Communicating consequences with costs: A commentary on Corso et al's cost of injury

Estimating the economic burden of injuries is important for setting priorities, allocating scarce health resources and planning cost-effective prevention activities. As a metric of burden, costs account for multiple injury consequences—death, severity, disability, body region, nature of injury—in a single unit of measurement. In a 1989 landmark report to the US Congress, Rice et al1 estimated the lifetime costs of injuries in the USA in 1985. By 2000, the epidemiology and burden of injuries had changed enough that the US Congress mandated an update, resulting in a book on the incidence and economic burden of injury in the USA.2 To make these findings more accessible to the larger realm of scientists and practitioners and to provide a template for conducting the same economic burden analyses in other countries and settings, a summary3 was published in Injury Prevention. Corso et al reported that, between 1985 and 2000, injury rates declined roughly 15%. The estimated lifetime cost of these injuries declined 20%, totalling US$406 billion, including US$80 billion in medical costs and US$326 billion in lost productivity. While incidence reflects problem size, the relative burden of injury is better expressed using costs.

Caracterización preliminar de razas y biovares de Rolstonia solanacearum (E.F. Smith) Yabuuchi et-al, en Nicaragua

Ralstonia solanacearum (E.F.Smith) Yabuuchi et al., causa la marchites bacteriana de un amplio rango de cultivos en muchas regiones tropicales y subtropicales y en algunas zonas calientes de paises con clima templado. Esta bacteria es una especie altamente variable, por consiguiente, el estudio de su diversidad poblacional es un importante factor a considerar para su control. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue el de caracterizar la estructura poblacional de R. solanacearum al determinar sus razas y biovares en diferentes sitios de Nicaragua. El muestreo se llevó a cabo en cuatro departamentos de Nicaragua (Esteli, Matagalpa, Jinotega y Rivas). Se recolectaron y purificaron 33 aislamientos. De estos, 27 aislamientos fueron confirmados que eran R. solanacearum. A través de pruebas bioquímicas se identificaron veinte aislamientos pertenecientes a la Raza 1, Biovar 3 y 7 pertenecientes a la Raza 2, Biovar 3. El biovar 3 es el más prevalente en los sitios muestreados.

Effects of starvation on larval growth, survival and metamorphosis of Ivory shell Babylonia formosae habei Altena et al., 1981 (Neogastropoda : Buccinidae)

The impact of starvation on larvae of Ivory shell Babylonia formosae habei was studied in a laboratory experiment. Newly hatched veligers showed considerable tolerance to starvation due to their endogenous yolk material, and time to the point-of-no-return (PNR; the threshold point during starvation after which larvae can longer metamorphose even if food is provided) was calculated to be 104.5 h. However, starvation still affected larval growth, survival, and metamorphosis. Mean shell length of larvae increased 49.77 mum day(-1) for nonstarved, but only 11.13 mum day (-1) for larvae starved for 108 h. After larvae began feeding, their growth rates rapidly recovered to the level of the nonstarved following short periods of starvation (less than 48 h), but were inhibited and unable to ever reach the level of the nonstarved when being starved beyond 48 h. Percent metamorphosis was 53.75% for the nonstarved, but all larvae died before 10 days for those starved for 108 h. Starvation not only affected larval time to reach metamorphosis, but also caused the delay in the time to metamorphosis. For the nonstarved, larvae took only 11.5 days to reach spontaneous metamorphosis, but they took 20 days to reach spontaneous metamorphosis when starved for 96 h, and this duration of delayed metamorphosis reached 8.5 days. Furthermore, the importance of yolk material for maintaining larval survival of B. formosae habei during starvation periods is also discussed. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Chemical abundances in the inner 5 kpc of the Galactic disk

High-resolution, high signal-to-noise spectral data are presented for four young B-type stars lying towards the Galactic Centre. Determination of their atmospheric parameters from their absorption line profiles, and uvby photometric measurement of the continua indicate that they are massive objects lying slightly out of the plane, and were probably born in the disk between 2.5-5 kpc from the Centre. We have carried out a detailed absolute and differential line-by-line abundance analyses of the four stars compared to two stars with very similar atmospheric parameters in the solar neighbourhood. The stars appear to be rich in all the well sampled chemical elements (C, N, Si, Mg, S, Al), except for oxygen. Oxygen abundances derived in the atmospheres of these four stars are very similar to that in the solar neighbourhood. If the photospheric composition of these young stars is reflective of the gaseous ISM in the inner Galaxy, then the values derived for the enhanced metals are in excellent agreement with the extrapolation of the Galactic abundance gradients previously derived by Rolleston et al. (2000) and others. However, the data for oxygen suggests that the inner Galaxy may not be richer than normal in this element, and the physical reasons for such a scenario are unclear.

Some further implications of incorporating the warm glow of giving into welfare measures: A comment on the use of donation mechanisms by Champ et al

Champ er al. [J. Environ. Management 33, 151-162 (1997)] claim that they have (a) explored the welfare implication of warm glow for Hicksian measures of value for public goods and (b) established that actual donations place a

Naturalis historie libri XXXVII : nuper studiose recogniti ([Reprod.]) / atque impressi adiectis variis Antonii Sabellici, Raphaelis Volaterrani, Beroaldi, [et al.]... adnotationibus ; ed. Nicolaus Beraldus

[Histoire naturelle (latin). 1516]

Confitebor tibi Domine / Nicolas Bernier, comp.. De profundis / Marc-Antoine Charpentier, comp. ; Martha Angelici, S ; Jeannine Collard, Yvonne Melchior, MS ; Jean Giraudeau, T... [et al.] ; Henriette Roget, org. ; chorale des Jeunesses musicales de France et orchestre ; Louis Martini, dir.

Comprend : De profondis ; Confitebor tibi Domine

Inglés III Sara Alicia Ancira Arechiga...[et al.]

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Manual de unidades de inglés Sara Alicia Ancira Aréchiga ... [et al.]

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Manual de unidades de inglés Sara Alicia Ancira Aréchiga ... [et al.]

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