Whither RDS? An investigation of respondent driven sampling as a method of recruiting mainstream marijuana users.

Background: An important challenge in conducting social research of specific relevance to harm reduction programs is locating hidden populations of consumers of substances like cannabis who typically report few adverse or unwanted consequences of their use. Much of the deviant, pathologized perception of drug users is historically derived from, and empirically supported, by a research emphasis on gaining ready access to users in drug treatment or in prison populations with higher incidence of problems of dependence and misuse. Because they are less visible, responsible recreational users of illicit drugs have been more difficult to study. Methods: This article investigates Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) as a method of recruiting experienced marijuana users representative of users in the general population. Based on sampling conducted in a multi-city study (Halifax, Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver), and compared to samples gathered using other research methods, we assess the strengths and weaknesses of RDS recruitment as a means of gaining access to illicit substance users who experience few harmful consequences of their use. Demographic characteristics of the sample in Toronto are compared with those of users in a recent household survey and a pilot study of Toronto where the latter utilized nonrandom self-selection of respondents. Results: A modified approach to RDS was necessary to attain the target sample size in all four cities (i.e., 40 'users' from each site). The final sample in Toronto was largely similar, however, to marijuana users in a random household survey that was carried out in the same city. Whereas well-educated, married, whites and females in the survey were all somewhat overrepresented, the two samples, overall, were more alike than different with respect to economic status and employment. Furthermore, comparison with a self-selected sample suggests that (even modified) RDS recruitment is a cost-effective way of gathering respondents who are more representative of users in the general population than nonrandom methods of recruitment ordinarily produce. Conclusions: Research on marijuana use, and other forms of drug use hidden in the general population of adults, is important for informing and extending harm reduction beyond its current emphasis on 'at-risk' populations. Expanding harm reduction in a normalizing context, through innovative research on users often overlooked, further challenges assumptions about reducing harm through prohibition of drug use and urges consideration of alternative policies such as decriminalization and legal regulation.

Expressió d'emocions, materialització d'idees. 'Expresión de emociones, materialización de ideas'.

El artículo comenta una actividad artística para niños de entre 5 y 15 años. Se valora fundamentalmente que disfruten del arte experimentando sus propias facultades sensoriales.

Itinerario de la jurisprudencia colombiana de control constitucional como mecanismo de protección de Derechos Humanos

Este texto describe las conclusiones del estudio de la jurisprudencia colombiana de control constitucional sobre derechos humanos del período 1886-2005. Fue realizada por el Grupo de Investigación en Derechos Humanos con el apoyo de investigadores externos. El estudio evidencia las diferencias cualitativas y cuantitativas de la producción de la Corte Suprema de Justicia y de la Corte Constitucional, y esboza las líneas jurisprudenciales más importantes de cada corporación.Está dirigida a docentes, investigadores, estudiantes, funcionarios públicos y litigantes interesados en derecho constitucional y derechos humanos.La investigación se divide en dos partes. La primera incluye la descripción metodológica de la investigación, un análisis del camino hacia una cultura del precedente constitucional, la contextualización de los derechos que se abordó, la evolución del control judicial constitucional, los guardianes de la Constitución y un análisis de la producción jurisprudencial constitucional; se reseñan las premisas teóricas, informaciones historias, jurídicas e ideológicas, y la producción cuantitativa de la Corte Suprema y la Corte Constitucional. La segunda recoge la carta de los derechos cuya jurisprudencia fue objeto de análisis y se centra en la de las sentencias más relevantes. Al final se incluyen las conclusiones, que vienen a constituir la epistemología de la jurisprudencia constitucional colombiana.Está dirigida a docentes, investigadores, estudiantes, funcionarios públicos y litigantes interesados en derecho constitucional y derechos humanos.La investigación se divide en dos partes. La primera incluye la descripción metodológica de la investigación, un análisis del camino hacia una cultura del precedente constitucional, la contextualización de los derechos que se abordó, la evolución del control judicial constitucional, los guardianes de la Constitución y un análisis de la producción jurisprudencial constitucional; se reseñan las premisas teóricas, informaciones historias, jurídicas e ideológicas, y la producción cuantitativa de la Corte Suprema y la Corte Constitucional. La segunda recoge la carta de los derechos cuya jurisprudencia fue objeto de análisis y se centra en la de las sentencias más relevantes. Al final se incluyen las conclusiones, que vienen a constituir la epistemología de la jurisprudencia constitucional colombiana.La investigación se divide en dos partes. La primera incluye la descripción metodológica de la investigación, un análisis del camino hacia una cultura del precedente constitucional, la contextualización de los derechos que se abordó, la evolución del control judicial constitucional, los guardianes de la Constitución y un análisis de la producción jurisprudencial constitucional; se reseñan las premisas teóricas, informaciones historias, jurídicas e ideológicas, y la producción cuantitativa de la Corte Suprema y la Corte Constitucional. La segunda recoge la carta de los derechos cuya jurisprudencia fue objeto de análisis y se centra en la de las sentencias más relevantes. Al final se incluyen las conclusiones, que vienen a constituir la epistemología de la jurisprudencia constitucional colombiana.ratio decidendi de las sentencias más relevantes. Al final se incluyen las conclusiones, que vienen a constituir la epistemología de la jurisprudencia constitucional colombiana.

Modelling trade contractor information production

Design management research usually deals with the processes within the professional design team and yet, in the UK, the volume of the total project information produced by the specialist trade contractors equals or exceeds that produced by the design team. There is a need to understand the scale of this production task and to plan and manage it accordingly. The model of the process on which the plan is to be based, while generic, must be sufficiently robust to cover the majority of instances. An approach using design elements, in sufficient depth to possibly develop tools for a predictive model of the process, is described. The starting point is that each construction element and its components have a generic sequence of design activities. Specific requirements tailor the element's application to the building. Then there are the constraints produced due to the interaction with other elements. Therefore, the selection of a component within the element may impose a set of constraints that will affect the choice of other design elements. Thus, a design decision can be seen as an interrelated element-constraint-element (ECE) sub-net. To illustrate this approach, an example of the process within precast concrete cladding has been used.

Comparison of pollinators and natural enemies: a meta-analysis of landscape and local effects on abundance and richness in crops

To manage agroecosystems for multiple ecosystem services, we need to know whether the management of one service has positive, negative, or no effects on other services. We do not yet have data on the interactions between pollination and pest-control services. However, we do have data on the distributions of pollinators and natural enemies in agroecosystems. Therefore, we compared these two groups of ecosystem service providers, to see if the management of farms and agricultural landscapes might have similar effects on the abundance and richness of both. In a meta-analysis, we compared 46 studies that sampled bees, predatory beetles, parasitic wasps, and spiders in fields, orchards, or vineyards of food crops. These studies used the proximity or proportion of non-crop or natural habitats in the landscapes surrounding these crops (a measure of landscape complexity), or the proximity or diversity of non-crop plants in the margins of these crops (a measure of local complexity), to explain the abundance or richness of these beneficial arthropods. Compositional complexity at both landscape and local scales had positive effects on both pollinators and natural enemies, but different effects on different taxa. Effects on bees and spiders were significantly positive, but effects on parasitoids and predatory beetles (mostly Carabidae and Staphylinidae) were inconclusive. Landscape complexity had significantly stronger effects on bees than it did on predatory beetles and significantly stronger effects in non-woody rather than in woody crops. Effects on richness were significantly stronger than effects on abundance, but possibly only for spiders. This abundance-richness difference might be caused by differences between generalists and specialists, or between arthropods that depend on non-crop habitats (ecotone species and dispersers) and those that do not (cultural species). We call this the ‘specialist-generalist’ or ‘cultural difference’ mechanism. If complexity has stronger effects on richness than abundance, it might have stronger effects on the stability than the magnitude of these arthropod-mediated ecosystem services. We conclude that some pollinators and natural enemies seem to have compatible responses to complexity, and it might be possible to manage agroecosystems for the benefit of both. However, too few studies have compared the two, and so we cannot yet conclude that there are no negative interactions between pollinators and natural enemies, and no trade-offs between pollination and pest-control services. Therefore, we suggest a framework for future research to bridge these gaps in our knowledge.

Survival, reproduction and population growth of the bee pollinator, Osmia rufa (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), along gradients of heavy metal pollution

1. Bees are one of the most important groups of pollinators in the temperate zone. Although heavy metal pollution is recognised to be a problem affecting large parts of the European Union, we currently lack insights into the effects of heavy metals on wild bee survival and reproduction. 2. We investigated the impact of heavy metal pollution on the wild bee Osmia rufa (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) by comparing their survival, reproduction and population dynamics along two independent gradients of heavy metal pollution, one in Poland and the other in the United Kingdom. We used trap nests to evaluate the response of fitness and survival parameters of O. rufa. To quantify the levels of pollution, we directly measured the heavy metal concentration in provisions collected by O. rufa. 3. We found that with increasing heavy metal concentration, there was a steady decrease in number of brood cells constructed by females and an increase in the proportion of dead offspring. In the most polluted site, there were typically 3–4 cells per female with 50–60% dead offspring, whereas in unpolluted sites there were 8 to 10 cells per female and only 10–30% dead offspring. Moreover, the bee population growth rate (R0) decreased along the heavy metal pollution gradients. In unpolluted sites, R0 was above 1, whereas in contaminated sites, the values tended to be below 1. 4. Our findings reveal a negative relationship between heavy metal pollution and several fitness parameters of the wild bee O. rufa, and highlight a mechanism whereby the detrimental effects of heavy metal pollution may severely impact wild bee communities.

Gestão sustentável da cadeia de suprimentos hospitalar. Um estudo sobre como práticas ambientais levam à seleção de fornecedores médicos hospitalares

O tema de sustentabilidade ambiental tem se tornado cada vez mais um interesse nos negócios e, com a consciência crescente de práticas ambientais, a gestão na cadeia de suprimentos e seus impactos deixam de ser um problema restrito ao poder governamental e entra para a agenda das empresas, trazendo responsabilidade a todos que, de forma direta ou indireta, geram resíduos. Com participação de 8,8% do PIB em 2009, as despesas com consumo de bens e serviços de saúde cresceu com relação ao ano de 2008, quando representou 8,3%. Contudo, o setor saúde se constitui um importante consumidor de insumos e recursos naturais, gerando impactos, tanto na prestação da assistência, quanto ao longo da cadeia de fornecedores de produtos e serviços gerando cerca de 200 mil toneladas de resíduos sólidos urbanos por dia, que representa entre 1% e 1,5% dos resíduos gerados por uma cidade ou comunidade. Apesar de o tema sustentabilidade estar em voga ultimamente e, de diversos estudos terem sido feitos sobre o tema, ainda existem poucos fundamentos sólidos da relação entre investimentos em práticas ambientais e aumento de competitividade, principalmente na área de saúde, que é foco deste estudo. O objetivo geral desta dissertação será, então, entender como as práticas ambientais de fornecedores médico hospitalares são percebidas pelas instituições de saúde, tornando-os preferencias. Para isso, serão realizadas entrevistas, com abordagem qualitativa e de caráter exploratório, com coleta de dados realizada através de questionário e entrevistas com 6 instituições de saúde de grande representatividade no cenário nacional. Assim, a questão de pesquisa deste trabalho é: de que forma práticas ambientais são consideradas na seleção e gestão de fornecedores médicos hospitalares.

The influence of diabetes mellitus and insulin therapy on biomechanical retention around dental implants: a study in rabbits.

The oral rehabilitation by dental implants in patients with diabetes remains a controversial issue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of diabetes mellitus and insulin therapy on the bone healing around dental implants using torque removal. Twenty-seven rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups with 9 animals each: control (C) group, induced diabetic (D) group, and insulin-treated diabetic (ITD) group (10 U/day). After 1 week, one implant was inserted at the tibial metaphysis of the animals. The glucose levels were periodically evaluated through the glucose-oxidase enzymatic method. The animals were killed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery and the biomechanical test was performed using a torque manometer. Statistically significant differences regarding the removal torque of the implant could not be found at 4 weeks (P = 0.2) among groups. Group C showed statistically higher values than groups D and ITD at the experimental periods of 8 (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.0002, respectively) and 12 weeks (P = 0.0053 and P = 0.001, respectively). There were no statistical differences between D and ITD groups in any of the experimental periods. Diabetes mellitus has negatively influenced the mechanical retention of implants placed at the tibial metaphysis of rabbits. Therapy with insulin did not induce any changes.

La inversión extranjera y el desarrollo competitivo en América Latina y el Caribe

Incluye Bibliografía

Morphometry and expression of MyoD and Myogenin in white and red skeletal muscles of juvenile fish Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier 1818)

Colossoma macropomum, also known as tambaqui, is an economically important fish species, and interesting new studies have been published with the aim of improving the growth of this fish. In this work, we describe the morphometric characteristics, as well as the mRNA and protein expression levels of two myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs)-myod/MyoD and myogenin/Myogenin-in the white and red muscle types of tambaqui. A high proportion of white and red muscle fibers with large diameters suggest a hypertrophic growth process in the skeletal muscle during juvenile stages. Comparisons between muscle types showed that, in red muscle, myogenin transcript levels were significantly higher than those of myod. In contrast, MyoD protein levels were significantly higher than those of Myogenin in red muscle. These results suggest that in red and white muscles of juvenile tambaqui, independent post-transcriptional mechanisms for regulating MyoD and Myogenin expression may exist, which could be differentially activated during muscle growth. Furthermore, these data also suggest that specific control mechanisms may regulate distinct muscle phenotypes. © 2013 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Formflexible Werkzeuge für den Spritzguss – Lösungsansatz zur wirtschaftlichen Anwendung des Spritzgießens bei kleinen Losgrößen

Die derzeitige Marktentwicklung hin zu individualisierten Produkten führt auch im Werkzeug- und Formenbau zu reduzierten Stückzahlen. Die Wirtschaftlichkeit des Spritz- oder Druckgießens ist eingeschränkt durch hohe Werkzeugkosten, die teilweise nur auf eine geringe Anzahl von Bauteilen umgelegt werden können. Lösungsmöglichkeiten durch Modularisierung bzw. Standardisierung von Werkzeugsegmenten bieten nur eine eingeschränkte Wiederverwendbarkeit der Werkzeuge. Aus dieser Situation heraus werden am iwb (Institut für Werkzeugmaschinen und Betriebswissenschaften) Anwenderzentrum Augsburg der Technischen Universität München (TUM) formflexible Werkzeuge für den Spritzguss entwickelt, die dem Anspruch genügen, verschiedene Geometrien mit dem gleichen Werkzeug abzuformen. Bei dem im Folgenden beschriebenen Ansatz wird die Formflexibilität durch ein einstellbares Nadelpaket realisiert, das beliebig oft justiert werden kann. Die so gewonnene Wiederverwendbarkeit des Werkzeugkonzepts garantiert den wirtschaftlichen Einsatz des Spritzgießens bei kleinen Losgrößen und stellt eine neue Möglichkeit des Prototypenwerkzeugbaus im Anwendungsgebiet Spritzgießen dar.

Prediction of residential radon exposure of the whole Swiss population: comparison of model-based predictions with measurement-based predictions

Radon plays an important role for human exposure to natural sources of ionizing radiation. The aim of this article is to compare two approaches to estimate mean radon exposure in the Swiss population: model-based predictions at individual level and measurement-based predictions based on measurements aggregated at municipality level. A nationwide model was used to predict radon levels in each household and for each individual based on the corresponding tectonic unit, building age, building type, soil texture, degree of urbanization, and floor. Measurement-based predictions were carried out within a health impact assessment on residential radon and lung cancer. Mean measured radon levels were corrected for the average floor distribution and weighted with population size of each municipality. Model-based predictions yielded a mean radon exposure of the Swiss population of 84.1 Bq/m(3) . Measurement-based predictions yielded an average exposure of 78 Bq/m(3) . This study demonstrates that the model- and the measurement-based predictions provided similar results. The advantage of the measurement-based approach is its simplicity, which is sufficient for assessing exposure distribution in a population. The model-based approach allows predicting radon levels at specific sites, which is needed in an epidemiological study, and the results do not depend on how the measurement sites have been selected.