Early life predictors of preschool overweight and obesity : a case–control study in Sri Lanka

Background Childhood obesity increases the risk of obesity in adulthood and is associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors. Our aim was to assess the early life risk factors associated with overweight and obesity among preschool children. Methods In this case–control study, from the 1087 preschool children measured, age, sex and ethnicity matched 71 cases and 71 controls were recruited. Cases and controls were defined according to the WHO 2006 growth standards. The birth and growth characteristics were extracted from the child health development records. Infant feeding practices and maternal factors were obtained from the mother. Rapid weight gain was defined as an increase in weight-for-age Z score (WHO standards) above 0.67 SD from birth to 2 years. The magnitude and significant difference in mean values of the variables associated with overweight and obesity were evaluated using logistic regressions and paired t-test, respectively. Results Cases had significantly shorter duration (months) of breastfeeding (19.4, 24.6, p = 0.003), and smaller duration (months) of exclusive breastfeeding (3.7, 5.1, p = 0.001) compared to controls. Rapid weight gain (OR = 6.3, 95% CI = 2.04–19.49), first born status (OR = 3.6, 95% CI = 1.17-10.91) and pre-pregnancy obesity (OR = 4.0, 95% CI = 1.46-10.76) were positively associated with overweight and obesity. Breastfeeding more than 2 years (OR = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.06-0.57) was negatively associated with overweight and obesity. Conclusion Rapid weight gain within first two years, first–born status and pre-pregnancy obesity of the mother contributed for preschool obesity. Our results suggest that intervention may be indicated earlier in infancy and during the toddler and preschool years to tackle the increasing prevalence of obesity.

Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy of the hydrogen bonded heterodimer H2Scdots, three dots, centeredHCl

The HeI photoelectron spectrum of the hydrogen bonded hetero-dimer H2Scdots, three dots, centeredHCl shows two vertical ionization energies at 10.91 and 12.16 eV. Ab initio MO calculations reveal that these features are due to the sulphur and chlorine lone pair ionizations respectively. Results show that while the ground ionic state is repulsive the first excited ionic state is strongly bound. The photoelectron spectrum of the diethyl sulphidecdots, three dots, centeredHCl complex is similar to that of H2Scdots, three dots, centeredHCl.

Evaluation of the body burdens of heavy metals in five commercially important fishes from different locations in Kainji Lake

The level and distribution of some heavy metals viz Cadmium, Lead, Copper Zinc, and Cobalt in five commercially important fishes, water and sediments at three different locations in Kainj Lake were determined using standard methods. The results show that the ranges of heavy metals mu g/g in fishes in Dam site Laotian are: Cd (0.05~c0.01-20~c01), (Pb(ND-1.12 plus or minus )1), Cu (0.81~c25-2.93~c06), Zn (20.89 arrow right .15-36.78~c2.97), Co(0.08~c01-0.27~c02); in cover Dam, the ranges are Cd (0.04~c02-0.16~c0.2), Pb (nd-02~c01), Cu(0.75~c05-2.61~c13), Zn(15.70~c1.55-32.23~c2.70), Co(0.04~c02-0.25~c0.01) and in Yuna they are Cd (0.05~c01-0.14~c02), Pb (nd-0.32~c01), Cu (0.23~c07-2.70~c05), Zn(15.50 plus or minus `.35-25.62~c2.47), Co(0.07~c02-23~c0.01). The metals concentration (mg/l) in the water sample from Dam site, cover dam and Yuna respectively are Cd(0.007~c001,. 004~c001 and 0.005~001), Pb(013~c001, ND and ND), Cu(.055~c008.030~c007, 05 plus or minus .010), Zn(0.13~c01, 0.060 plus or minus .0055) and Co (.026 plus or minus .022 plus or minus .004, .024 plus or minus .004), while the metals concentration ( mu g/g) in sediments sample from Dam site, cover dam and Yuna are respectively Cd(.05 plus or minus .01, .02 plus or minus .01), Pb(16.00~c1.00, ND and 9.33~c1.01), Cu(24.00~c1.34, 4.26 plus or minus .91 and 11.08~c1.32), Zn(42.00~c1.00, 35~c10 and 38.00 plus or minus .45), Co(15.00~c1.17, 8.69~c1.21 and 10.91~c44). The concentrations of the tested heavy metals are within the acceptable standards of WHO (1987a)

阶段离子束辅助法制备基频减反膜

在研究阶段离子束辅助制备方式对薄膜性质影响的基础上,采用电子枪蒸发及离子束辅助沉积制备了氧化铪及氧化硅单层膜,采用阶段离子束辅助沉积及全程非离子束辅助沉积制备了基频减反膜。测量了所有样品的弱吸收、残余应力和激光损伤阈值。结果发现,相对电子枪热蒸发制备的样品,离子束辅助沉积的单层膜具有大的弱吸收、低的激光损伤阈值,且张应力减小,压应力增加;阶段离子束辅助沉积制备的减反膜剩余应力变小,弱吸收稍微增加,激光损伤阈值从10.91 J/cm^2增加到18 J/cm^2。分析表明,离子束辅助沉积在引入提高样品激光损伤

Comparative study of seasonal changes in some blood parameters and genetic polymorphisms of serum antibodies and antigens on red blood cells surface in immature Caspian salmon

Seasonal sampling from 40 immature Caspian salmon were performed in summer, autumn, winter and spring. The maximum ranges of RBC counts, Hct, Hb, WBC count and clotting times were observed in spring, summer, spring, spring and winter, respectively. The minimum amounts of these factors were counted in summer, winter, winter, winter and winter, respectively. Blood Samples were taken from healthy smolt, immature and adult Caspian salmon in spawning time. Hematological determinations and biochemical serum analysis were performed in 101 fish in the three samples. The ranges of hematological values for sample mean were counted. Red blood cell counts were 866600 mm3 and 1259400 mm3 in smolt and adult respectively. Hematocrit was 48.39% in smolt and 44.29% in adult. Hemoglobin was 8.85 gr/dl in smolt and 10.91 gr/dl in adult. White blood cell count was 8781.58 mm3 in smolt and 5217.55 mm3 in adult and mean were differential of WBC, Lymphocyte 90.57%in smolt and73.22% in adult. Neutrophil was 5.12% in smolt and 16.92% in adult, Monocyte were 1.27% in smolt and 4.24% in adult, Clotting time was 282.34 Seconds in smolt and 291.47 seconds in adult MCV, MCH and MCHC also meagered in smolt and adult. Biochemical parameter in immature and mature Caspian salmon meagered .Glucose concentration was 2.97 mmol.l- in immature and 1.99 mmol.l- in mature .Cholesterol concentration was 4.26 mmol.l- in immature and 7.06 mmol.l- in mature. Triglyceride amount was 2.35 mmol.l- in immature and 2.47 mmol.l- in mature and Calcium was 2.47 in immature and 2.61 mmol.l- in mature. An in situ study was made on erythrocytic isoantigens and hetero-antigen and their corresponding iso-and hetero-antibodies of sera by means of hemoagglutination tests on the blood sample, of 450 immature and 50 mature Caspian salmon. The absence of erythrocyte iso-antigens and hetero-antigen and their corresponding iso-and hetero-antibodies were shown by the experimental. It could be indicated an intra-specific variation and differences in species for kelardasht hatchery.

峨眉山东北坡藏猴(Macaca thibefana)栖息地的气候、植被和地形

峨眉山东北坡坡面的气候和植被垂直变化明显,栖息地的气温和降水量有明 显的季节性变化, 浓密的下层植被是藏猴天然食物分布空间的重要组成部分。这 些结果支持了关于藏猴的生长发育及年龄-性别区分的有关假定,为该种群分布 高度限制因 素和觅食运动方式的探讨提供了依据。图3表2参16

纳帕海黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)越冬行为生态研究

2006年10月～2007年5月，我们采用固定路线调查、瞬时扫描行为取样法对云南纳帕海越冬黑颈鹤的行为时间分配、鹤群结构、栖息地利用等方面作了研究。 黑颈鹤越冬期日间行为主要以觅食和警戒为主，分别为76.81±9.1％和11.84±5.6％，两种行为共占了黑颈鹤日间行为时间分配比例的88.65％；其它几种行为除理羽（5.18±4.2％）、走动（3.37±2.25％）和休息（1.32±1.7％）外，其所占比例均在1％以下，它们分别为：飞行0.59±0.89 ％、鸣叫0.41±0.63％、争斗0.22±0.30％和其它0.22±47％。越冬期中黑颈鹤日间行为具有明显节律性，觅食行为呈早晚双峰型节律，且傍晚的觅食高峰较高。黑颈鹤在纳帕海越冬期间从数量变化上可分为4个时期：1 早期的越冬集散期；2 中期的越冬稳定期；3 晚期的迁飞集散期；4 末期的幼鹤滞留期。鹤群结构及行为在不同的时期之间有着显著的变化。在越冬期中期，黑颈鹤特别是带有幼鹤的繁殖家庭更偏向于选择以家庭为单位的活动形式活动。集群鹤和领域鹤间在行为的时间分配上存在显著差异，集群活动有着集体警戒的优势使得集群鹤有了更多的时间用于觅食，但集群中的繁殖家庭并不能有效的利用这种优势，集群密集活动中高的争斗比例给集群中的幼鹤带更多的威胁，增加了繁殖家庭中成鹤的负担。家庭鹤为了维护领域不受侵犯，付出了更高的警戒时间，而减少了觅食的时间分配，但稳定的环境给幼鹤的稳定成长提供了更可靠的保证。鹤群结构组成的研究表明，繁殖家庭倾向于选择在一定的家庭领域中单独活动，非繁殖成鹤则更多的选择活动在集群中。集群中的幼鹤跟家庭中的幼鹤在觅食、警戒、理羽、走动、休息、争斗等主要行为上并无差异，但集群中的幼鹤的躲避攻击的行为要显著高于家庭活动中的幼鹤，说明了家庭活动对幼鹤有着更好的保护作用，集群中的高争斗行为对幼鹤产生了一定的不利影响。幼鹤和成鹤间行为存在明显差异：幼鹤的觅食比例比较高，略高于集群中的成鹤而显著高于家庭中的成鹤，走动和休息两种行为高于成鹤，相反鸣叫、争斗行为低于成鹤。这说明，幼鹤在活动中的警戒作用很少，更多时间是用于觅食和休息中，家庭中的幼鹤也并不更多的承担警戒和维护家庭领域的任务，而同样以觅食和休息为主。 越冬鹤群白天栖息地主要有浅水沼泽、农地、草地、猪拱地和开阔水域5种，其中猪拱地与草甸裸地为浅水沼泽和草地的次生生境。5种栖息地中以浅水沼泽利用比例最大为32.26％，其次是猪拱地（31.49％），然后农地（18.01％）和草地（10.91％）；开阔水域最小，只5.55％（图11）。这5种栖息地中，农地和猪拱地中鹤群的觅食比例最大分别为：78.85％和76.61％，是黑颈鹤越冬季觅食的重要地点之一。草地中鹤群的觅食行为比例（61.63％）相对其它4种栖息地中的觅食比例中最低，相反，移动和休整行为比例最高，是鹤群休息和转换觅食地的场所。鹤群对浅水沼泽的利用率最大，但浅水沼泽中鹤群的觅食比例并不是最高（71.22％），略低于农地和猪拱地中鹤群的觅食比例，这可能是因为沼泽中食物营养比较高，鹤群可以在不高的觅食时间中获取足够的能量造成的。猪拱地和裸泥地的利用率及鹤群在此种栖息地中的觅食比例均较高，仅次于浅水沼泽和农地两种最主要的栖息地类型，说明家畜的影响在一定程度上为越冬鹤群增加了新的觅食地，有利于黑颈鹤的越冬。 纳帕海越冬黑颈鹤春季迁徙时间从3月底开始持续至4月中下旬，2007年春季迁徙共持续时间22天。天气条件和日时间对鹤群的迁徙有着明显的影响，鹤群迁徙主要出现在晴天或多云天气的10:00-12:00段。晴朗的天气有利于形成上升气流，10:00-12:00时间段上升气流最强、最为稳定，能为鹤群迁徙节省最多的能量，有利于鹤群的迁徙。

植物与微生物联合修复多环芳烃污染土壤及机理研究

本文以多环芳烃污染土壤为研究对象，以菲（Phe）、芘（Pyr）和苯并[a]芘（BaP）为目标污染物，以建立生态、经济、高效污染土壤修复技术为目标，在研究植物与微生物联合修复多环芳烃污染土壤效果的基础上，重点研究了植物与微生物联合修复污染土壤过程中多环芳烃的去除机制。 研究结果表明：种植苜蓿和黑麦草能够促进土壤中多环芳烃的去除，提高土壤中多环芳烃的去除率。植物根际土壤中多环芳烃的去除速度快于于非根际土壤。在植物与高效降解菌联合作用过程中，植物的存在强化了菌剂对土壤中多环芳烃的去除作用。苜蓿和黑麦草与高效降解菌的联合作用使菲、芘和苯并[a]芘去除率分别比对照土壤提高了26.64%、30.41%、32.04%和26.93%、27.43%、30.15%。 植物根和茎叶中菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的含量与土壤污染物浓度正相关，但其吸收积累作用对土壤中多环芳烃去除的贡献率小于0.34%。植物对土壤多环芳烃污染的修复作用主要源于植物生长显著提高了根际微生物的降解活性。 植物根际微生物的数量和土壤酶活性显著高于非根际土壤。植物根系的存在提高了土壤中微生物的数量和酶活性，从而提高了土壤中PAHs的去除率。这是根际土壤中多环芳烃去除的主要机制。 模拟根际修复，研究了添加根系分泌物对土壤中芘降解的影响。添加20mg/kg根系分泌物土壤中细菌数量为未添加根系分泌物土壤的19.43-36.29倍，真菌为3.05-6.60倍，土壤中芘的半衰期比未添加根系分泌物处理减少10.91天。植物根系分泌物是影响根际修复的一个重要原因。

岷江上游景观格局变化研究(英文)

岷江上游地区位于青藏高原向四川盆地的过渡地段,其源头到都江堰市,包括汶川县、茂县、理县、黑水县和松潘县五个县。它是四川省乃至全国的一个重要的林区。在过去的几十年里,其景观结构发生了重要的变化。本文应用3S 技术研究了该区在1986 年到2000 年之间的景观变化情况。该区的景观被划分为10 个景观生态类型,即耕地、有林地、灌木林地、经济林、草地、居民用地、河流、湖泊、沼泽和未利用地。研究结果表明,在岷江上游地区林地和草地是该区主要的景观类型,约占全区面积的91%,景观类型之间的变化主要发生在有林地、灌木林地、草地、耕地、居民用地和经济林之间,并且有林地面积从51.17%下降到47.56%。分析结果表明,岷江上游地区在过去的几十年里其景观的破碎化在加剧。图1表2 参20。

玉米秸秆还田培肥土壤的效果

辽北地区玉米根茬还田、秸秆直接还田或间接还田的 3年微区培肥试验研究结果表明 ,无机肥的增产效果特别明显 ,而施用有机物料 ,更主要的作用是改善土壤的物理、化学性质 ,培肥地力 .与无肥对照相比 ,有机无机肥料配合施用可使土壤有机质提高 3.0 6 %～ 2 7.78% ,各有机物料对土壤有机质提高的顺序依次为 10 0 %秸秆 >5 0 %秸秆 >土粪 >牛粪 >33%秸秆 >根茬 .在含C量相等的条件下 ,秸秆对土壤有机质的保持和提高好于土粪 ,土粪好于牛粪 .同时 ,与单施化肥比 ,有机无机肥料配合施用可使土壤易氧化有机质增加 10 .91%～ 2 0 .6 7% ,使浸提腐殖酸提高 1.4 3%～ 14 .2 8% ,使结合态腐殖酸的松 /紧比值提高0 .0 7～ 0 .19,HA/FA比值提高 0 .0 7～ 0 .2 4 ,并且能改善土壤的N、P、K营养状况、土壤水分和土壤孔隙状况 ,这标志着土壤有机质活性的提高和土壤肥力状况的改善 .因此 ,应该大力提倡玉米秸秆秋季直接还田 ,其最佳施入量应为当年生产量的 30 %～ 5 0 % .

南黄海浮游细菌的分布特点与水文现象的影响研究

本文采用表面荧光显微镜计数法和分级稀释培养技术对我国南黄海聚球蓝细菌和异养细菌在各个季节的分布特点、摄食压力的来源以及物理水文现象对其分布影响进行了研究，同时还对浮游细菌的年际变化进行了探讨。 1． 春季三个航次中聚球蓝细菌平均丰度为3.71×10E+4 cells/ml， 生物量为10.91µg C l-1；异养细菌平均丰度为3.86×10E+5 cells/ml，生物量为17.72 µg C l-1。在垂直方向上，聚球蓝细菌一直表现为中层>表层>底层，而异养细菌在每个航次中的表现都不尽相同，但总体来说仍是中上层丰度较大。 春末夏初，海区多种水团的存在导致水域水文现象复杂，其中潮汐锋、层化现象等对浮游细菌的分布产生很明显的影响。聚球藻(Synechococcus)蓝细菌生物量最大值主要分布于潮汐锋区及层化区表层和水体中层，异养细菌生物量最大值则多出现在混合区的表、底层和层化区的表层。 2． 夏季对黄海冷水团鼎盛时期的浮游细菌的生态学研究表明：(1)垂直方向上聚球蓝细菌生物量和异养细菌的表现特点不同，聚球蓝细菌生物量的分布情况是中层>表层>底层；异养细菌丰度在垂直方向上的分布状况是表层＞中层＞底层。(2)聚球蓝细菌对浮游植物总生物量的贡献为2~99%(平均为42.5%)，异养细菌生物量与浮游植物总生物量的比值为0.05~6.37(平均为0.85)。(3)浮游细菌的分布于水体温度和盐度变化有一定关系，冷水团中的浮游细菌生物量最低。(4)小型浮游动物对聚球藻蓝细菌的捕食率为0.20~0.42/d。 3． 秋冬季节，11月份黄海沿岸流比暖水流对聚球蓝细菌分布的影响要大，聚球蓝细菌主要分布在黄海沿岸流经过的南黄海北部水域；而异养细菌的分布在此时与聚球蓝细菌的分布恰恰相反。1月份，异养细菌的分布与暖流水的入侵有很好的相关性，主要分布在暖流水的舌锋位置34°N附近；聚球蓝细菌主要分布在暖流水经过的区域33~34.5°N。 秋、冬季，海区突出的水文特征为沿岸流及黄海暖流，它们的强弱、流向及分布直接影响了浮游细菌的分布状况。 4． 南黄海聚球蓝细菌的季节变化是春季(6月)>秋季(10月)>夏季(8月)>冬季(1月)，丰度在7.8×103~5.8×104 cells ml-1间；异养细菌的季节变化是夏季(8月)> 春季(6月)>秋季(10月)>冬季(1月)，丰度在1.5×10E+5~7.8×10E+5 cells ml-1间。 聚球蓝细菌对浮游植物总生物量的贡献(CB/PB)在南黄海的季节变化情况是春季>秋季>夏季>冬季，平均为35.76%。异养细菌生物量对浮游植物总生物量的比值(BB/PB)的季节变化是夏季>秋季>春季>冬季，平均为61%。 浮游细菌的主要摄食者是微型浮游动物(<20 µm)和小型浮游动物(<200 µm)，在不同季节摄食者表现不同。原生动物对浮游细菌的摄食率冬季高于春季。综上所述，浮游细菌在南黄海的分布主要受温度影响，随季节变化较明显；同时也受到原生动物的下行控制。同时物理场对浮游细菌的分布也有影响。

Psychological distress among family carers of oesophageal cancer survivors the role of illness cognitions and coping

Objective: The research aimed to determine the extent to which illness cognitions and coping explain psychological distress (fear of cancer recurrence, anxiety and depression symptoms) among family carers of survivors of oesophageal cancer.


Methods: Carers of patients registered with the Oesophageal Patients' Association in the UK were mailed a questionnaire booklet containing questions about medical and demographic variables, the Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised, the Cancer Coping Questionnaire, the Concerns about Recurrence Scale and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.


Results: Complete responses were received from 382 family carers (75% male; mean (SD) age=62 (10.91) years). Regression models indicated that the variables measured could explain between 35 and 49% of the variance in psychological distress among carers. Illness cognitions (particularly perceptions of the cause of, consequences of and personal control over oesophageal cancer and the carer's understanding of the condition) explained the majority of this variance. Positive focus coping strategies were also found to be important in explaining psychological distress.


Conclusion: The results of this study are consistent with previous research demonstrating that illness cognitions are significant correlates of adaptive outcomes, thereby suggesting that cognition-based interventions could potentially be effective in minimizing emotional distress among family carers of oesophageal cancer survivors.

Estudio de prefactibilidd para el servicio atención de partos de bajo riesgo. Centro de salud Cerinza - Boyacá . 1998

El objetivo general de este trabajo es realizar un estudio de prefactibilidad para la creación del servicio de atención de partos en el Centro de Salud del Municipio de Cerinza, Boyacá, con el fin de estimar su rentabilidad. Para lograr el objetivo

Evaluación y auditoría de la calidad de la atención médica en consulta externa Seguro Social C.A.A. Zipaquirá (1er Nivel de Atención)

A raíz de la Reforma de la Seguridad Social (ley 10/91 - Ley 60/91- Ley100/93 y sus decretos reglamentarios), las instituciones de salud se vieron en la necesidad de crear estrategias completas de servicio, con el fin de adaptarse a las nuevas exigen

Estudio integrado del paisaje y medio ambiente del valle de El Paular.

Se desarrolla un estudio integrado de ecosistemas en la perspectiva de una enseñanza eminentemente activa, considerada la única vía posible en el aprendizaje del área de experiencias, con estudiantes de sexto y séptimo de EGB. Los objetivos son desarrollar una actitud científica, aprender técnicas de estudio y adquisición de destrezas prácticas, y sensibilizar al alumnado en las implicaciones sociales de las ciencias. Se realiza un estudio climático, edafológico, florístico, faunístico y socio-histórico de San Fernando de Henares, analizando las causas del deterioro medioambiental. Posteriormente se estudia el ecosistema de Rascafría comparando ambas zonas..