Parasites of four ornamental fish from the Chumucuí River (Bragança, Pará, Brazil)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a fauna parasitária de quatro espécies de peixes ornamentais capturados no rio Chumucuí, no município de Bragança-PA. Foram coletados um total de 307 peixes pertencentes a 4 espécies, sendo elas: Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae (olho de fogo, n = 23), Carnegiella strigata (borboleta, n = 37), Chilodus punctatus (cabeça-para-baixo, n = 7) e Astyanax bimaculatus (lambari, n = 240) coletados de junho de 2006 a dezembro de 2007. Foram observados 3 taxa parasitando os peixes: monogenéticos nas brânquias, nematóides (larvas de Capillaria sp. e Contracaecum sp.) no trato digestório e fígado e acantocéfalos (Quadrigyrus torquatus, Q. brasiliensis e Q. nickoli) no estômago e intestino. Astyanax bimaculatus apresentou maior prevalência de acantocéfalos na estação chuvosa, menor prevalência de nematóides na estação seca. Discute-se a eventual importância destes parasitas na exportação de peixes ornamentais.

Helminth Fauna of Two Species of Physalaemus (Anura: Leiuperidae) from an Undisturbed Fragment of the Atlantic Rainforest, Southeastern Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Helmintofauna de duas espécies de anfíbios, Haddadus binotatus (Anura: Craugastoridae) e Ischnocnema guentheri (Anura: Brachycephalidae), da Mata Atlântica, no município de São Luiz do Paraitinga, São Paulo, Brasil

The Brazilian Atlantic Forest harbors a rich biodiversity with more than four hundred of amphibian species and many of these are endemic in this environment. This high rate of restricted endemism associated with global decline of amphibian diversity and density make it an important priority for the conservation of this ecosystem and to warrant intensive monitoring amphibian populations. Considering the importance that the parasites have on the ecology of their hosts, parasitic infections become a considerable factor in conservation biology. To expand the knowledge of this area, 23 specimens of Haddadus binotatus (Anura: Craugastoridae) and 36 Ischnocnema guentheri (Anura: Brachycephalidae) were collected from Santa Virginia, São Luiz do Paraitinga, São Paulo, between January and February 2010, to study their helminth parasites. Twelve helminth taxa were diagnosed and six of them were common to both hosts. The higher prevalence (P = 96%), mean abundance (MA = 11.7 ± 1.6) and mean intensity of infection (MII = 12.3 ± 1.6) were presented by H. binotatus compared to I. guentheri (P = 67%, MA = 2.4 ± 0.5, MII = 3.6 ± 0.6). Nematode species were found in different stages (cysts, larvae and adults) and acanthocephalans were found in both anurans. However, cestode species was found only in I. guentheri. Differences in parasitism of two species of frogs have been attributed to different sizes and micro-habitats of animals that allow different diets and contact with different helminth species. All helminths found have not been reported H. binotatus and also three new species records were noticed for I. guentheri

Phylogenomische Analysen bei Metazoen - Zur Stellung der Xenoturbellida und Syndermata

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde die phylogenetischen Stellungen der Xenoturbellida (Deuterostomia) und der Syndermata (Protostomia) mit phylogenomischen Techniken untersucht. Auf methodischer Ebene konnte gezeigt werden, dass ribosomale Proteine aufgrund ihres mittleren bis hohen Konservierungsgrades, ihrer Häufigkeit in kleineren EST-Projekten, damit verbunden ihrer Häufigkeit in Datenbanken und ihres phylogenetischen Informationsgehalts nützliche Werkzeuge für phylogenetische Fragestellungen sind. Es konnte durch phylogenetische Rekonstruktionen und Hypothesentests auf Basis eines 11.912 Aminosäuren langen Datensatzes gezeigt werden, dass die Xenoturbellida innerhalb der Deuterostomia eine Schwestergruppenbeziehung zu den Ambulacraria eingehen. Diese Arbeit zeigt im Vergleich aller bisher durchgeführten Arbeiten die beste statistische Unterstützung für diese Topologie. Weiterhin konnte untermauert werden, dass die Urochordata vermutlich anstelle der Cephalochordata die Schwestergruppe der Vertebrata sind. Der Vergleich der publizierten Xenoturbella EST-Datensätze mit dem eigenen Datensatz ließ den Rückschluß zu, dass ESTs offenbar klar weniger anfällig gegen Kontaminationen mit Erbmaterial (DNA+RNA) anderer Spezies sind als PCR-Amplifikate genomischer oder mitochondrialer Gene. Allerdings bestimmt anscheinend der physiologische Zustand der Tiere die Repräsentation von Transkriptklassen wie Stressproteine und mitochondriale Transkripte. Die bakteriellen Transkripte in einem der EST-Datensätze stammen vermutlich von Chlamydien, die möglicherweise symbiontisch in Xenoturbella bocki leben. Im Bereich der Protostomia wurden drei EST-Projekte für Vertreter der Syndermata durchgeführt. Basierend auf drei verschiedenen Proteinalignment-Datensätzen von ca. 11.000 Aminosäuren Länge konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Syndermata innerhalb der Spiralia einzugruppieren sind und dass sie mit den Gnathostomulida das monophyletische Supertaxon Gnathifera bilden. Die genaue phylogenetische Position der Syndermata innerhalb der Spiralia konnte hingegen noch nicht eindeutig geklärt werden, ebenso wie kein kongruenter Beweis für die Existenz des Supertaxons Platyzoa gefunden werden konnte. Im Rahmen der Untersuchung der internen Phylogenie der Syndermata konnten drei der fünf konkurrierenden Hypothesen aufgrund der Paraphylie der Eurotatoria ausgeschlossen werden. Da keine Daten der Seisonidea in den Analysen implementiert waren, bleibt die Frage der internen Phylogenie der Syndermata letztlich offen. Klar ist jedoch, dass die Eurotatoria nicht wie bislang angenommen monophyletisch sind, da die räderorgantragenden Bdelloidea keinesfalls den morphologisch diesbezüglich ähnlichen Monogononta ähnlich sind, sondern den räderorganlosen Acanthocephala näher stehen. Die Abbildung der molekularen Phylogenie auf die morphologischen Verhältnisse zeigt, dass das Räderorgan (partiell oder komplett) offenbar kurz nach der Aufspaltung der Syndermata in Monogononta und Acanthocephala + Bdelloidea in der Acanthocephala + Bdelloidea-Linie reduziert wurde. Die Entstehung des einziehbaren hinteren Körperteils (Rostrum bei Bdelloidea bzw. Proboscis bei Acanthocephala) in der Acanthocephala + Bdelloidea-Linie könnte das Schlüsselereignis zur Entstehung des Endoparasitismus der Acanthocephala gewesen sein.

Are cryptic host species also cryptic to parasites? Host specificity and geographical distribution of acanthocephalan parasites infecting freshwater Gammarus

Many parasites infect multiple host species. In coevolving host–parasite interactions, theory predicts that parasites should be adapted to locally common hosts, which could lead to regional shifts in host preferences. We studied the interaction between freshwater Gammarus (Crustacea, Amphipoda) and their acanthocephalan parasites using a large-scale field survey and experiments, combined with molecular identification of cryptic host and parasite species. Gammarus pulex is a common host for multiple species of Acanthocephala in Europe but, in Switzerland, is less common than two cryptic members of the Gammarus fossarum species complex (type A and type B). We found that natural populations of these cryptic species were frequently infected by Pomphorhynchus tereticollis and Polymorphus minutus. Four additional parasite species occurred only locally. Parasites were more common in G. fossarum type B than in type A. Infection experiments using several host and parasite sources confirmed consistently lower infection rates in G. pulex than in G. fossarum type A, suggesting a general difference in susceptibility between the two species. In conclusion, we could show that cryptic host species differ in their interactions with parasites, but that these differences were much less dramatic than differences between G. fossarum (type A) and G. pulex. Our data suggest that the acanthocephalans in Switzerland have adapted to the two most common Gammarus species in this region where host species frequencies differ from near-by regions in Europe.

Stomach content and parasite characteristics of M. scorpius from Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island

Shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius) from Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island, is a slow growing long-lived species. A wide range of diet items were present in the stomachs of the shorthorn sculpins sampled but 2-3 diet items (amphipod species) comprised 99.5 % of total food consumed. These amphipods were present in the stomachs in similar proportions among all age classes of shorthorn sculpin. Several new host records for parasites were reported and mean numbers of parasite species increased with shorthorn sculpin age. The increased diversity of parasite species and higher d15N values in older/larger individuals suggest that their diets were more diverse and the prey items consumed had higher d15N values. By contrast, the value of d13C in dominant diet items masked the d13C values of minor diet items. We conclude that parasites and stable isotope values provide complementary data on feeding patterns of the shorthorn sculpin. The ubiquitous marine acanthocephalan, Echinorhynchus gadi, was found at high prevalences (87-100 %) and mean intensities (28-35), and were localized in the midgut. In contrast to other studies on acanthocephalans, E. gadi did not influence fish condition as measured by condition factor, liver somatic and gonado-somatic indices.