Friedel-Crafts Arylation of a-Hydroxy Ketones: Synthesis of 1,2,2,2-Tetraarylethanones

Friedel-Crafts arylation of a-hydroxy ketones such as 2-hydroxy- 1,2,2-triarylethanones has been achieved with a variety of arenes and heteroarenes in the presence of Lewis or Bronsted acids. Both sterically hindered and unhindered 1,2,2,2-tetrarylethanones are formed in good to excellent yields by using a stoichiometric amount of triflic acid. The intermediacy of an a-keto carbenium ion has been proposed.

Technological status and development prospects of small-scale fishing crafts in Nigerian coastal water

A study of fishing crafts was conducted in some coastal states of Nigeria to elucidate findings on the existing crafts as the baseline for further developments. Based on the technical designs, three types of fishing crafts were identified; planked, dug-out and half dug-out canoes. The planked canoes have the largest cubic number and dug-out canoes the least. At loadwater line, the ratio of freeboard to draft was 2 : 1 for planked canoes, indicating reserved buoyancy. Trim of planked canoe is by stern; the beam-length ratio for dug-out canoes showed high drag. Most of the sea-going canoes have U-shaped bottom hull profile capable of withstanding the rigours of surf landing and displayed good stability against longitudinal water wave. Gunwale and thwarts provided respectively the longitudinal and transverse strength of planked and half dug-out canoes. With its characteristics 'weight low down' construction, planked canoe represent the climax of small scale fishing crafts developments in Nigerian coastal waters. It's only draw back is durability. Further improvement in this canoe should be aimed at increasing the hull size and stiffness, water tightness of deck by coating, caulking, fastening, increasing level of motorization and installation of deck working equipments. Experimental design and use of fibre glass, aluminium and ferrocement hulls, together with improved planked canoe is highly advocated

Comparative efficiencies of mechanized fishing crafts introduced in India

India started mechanization of fishing craft in early 1950. The traditional craft was subjected to technical scrutiny and some of them mechanized with good results. However, due to limitations inherent in the traditional craft, it was found necessary to develop new series of crafts suitable for the operation of modern fishing gears in areas hitherto unexplored. The impetus given to the development of infrastructure like freezing, canning and ice plants, and quickly expanding export market, increased the demand for marine products, hence craft for immediate, as well as long-term needs had to be introduced. In this article the author discusses design of fishing vessels, information from experience used in development of vessels, designs of distant water vessels, productivity studies, income and expenditure, economic values, production cost, and productivity.

Friedel-crafts反应合成芳香环状齐聚物与开环聚合

芳香环状低聚物的合成是二十世纪八十年代末发展起来的研究领域，其特有的环状结构和可进行可控的开环聚合决定了芳香环状低聚物具有广阔的应用前景。本文从研究单体结构与成环反应的关系出发，开拓了一种合成芳香环状聚醚酮的新方法—改进的Friedel-Crafte反应法，采用该方法成功地合成了一系列新型结构的大环化合物，并首次利用流变仪对开环聚合过程中的流变行为进行了较为系统的观测。根据acoson-Stockmayer环化理论，应用基质辅助激光解吸离子化飞行时间质谱（MAIDL-TOF MS），对一系列芳香环状低聚物组分分布进行分析，研究了芳香环状低聚物的产率、组分分布与单体结构的关系。结果表明：芳香聚醋、聚麟酸醋及芳香聚醚环状低聚物系列中，InCn与1nn呈良好的线性关系，符合J-S理论分布。环状齐聚物的产率与组分分布受单体的中心键角影响，单体的中心键角在100°～120°范围内，其中心键角愈小，γ值愈大。γ值愈大，反应产物中小环化合物的含量越高，而小环化合物的含量的增加是高产率地合成环状齐聚物的前提之一。在此理论的指导下，通过对单体结构的模拟，高选择性地合成了一种新型结构的芳香环状聚硫醋二聚体，对其结构进行了精确的表征，在不同溶剂中得到了该环状二聚体的单晶，单晶X闪ray衍射表明该二聚体为环张力极小的大环化合物。基于上述理论，以有利于成环的邻苯二酞氯为酞基化试剂，对Friedel-Crafts酞基化反应在合成芳香环状齐聚物中的应用进行了系统研究，开拓了一种合成芳香环状预聚体的新方法—改进的Friedel-Crafts酞基化反应法。发现反应体系中Lewis碱的存在有利于选择性地形成环状产物。并进一步确定反应最佳条件为： Lewis碱和催化剂Alcl3与富电单体的摩尔比分别为1.2和3.4; 1,2-二氯乙烷为本反应的最佳溶剂；等当量的反应单体要求缓慢滴加到形成“假高稀”的溶剂体系中；Lewis碱NMP，DMF等都适用于本反应体系。在此优化条件下，以邻苯二酞氯和间苯二酞氯为酞基化试剂，室温下，合成了一系列芳香环状聚醚酮酮、聚醚酮、聚醚矾酮等新型结构的环状齐聚物，利用MALDI-TOF-MS，NMR，GPC，FTIR，DSC，元素分析等手段对环状结构进行了精确的表征；DSC分析表明含邻苯二拨基结构的环状齐聚物为无定型材料；部分产物的产率高达90％。在阴离子引发剂联苯双酚钾存在下，制备的环状齐聚物成功进行了熔融开环聚合，得到了相应结构的高分子量的线性开环聚合产物。其中，含邻苯二拨基结构的环状聚醚酮酮、环状聚醚酮矾的开环聚合产物的比浓粘度分别达到0.42dL／g，0.36 dL／g（0.5％的DMF溶液，25士0.1℃）；四种含间苯二锁基结构的环状齐聚物的开环聚合产物的Tg与常规亲电沉淀反应合成的线性高聚物的Tg相同。含侧甲基的开环聚合产物的Tg比对应的开环聚合的产物的Tg高约5℃。研究结果表明用亲电缩聚方法制备芳香环状聚醚酮与亲核缩聚法相比较，具有成本低廉、反应条件温和丫产率高、易于大规模制备等优势，开拓了一种制备环状化合物的方法。自从美国G.E.公司利用环状聚碳酸酷的开环聚合制备线性聚碳酸醋以来，对芳香环状低聚物的开环聚合过程的研究仅局限在由GPC监测反应某一时刻的产物的分子量，而缺乏对与应用更为接近的开环聚合中的粘度的变化的研究。本文以界面缩聚反应高产率地合成芳香环状双酚A聚酷二聚体为对象，研究了流变仪在开环聚合中的应用。利用流变仪对环状二聚体开环聚合过程进行了较为系统的观测，研究了不同条件下的开环聚合中的流变行为，结果表明，开环聚合存在引发期，而且在引发期，熔融体的粘度低于10Pa·S，超过引发期，粘度呈指数级增长。引发期的长短可以通过引发剂的种类、浓度、开环聚合的温度等条件进行有效地控制。芳香环状聚酷二聚体与环状聚碳酸醋的开环共聚合的流变行为的研究结果表明：开环共聚合可以降低开环聚合的温度，调整引发期，是提高聚合产物的分子量的有效途径。用流变仪对以改进的Friedel-Crafts反应合成的芳香环酮齐聚物的开环聚合中的流变行为进行了监控。在330℃，剪切速率为0.05S-l下，熔融的环状齐聚物的粘度为2.0Pa·S。通过对开环聚合的反应条件的控制，同样实现了开环聚合的可控，通过改变其开环聚合的引发期的长短及粘度的变化规律，可、适应不。条一定为加工设计与成型加工提供理论指导和模型设计，必将进一步推进开环聚合工 艺向应用方向的发展。

Synthesis of novel functional polyolefin containing carboxylic acid via Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction

The strong polar group, carboxylic acid, has triumphantly been introduced into ethylene and allylbenzene copolymers without obvious degradation or crosslinking via Friedel-Crafts (F-C) acylation reaction with glutaric anhydride (GA), succinic anhydride (SA) and phthalic anhydride (PA) in the presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride in carbon disulfide. Some important reaction parameters were examined in order to optimize the acylation process. In the optimum reaction conditions, almost all of the phenyls can be acylated with any anhydride. The microstructure of acylated copolymer was characterized by Fr-IR, H-1 NMR and H-1-H-1 COSY. All the peaks of acylated copolymers can be accurately attributed, which indicates that all the acylation reactions occur only at the para-positions of the substituent of the aromatic rings. The thermal behavior was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), showing that the melting temperatures (T(m)s) of acylated copolymers with GA firstly decrease slowly and then increase significantly with the increase of the amount of carboxyl acid groups.

Synthesis of macrocyclic arylene ketone oligomers containing the phthaloyl moiety by Friedel-crafts acylation reaction

Two kinds of macrocyclic arylene ketone oligomers have been synthesized in high yield from phthaloyl dichloride and various bridge-linking electron-rich aromatic hydrocarbons via the modified Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction. The presence of a Lewis base in this reaction is demonstrated to be advantageous for forming macrocycle oligomers. These resultant oligomers can undergo melt ring-opening polymerization to give polymers with high T. and excellent thermal stability.

Friedel-Crafts Benzoylation of Anisole in Ionic Liquids: Catalysis, Separation, and Recycle Studies

The comparison of three ionic liquid-mediated catalytic processes for the benzoylation of anisole with benzoic anhydride is presented. A detailed understanding of the mechanism by which the zeolite and metal triflate reactions in bis{trifluoromethanesulfonyl}imide-based ionic liquids has been reported previously, and these routes are considered together with an indium chloride-based ionic liquid system. Solvent extraction and vacuum/steam distillation have been assessed as possible workup procedures, and an overall preliminary economic evaluation of each overall process is reported. Although the predominant activity is associated with the in situ formation of a homogeneous acid catalyst, the low cost and facile separation of the zeolite-catalysed process leads to this route being the most economically viable overall option. The results of a continuous flow miniplant based on the zeolite catalyst are also presented and compared with the reaction using a small plug How reactor.

Green photochemistry: photo-Friedel-Crafts acylations of 1,4-naphthoquinone in room temperature ionic liquids

The photo-Friedel-Crafts acylation of 1,4-naphthoquinone with various aldehydes was investigated in a series of room temperature ionic liquids. High conversions and selectivities were achieved in [C(2)mim](+)-based ionic liquids with the highest isolated yields found in [C(2)mim][NTf2]. The developed procedure allowed for a replacement of hazardous solvents such as benzene and acetonitrile which are commonly used for this transformation.