Simple period timing device for laser Doppler signals

A period timing device suitable for processing laser Doppler anemometer signals has been described here. The important features of this instrument are: it is inexpensive, simple to operate, and easy to fabricate. When the concentration of scattering particles is low the Doppler signal is in the form of a burst and the Doppler frequency is measured by timing the zero crossings of the signal. But the presence of noise calls for the use of validation criterion, and a 5–8 cycles comparison has been used in this instrument. Validation criterion requires the differential count between the 5 and 8 cycles to be multiplied by predetermined numbers that prescribe the accuracy of measurement. By choosing these numbers to be binary numbers, much simplification in circuit design has been accomplished since this permits the use of shift registers for multiplication. Validation accuracies of 1.6%, 3.2%, 6.3%, and 12.5% are possible with this device. The design presented here is for a 16-bit processor and uses TTL components. By substituting Schottky barrier TTLs the clock frequency can be increased from about 10 to 30 MHz resulting in an extension in the range of the instrument. Review of Scientific Instruments is copyrighted by The American Institute of Physics.

A fast time-domain algorithm for the assessment of tissue blood flow in laser-Doppler flowmetry

In this study, we derive a fast, novel time-domain algorithm to compute the nth-order moment of the power spectral density of the photoelectric current as measured in laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF). It is well established that in the LDF literature these moments are closely related to fundamental physiological parameters, i.e. concentration of moving erythrocytes and blood flow. In particular, we take advantage of the link between moments in the Fourier domain and fractional derivatives in the temporal domain. Using Parseval's theorem, we establish an exact analytical equivalence between the time-domain expression and the conventional frequency-domain counterpart. Moreover, we demonstrate the appropriateness of estimating the zeroth-, first- and second-order moments using Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, we briefly discuss the feasibility of implementing the proposed algorithm in hardware.

Guided Wave based Damage Detection in a Composite T-joint using 3D Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometer

Composite T-joints are commonly used in modern composite airframe, pressure vessels and piping structures, mainly to increase the bending strength of the joint and prevents buckling of plates and shells, and in multi-cell thin-walled structures. Here we report a detailed study on the propagation of guided ultrasonic wave modes in a composite T-joint and their interactions with delamination in the co-cured co-bonded flange. A well designed guiding path is employed wherein the waves undergo a two step mode conversion process, one is due to the web and joint filler on the back face of the flange and the other is due to the delamination edges close to underneath the accessible surface of the flange. A 3D Laser Doppler Vibrometer is used to obtain the three components of surface displacements/velocities of the accessible face of the flange of the T-joint. The waves are launched by a piezo ceramic wafer bonded on to the back surface of the flange. What is novel in the proposed method is that the location of any change in material/geometric properties can be traced by computing a frequency domain power flow along a scan line. The scan line can be chosen over a grid either during scan or during post-processing of the scan data off-line. The proposed technique eliminates the necessity of baseline data and disassembly of structure for structural interrogation.

Guided-wave-based damage detection in a composite T-joint using 3D scanning laser Doppler vibrometer

Composite T-joints are commonly used in modern composite airframe, pressure vessels and piping structures, mainly to increase the bending strength of the joint and prevents buckling of plates and shells, and in multi-cell thin-walled structures. Here we report a detailed study on the propagation of guided ultrasonic wave modes in a composite T-joint and their interactions with delamination in the co-cured co-bonded flange. A well designed guiding path is employed wherein the waves undergo a two step mode conversion process, one is due to the web and joint filler on the back face of the flange and the other is due to the delamination edges close to underneath the accessible surface of the flange. A 3D Laser Doppler Vibrometer is used to obtain the three components of surface displacements/velocities of the accessible face of the flange of the T-joint. The waves are launched by a piezo ceramic wafer bonded on to the back surface of the flange. What is novel in the proposed method is that the location of any change in material/geometric properties can be traced by computing a frequency domain power flow along a scan line. The scan line can be chosen over a grid either during scan or during post-processing of the scan data off-line. The proposed technique eliminates the necessity of baseline data and disassembly of structure for structural interrogation.

Ultrasonic Guided Wave Based Damage Detection Using Low-dimensional Data from Laser Doppler Scan

In the current state of the art, it remains an open problem to detect damage with partial ultrasonic scan data and with measurements at coarser spatial scale when the location of damage is not known. In the present paper, a recent development of finite element based model reduction scheme in frequency domain that employs master degrees of freedom covering the surface scan region of interests is reported in context of non-contact ultrasonic guided wave based inspection. The surface scan region of interest is grouped into master and slave degrees of freedom. A finite element wise damage factor is derived which represents damage state over distributed areas or sharp condition of inter-element boundaries (for crack). Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) scan data obtained from plate type structure with inaccessible surface line crack are considered along with the developed reduced order damage model to analyze the extent of scan data dimensional reduction. The proposed technique has useful application in problems where non-contact monitoring of complex structural parts are extremely important and at the same time LDV scan has to be done on accessible surfaces only.

Empirical Doppler Characterization of Signals Scattered by Wind Turbines in the UHF Band under Near Field Condition

Time variability of the scattering signals from wind turbines may lead to degradation problems on the communication systems provided in the UHF band, especially under near field condition. In order to analyze the variability due to the rotation of the blades, this paper characterizes empirical Doppler spectra obtained from real samples of signals scattered by wind turbines with rotating blades under near field condition. A new Doppler spectrum model is proposed to fit the spectral characteristics of these signals, providing notable goodness of fit. Finally, the effect of this kind of time variability on the degradation of OFDM signals is studied.

Modelling and simulation of the second-order Doppler error of a laser dual-frequency interferometer

Only the first- order Doppler frequency shift is considered in current laser dual- frequency interferometers; however; the second- order Doppler frequency shift should be considered when the measurement corner cube ( MCC) moves at high velocity or variable velocity because it can cause considerable error. The influence of the second- order Doppler frequency shift on interferometer error is studied in this paper, and a model of the second- order Doppler error is put forward. Moreover, the model has been simulated with both high velocity and variable velocity motion. The simulated results show that the second- order Doppler error is proportional to the velocity of the MCC when it moves with uniform motion and the measured displacement is certain. When the MCC moves with variable motion, the second- order Doppler error concerns not only velocity but also acceleration. When muzzle velocity is zero the second- order Doppler error caused by an acceleration of 0.6g can be up to 2.5 nm in 0.4 s, which is not negligible in nanometric measurement. Moreover, when the muzzle velocity is nonzero, the accelerated motion may result in a greater error and decelerated motion may result in a smaller error.

Acurácia da avaliação doppler velocimétrica da velocidade máxima do pico sistólico da artéria cerebral média na detecção da anemia fetal na doença hemolítica perinatal: uma revisão sistemática

O contexto do estudo é a predição da anemia fetal em gestantes portadoras da doença hemolítica perinatal e tem como objetivo avaliar a acurácia da medida doppler velocimétrica da velocidade máxima do pico sistólico da artéria cerebral média na detecção da anemia fetal na doença hemolítica perinatal. A identificação dos estudos foi realizada com a adoção de bancos de dados gerais (MEDLINE e LILACS) e a partir de referências bibliográficas de outros autores. Os estudos selecionados tinham como critérios serem do tipo observacionais, com gestantes apresentando coombs indireto maior do que 1:8, técnica de insonação do vaso adequada, Vmax-ACM ≥ 1,5MOM, presença obrigatória de comparação com o padrão-ouro (hemoglobina fetal e/ou neonatal), e nível de evidência diagnóstica acima ou igual a 4. Os dados dos estudos selecionados foram alocados em tabelas 2x2 comparando o resultado do teste com o padrão-ouro. A acurácia diagnóstica foi expressa principalmente através da razão de verossimilhança. A revisão incluiu onze estudos, com uma amostra total de 688. Três estudos apresentaram delineamento do tipo prospectivo e nível de evidência diagnóstica categoria 1. A performance do teste em questão apresentou variação razoável. O estudo de Mari et al (2000) foi considerado o de melhor qualidade metodológica, apresentando uma RV(+) de 8,45 e uma RV(-) de 0,02. A medida do doppler da Vmax da ACM como preditor da anemia fetal na doença hemolítica perinatal está consolidada. Porém, alguns pontos precisam ser melhor esclarecidos, como o intervalo ideal dos exames em casos graves e a validade do método em fetos que já foram submetidos a transfusões intra-uterinas.

Estudo da microcirculação na hanseníase usando videomicroscopia (Microscan) e laser-Doppler associado à iontoforese: um modelo de disautonomia vascular por denervação

A hanseníase é uma doença infecciosa com características únicas, dentre elas o fato de atingir intensamente a inervação da pele e seus anexos. Entremeando estes anexos, está a microcirculação cutânea, que a principio também tem sua inervação comprometida. Vários artigos apontam para alterações de disautonomiamicrocirculatória. O presente estudo se propõe a avaliar a microcirculação cutânea na hanseníase tuberculóide. Utilizamos a videomicroscopia de campo escuro (Microscan), a análise de Fourier do sinal do laser Doppler para estudo da vasomotricidade e o laser Doppler fluxometria associado à iontoforese de substâncias vasoativas (acetilcolina e nitroprussiato de sódio) para avaliação da reatividade vascular. Sete pacientes portadores de hanseníase tuberculóide, sem outras co-morbidades que pudessem alterar os parâmetros microcirculatórios, foram avaliados pelos métodos descritos e seus resultados foram comparados, com controles realizados nos próprios pacientes em área contralateral com pele sã. Em relação à vasomotricidade foi observada alteração estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos, apenas no componente endotelial. Em relação à iontoforese de substâncias vasoativas não se constatou diferenças entre as manchas e os controles. No Microscan, observamos as maiores alterações. Os resultados apresentados sugerem que, provavelmente devido à alteração inervatória decorrente da hanseníase tuberculóide, estes pacientes apresentam uma alteração quantitativa de vasos e também da reatividade vascular da microcirculação cutânea.

Defects in GaSb studied by coincidence Doppler broadening measurements

Undoped, Zn-doped and Te-doped GaSb with different concentrations were investigated by positron lifetime spectroscopy (PAS) and the Doppler broadening technique. Detection sensitivity of the latter technique was improved by using a second Ge-detector for the coincident detection of the second annihilation photon. PAS measurement indicated that there were vacancies in these samples. By combining the Doppler broadening measurements, the native acceptor defects in GaSb were identified to be predominantly Ga vacancy (V-Ga) related defects.

Identification of vacancies in electron irradiated GaSb by coincidence Doppler broadening spectroscopy

In this paper we present the results of coincidence Doppler broadening (CDB) measurements and positron lifetime spectroscopy (PLS) on the semiconductor material GaSb. Gallium vacancy with positron lifetime of about 283 ps (V-Ga, (283 ps)) was identified in as-grown sample by CDB technique and PAS technique. For electron irradiated samples with dosages of 10(17) cm(-2) and 10(18) cm(-2), the PAS showed almost the same defectrelated positron lifetime of about 285 ps. CDB experiments indicated that defects in irradiated samples were related to Ga vacancies. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V.