da acidificação direta em relação ao tradicional. Esta redução ocorreu devido à diminuição do tempo de coagulação de 50 para 5 minutos e da ausência da etapa de fermentação. A etapa de fermentação durou 4 horas no método tradicional. O rendimento obtido para o queijo Mozarela elaborado pelo método da acidificação direta foi maior que o obtido no tradicional, com valores de 18,0 e 17,3%, respectivamente. Em base seca, observou-se que os processamentos obtiveram rendimento equivalente. O queijo elaborado pelo método de acidificação direta apresentou menor teor de proteína e maior de umidade e, consequentemente, menor teor de sólidos totais em relação ao método tradicional. Os teores de gordura, cinzas e cálcio dos queijos elaborados para ambos os métodos não apresentaram diferenças significativas. Para o teste de aceitabilidade dos queijos, 50 provadores não treinados avaliaram as amostras utilizando escala hedônica de 9 pontos. Não houve diferença significativa na aceitabilidade das amostras, com médias 6,68 e 6,26 para o método de acidificação direta e método tradicional, respectivamente.

Efeito do teor de sólidos e da concentração de sacarose na acidificação, firmeza e viabilidade de bactérias do iogurte e probióticas em leite fermentado

Doze lotes de leites fermentados foram preparados a 42ºC nos quais as variáveis estudadas foram o teor de sólidos totais (12 e 15%), o teor de sacarose (0% e 8%) e o tipo de co-cultura (Streptococcus thermophilus e Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus ; Streptococcus thermophilus e Lactobacillus acidophilus ; Streptococcus thermophilus e Lactobacillus rhamnosus). Parâmetros cinéticos para a diminuição do pH até 4,5 foram calculados. Determinações físico-químicas e microbiológicas foram realizadas após um e sete dias de armazenamento dos produtos a 4ºC. Com o aumento do teor de sólidos totais e adição de sacarose, a atividade de água do leite diminuiu e o tempo para atingir pH 4,5 variou conforme a co-cultura empregada. Os leites fermentados por S. thermophilus e L. acidphilus (STLA) apresentaram pós-acidificação mais acentuada. Aqueles fermentados por S. thermophilus e L. rhamnosus (STLR) foram mais estáveis. Os leites contendo maiores teores de sólidos totais foram aqueles com maior acidez total independente da co-cultura usada. Com o aumento do teor de sacarose e de sólidos solúveis houve um aumento da firmeza usando-se as co-culturas STLR e STLA. Após sete dias, o número de bactérias do iogurte e as probióticas não variou significativamente. Em todos os lotes, o número de bactérias probióticas ficou acima do sugerido pela literatura.

Avaliação sensorial, microbiológica e de pós-acidificação durante a vida-de-prateleira de leites fermentados contendo Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium longum e Lactobacillus acidophilus

Três leites fermentados, o primeiro por Str. thermophilus, o segundo por Bif. longum e o terceiro por Lb. acidophilus e o leite fermentado elaborado pela mistura de volumes iguais dos leites fermentados, separadamente, por Str. thermophilus, Bif. longum e Lb. acidophilus tiveram seu pH, acidez titulável, atributos sensoriais de sabor e acidez, e contagens de células viáveis determinadas, ao longo de 21 dias de estocagem a 4ºC. Não houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) para os atributos sensoriais entre o leite fermentado elaborado por mistura e aquele contendo apenas Str. thermophilus. O leite fermentado por Str. thermophilus apresentou a maior acidez e menor pH, enquanto o leite fermentado por Bif. longum apresentou a menor acidez e maior pH. As populações de Str. thermophilus e Bif. longum mantiveram-se constantes até 21 dias de estocagem, tanto nos leites fermentados isoladamente como no leite elaborado pela mistura, enquanto as populações de Lb. acidophilus apresentaram redução de um ciclo logarítmico.

Aplicação de sistemas microemulsionados ácidos em acidificação de poços

Stimulation operations have with main objective restore or improve the productivity or injectivity rate in wells. Acidizing is one of the most important operations of well stimulation, consist in inject acid solutions in the formation under fracture formation pressure. Acidizing have like main purpose remove near wellbore damage, caused by drilling or workover operations, can be use in sandstones and in carbonate formations. A critical step in acidizing operation is the control of acid-formation reaction. The high kinetic rate of this reaction, promotes the consumed of the acid in region near well, causing that the acid treatment not achive the desired distance. In this way, the damage zone can not be bypassed. The main objective of this work was obtain stable systems resistant to the different conditions found in field application, evaluate the kinetic of calcite dissolution in microemulsion systems and simulate the injection of this systems by performing experiments in plugs. The systems were obtained from two non ionic surfactants, Unitol L90 and Renex 110, with sec-butanol and n-butanol like cosurfactants. The oily component of the microemlsion was xilene and kerosene. The acqueous component was a solution of HCl 15-26,1%. The results shown that the microemulsion systems obtained were stable to temperature until 100ºC, high calcium concentrations, salinity until 35000 ppm and HCl concentrations until 25%. The time for calcite dissolution in microemulsion media was 14 times slower than in aqueous HCl 15%. The simulation in plugs showed that microemulsion systems promote a distributed flux and promoted longer channels. The permeability enhancement was between 177 - 890%. The results showed that the microemulsion systems obtained have potential to be applied in matrix acidizing

Avaliação da acidificação urinária em ovinos com a utilização de três tratamentos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Alternativas para a diminuição da acidificação do bulbo molhado na cultura do citros

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)