The effects of faking on non-cognitive predictors of academic performance in University students

This study examined the extent to which students could fake responses on personality and approaches to studying questionnaires, and the effects of such responding on the validity of non-cognitive measures for predicting academic performance (AP). University students produced a profile of an ‘ideal’ student using the Big-Five personality taxonomy, which yielded a stereotype with low scores for Neuroticism, and high scores for the other four traits. A sub-set of participants were allocated to a condition in which they were instructed to fake their responses as University applicants, portraying themselves as positively as possible. Scores for these participants revealed higher scores than those in a control condition on measures of deep and strategic approaches to studying, but lower scores on the surface approach variable. Conscientiousness was a significant predictor of AP in both groups, but the predictive effect of approaches to studying variables and Openness to Experience identified in the control group was lower in the group who faked their responses. Non-cognitive psychometric measures can be valid predictors of AP, but scores on these measures can be affected by instructional set. Further implications for psychometric measurement in educational settings are discussed.

Sammelsurium zum Thema Mauerfall und Wende:Die heterogenen Beiträge eines von Ute Dettmar und Mareile Oetken herausgegebenen Tagungsbandes erforschen kulturelle Reflexe vom Ende der DDR

Review of: Ute Dettmar / Mareile Oetken (Hg.): Grenzenlos. Mauerfall und Wende in (Kinder- und Jugend-)Literatur und Medien. Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg 2010. Pünktlich zum zwanzigsten Jubiläum der Deutschen Einheit legten Ute Dettmar und Mareile Oetken einen Sammelband vor, dessen Beiträge vielen unterschiedlichen Aspekten des Themas „Mauerfall und Wende“ gewidmet sind und deren Autoren aus unterschiedlichen Fachrichtungen stammen. Beste Voraussetzungen für einen wahrhaft interdisziplinären Band, so könnte man meinen, doch diese Lesererwartung wird leider enttäuscht. Zu unvermittelt stehen die Beiträge dieses Konferenzbandes nebeneinander und befassen sich zu deutlich mit ganz unterschiedlichen Fragestellungen, die sich nur sehr begrenzt gegenseitig befruchten. Die ansonsten sehr anregende Sammlung „Grenzenlos“ leidet unter diesem Manko, das man durch eine sinnvolle Einordnung der Beiträge in den weiteren Kontext hätte mindern können. Der geeignete Ort dafür wäre die Einleitung. Diese allerdings fällt enttäuschend knapp aus und trägt nur wenig dazu bei, die zum Teil willkürlich wirkende Heterogenität der Beiträge zu rechtfertigen und übergreifende Ergebnisse zu formulieren. Obwohl die Gesamtkonzeption von „Grenzenlos“ deshalb kaum überzeugt, bietet das Buch erfreulicherweise eine Vielzahl interessanter Einzelbeiträge, die zu einem Großteil aus der Kinder- und Jugendbuchforschung stammen, der Disziplin, in der auch die beiden Herausgeberinnen tätig sind. Wie hier erneut bewiesen wird, lässt sich dieses Untergebiet nur unscharf von der klassischen Literaturwissenschaft trennen. Es lohnt sich, an Texte, die sich an junge Leser richten, kaum modifizierte philologische Maßstäbe anzulegen, denn viele der hier besprochenen Werke lassen in Bezug auf die Auseinandersetzung mit den politischen Ereignissen ähnliche Tendenzen erkennen, wie sie sich in der zum Vergleich herangezogenen „Erwachsenenliteratur“ und anderen Medien, etwa dem Fernsehfilm, beobachten lassen. Diese Erkenntnis betont Carsten Gansel in seinem überblicksartigen Aufsatz. Er zeigt zunächst Tendenzen in der Auseinandersetzung mit der Mauerfallthematik in der Gegenwartsliteratur auf und illustriert dann, wie stark sich Kinder- und Jugendliteratur zum Thema Deutsche Einheit an denselben Aspekten orientiert und ähnliche Erinnerungsdiskurse abbildet. Abschließend beklagt Gansel zwar die in einigen Texten vorherrschenden Klischees, seine Hauptkritik gilt jedoch der unreflektierten Übernahme dieser stereotypen Darstellungen im Schulunterricht. Wie Gansel zu Recht bemängelt und am Beispiel von Anne C. Voorhoeves Jugendbuch „Lilly unter den Linden“ belegt, werden nicht selten literarische Texte als Grundlage einer Diskussion über die Zustände in der DDR herangezogen, ohne dass die Fiktionalität der Bücher ausreichend betont und ihre Diskursivität klar herausgestellt und thematisiert wird. Mit der Konstruktion von Inhalten des „kommunikativen Gedächtnisses“ (Jan Assmann) setzen sich verständlicherweise noch viele weitere Aufsätze des Bandes auseinander. Eine der Fragen, die dabei aufgeworfen worden, ist natürlich, inwiefern der Osten und der Westen unterschiedliche Erinnerungsdiskurse hervorbringen. In seinem sozialwissenschaftlichen Beitrag, der sich unter den literaturwissenschaftlichen Aufsätzen leider etwas wie ein Fremdkörper ausnimmt, betont Thomas Ahbe, wie stark sich Ostdeutsche von den öffentlichen Repräsentationsformen und der Wendenarrativen im vereinten Deutschland ausgeschlossen fühlen. Dem entspricht auf literarischer Seite der zehn Jahre nach der Wiedervereinigung zu beobachtende Trend der Erinnerungsbücher, mit dem sich verständlicherweise mehrere Beiträge des Bandes auseinandersetzen. Wie exemplarisch am Beispiel von Jana Hensels Bestseller „Zonenkinder“ gezeigt wird, schrieb hier aber nicht nur der Osten gegen den Westen an, der mit Florian Illies’ „Generation Golf“ längst ein stilbildendendes Vorbild für das Genre geschaffen hatte. Vielmehr meldete sich zugleich auch eine ostdeutsche Generation zu Wort, die anders als ihre an Kontinuität gewöhnten gleichaltrigen Pendants im Westen und anders als ihre in den entschwundenen Bezugsgrößen der DDR verhafteten Eltern mit einem Empfinden der doppelten Entwurzelung zu kämpfen hatte und um eine feste Identität rang. Das bei Hensel zentral artikulierte Konzept eines verschwundenen Landes im Osten und der damit verbundenen Illegitimierung von Erinnerungs- und Identitätsbildungsprozessen ist jedoch nicht nicht auf die Generation der Zonenkinder beschränkt. Wie Jens Thiele eindrucksvoll belegt, zeigt sich beispielsweise in den Bilderbüchern des ostdeutschen Illustrators Klaus Ensikat erst in den nach der Wende entstandenen Zeichnungen das Lokalkolorit der DDR in den 1970er- und 1980er-Jahren. Wo zuvor leere Hintergründe vorherrschten, wird nun ein zeitgeschichtlicher Kontext abgebildet, der sich in seiner Vieldeutigkeit zwar nicht auf eine verspätete DDR-Darstellung reduzieren lässt, der aber einen Beitrag leistet zu den kulturellen Reflexen dieses verschwundenen Staates. Den Abschluss von „Grenzenlos“ bilden drei aufschlussreiche Aufsätze, die sich der Außenperspektive auf die Geschehnisse in Deutschland und der potenziell daraus resultierenden anderen Wahrnehmung der Nation widmen. Aus britischer, niederländischer und polnischer Sicht stellen sich Mauerfall und Wende anders dar und geben in manchen Fällen Anlass zu einem revidierten Heteroimage der Deutschen. Gestützt auf imagologische Konzepte untersucht Emer O’Sullivan, ob und wie sich die Repräsentation der Deutschen in der britischen Literatur, insbesondere in Kinder- und Jugendbüchern, seit der Einheit verändert hat. Sie gelangt zu dem ernüchternden Schluss, dass die neuere deutsche Geschichte auf die Briten entschieden weniger Faszination ausübt als die in der Literatur und anderen Medien immer wieder dargestellten Weltkriege. Einer weiterhin anwachsenden Anzahl von Büchern für Kinder und Jugendliche, die sich mit Themen wie den deutschen Luftangriffen auf London oder dem Schicksal deutscher Juden (besonders den Erlebnissen der nach Großbritannien geretteten Passagiere der Kindertransporte) beschäftigen, steht eine verschwindend kleine Menge an literarischen oder kinematografischen Auseinandersetzungen mit den Ereignissen von 1989 und ihren Folgen gegenüber. Wer sich in Großbritannien etwas auskennt, den mag dieser Befund nicht erstaunen. Umso interessanter und ermutigender ist es, aus den Aufsätzen von Kirsten Waterstraat und Jacek Rzeszotnik zu erfahren, dass sich das Deutschlandbild in den Niederlanden und in Polen durchaus im Wandel befindet – wenngleich auch dort einige lang tradierte Stereotype keine Ablösung erfahren haben und beispielsweise die spekulative Literatur der polnischen alternate history-Romane weiterhin vorzugsweise das Nazireich in den Vordergrund stellt. Insgesamt ergibt sich bei der Lektüre dieses Bandes ein facettenreiches Bild des Forschungsstandes. So fragmentiert die Anordnung der Beiträge ist, so reichhaltig präsentieren sich die Ergebnisse dieser heterogenen Studien. Es wird deutlich, dass die Kinder- und Jugendliteratur im In- wie im Ausland sich der Mauerfall-Thematik zwar schon mit reichhaltigen Ergebnissen zugewandt hat. Eine differenzierte, von Stereotypen freie Darstellung des Themas, wie auch ein junges Publikum sie zu Recht erwarten kann, ist aber bisher eher selten. Auch eine stärkere Auseinandersetzung mit der gegenwärtigen Lebenswelt im vereinten Deutschland, die der soziopolitischen Entwicklung vom Mauerfall bis heute mehr Aufmerksamkeit schenkt, wird von mehreren der in hier vertretenen Wissenschaftler angemahnt und stellt sicher nicht nur aus der Perspektive dieses Bandes ein Desiderat dar.

Benevolent sexism at work:gender differences in the distribution of challenging developmental experiences

The current research draws from ambivalent sexism theory to examine potential gender differences in the quantity and quality of developmental work experiences. In a sample of managers in the energy industry, men and women reported participating in a similar number of developmental experiences (with comparable levels of support), but men rated these experiences as more challenging and received more negative feedback than did women. Similarly, a sample of female managers in the health care industry reported comparable amounts, but less challenging types, of developmental experiences than their male counterparts'. The results of three complementary experiments suggest that benevolent sexism is negatively related to men's assignment of challenging experiences to female targets but that men and women were equally likely to express interest in challenging experiences. Taken together, these results suggest that stereotype-based beliefs that women should be protected may limit women's exposure to challenging assignments, which in turn may partially explain the underrepresentation of women at the highest levels of organizations. © The Author(s) 2012.

Look who's talking! Facial appearance can bias source monitoring

When we see a stranger's face we quickly form impressions of his or her personality, and expectations of how the stranger might behave. Might these intuitive character judgements bias source monitoring? Participants read headlines "reported" by a trustworthy- and an untrustworthy-looking reporter. Subsequently, participants recalled which reporter provided each headline. Source memory for likely-sounding headlines was most accurate when a trustworthy-looking reporter had provided the headlines. Conversely, source memory for unlikely-sounding headlines was most accurate when an untrustworthy-looking reporter had provided the headlines. This bias appeared to be driven by the use of decision criteria during retrieval rather than differences in memory encoding. Nevertheless, the bias was apparently unrelated to variations in subjective confidence. These results show for the first time that intuitive, stereotyped judgements of others' appearance can bias memory attributions analogously to the biases that occur when people receive explicit information to distinguish sources. We suggest possible real-life consequences of these stereotype-driven source-monitoring biases. © 2010 Psychology Press.

Counter-stereotypes reduce emotional intergroup bias by eliciting surprise in the face of unexpected category combinations

In three experiments we investigated the impact that exposure to counter-stereotypes has on emotional reactions to outgroups. In Experiment 1, thinking about gender counter-stereotypes attenuated stereotyped emotions toward females and males. In Experiment 2, an immigrant counterstereotype attenuated stereotyped emotions toward this outgroup and reduced dehumanization tendencies. Experiment 3 replicated these results using an alternative measure of humanization. In both Experiments 2 and 3 sequential meditational analysis revealed that counter-stereotypes produced feelings of surprise which, in turn, elicited a cognitive process of expectancy violation which resulted in attenuated stereotyped emotions and an enhanced use of uniquely human characteristics to describe the outgroup. The findings extend research supporting the usefulness of counter-stereotype exposure for reducing prejudice and highlight its positive impact on intergroup emotions.

Imagining oneself in a stereotyped role may stifle generalized tendencies to support social change

Imagining oneself in a stereotyped role may not only increase women's endorsement of stereotypes about women and science, but also stifle broader concerns about social change. In the experiment, 81 women imagined themselves on a stereotypical or a counter-stereotypical career path (vs. a control condition). Participants in the stereotypical imagery condition endorsed to a higher extent the stereotypes about women and science, and crucially, were more resistant to social change in general. Stereotype endorsement mediated the relationship between exposure to stereotypes and resistance to social change. Results imply that tackling occupational gender stereotypes is crucial not only because they exclude women from male-dominated careers, but also because of a potentially pervasive negative impact on broader egalitarian concerns.

The political construction of old age as reflected in online discussions

The present paper examines the political construction of ageing and conflicts between generations. The process of construction is driven not merely by institutional actors and opinion leaders in the media, but also by citizens who talk to each other about politics. In my paper I have focused on the latter by observing online discussions that appear on the political forum Index.hu. Disagreement between old people’ and ‘young people’ evolved mainly about the pension system, thus the examination of ageing constructions is embedded in this context. In spite of its numerous limits, the method used seems to be suitable for providing hypotheses for further research. In the first part of the study I present the applied theoretical approach in which the concept of stereotype is connected with the concept of social construction. After that I focus on investigating the activity, origin and contents of the stereotypes that influence the construction of ageing. In the third part of the study the components of the constructions are demonstrated.

Propuestas para una reconceptualización surrealista y postmoderna de la sexualidad femenina en los textos de Cristina Escofet e Isabel Allende

Female sexuality has commonly been viewed as the passive counterpart of male sexuality. Building upon Adrienne Rich's theory of compulsive heterosexuality, I would suggest that the fundamental location of this problem lies within the subconscious. Cristina Escofet's stance on this issue is to argue in favor of a deconstruction of Jungian archetypes, revealing their constructed rather than intrinsic character. In this dissertation, I study representative texts by Escofet and Isabel Allende and show not only how they depict patriarchal compulsive heterosexuality, but also try to reconceptualize female sexuality through surrealist and postmodern techniques such as self-reflection, dialogue with our double or Other, and sensorial perception. These techniques are designed to create a new epistemology of jouissance and excess, as defined by contemporary French theory. The significance of my study resides in the interdisciplinary analysis of female sexuality in Hispanic feminist writers. The first chapter proposes that surrealism, postmodernism, and feminism are theoretical frameworks which create new paradigms for social change. In their feminist philosophies, Escofet and Allende emphasize the use of subconscious knowledge as a means of helping them understand the world and create alternative realities. The second chapter shows how Escofet and Allende deconstruct the mysoginist archetype of Eve, which has been largely responsible for identifying women's sexual identity with the disreputable qualities of the femme fatale and whose mirror-image has long plagued women. In accordance with this stereotype, Lillith (Adam's sexually active ex-partner), has typically been portrayed as the negative Other, and for generations the she-devil myth which surrounds her has resurfaced in the media, where she assumes the role of innumerable evil female characters. In the third chapter, I examine how class and race differences have been used to intensify the demonization of different types of sexuality. In the same manner as Lillith and Eve, black and indigenous characters express dissent by retelling their stories in words and performance, and by seeking to form a dialog with their readers. The last chapter deals with the importance of the senses for female characters as they try to create their own sexuality from the fragmented bodies we find in surrealist and postmodern art. In this section we shall see how Luce Irigaray and Hélène Cixous's theories about multiple sexualities are in evidence when Escofet and Allende reconceptualize female sexuality. As no previous scholarship has analyzed the use of the subconscious, the senses, and performance when understanding female sexuality in Latin American literature, this dissertation seeks to provide a tentative exploration of the issues that may help to open up a new field of research in Hispanic feminist cultural studies.

“I’m Trying To Bring the Scores of My School Up, Man!" Standardized Testing, Stereotypes, and High-Performing African American Elementary School Students

This qualitative study investigated factors that produced or perpetuated standardized test-based stereotype threat effects for a group of African American children. Findings revealed 4 themes: a perception of education as strictly test preparation, test-based stress and anxiety, racial salience, and stereotypes. Implications for practice and policy are discussed.

As raízes históricas da política criminal na legislação e nas práticas de atendimento ao adolescente em conflito com a lei

This thesis investigates the historical influence of the criminal policy in the context that shapes the first specific law for children and adolescents in Brazil, the 1927 Children's Code, a standard that inaugurates the conceptual scission between children and "minor" and their different treatment by the State. The study addresses the demand for order in the context of changes in the working world in the transition from the slave system to the capitalist mode of production, and the corresponding disciplinary and punitive control mechanisms directed to the segment of childhood and adolescence. The theoretical route proposes a questioning of the political construction of law and justice, as well as the conformation of the punitive techniques, and the construction of the stereotype of the "delinquent", prime target of the criminal policy, focusing on the process of criminalization of the segment in question through the confrontation of the Critical perspective with the approaches of Classical and Positive schools. This research shows the imposition of a bourgeois morality that obscures the social conflict attributing it to people isolated by the criminalization of their conduct; and points out that the historical forms of selective social control were greatly influenced by psychiatry and psychology, either by the elaboration of the image of the "delinquent" or by the expected performance of custodial institutions. Finally, the developments and the permanence of the historical roots of the criminal policy are problematized, relating them to the difficulties currently encountered in the consolidation of the legal garantism paradigm proposed by the Children and Adolescent Statute.

Anúncio publicitário direcionado ao público masculino: uma abordagem dialógica

In this study, we intend to focus on the printed advertisement genre which reveals its discursive genre condition circulating in printed media sphere, specifically in four magazines: Playboy, Score, GQ and Men's Health. The overall objective of this study is to analyze the identity in advertisement gender directed at male audience in printing, by considering how commercials work in the consumer society by seeking to satisfy a particular group, the reader/male consumer with modern customs and behaviors. For this, advertisements from four magazines of January, April, July and October were gathered, totaling sixteen magazines and twenty-seven types of genre pieces over a period of one year: from January to December 2012. We have selected about 27 pieces that advertisers tried to expose the body on the space of advertisements, resulting in a heightened appreciation of physical appearance. So we divide our corpus in a category, adiáforo body, and three sub-categories: the body building; the tattooed body and the consumption body. This work is part of a qualitative-interpretative approach, in order to investigate the social reality, paradigm advocated by applied linguists. Thus, our study is turned to a related activity with language issues present in the printed media sphere. Advertisement is understood as real unity of discursive and inter-subjective communication, maintaining relationships with others statements already said and prefigured and calling others to settle. Based on these assumptions, we have presented an analysis of the printed advertisement gender in men's magazines basing ourselves in contemporary research on Discourse Dialogic Analysis in Circle studies by Mikhail Bakhtin, revisiting his theoretical and methodological aspects and the identity concepts and culture as well as authors of the advertising sphere. This research has been presented relevant as it has contributed to an analysis of the verbal-visual dimension of advertising directed at male audience, considered as a discursive genre that circulates in the printed media and advertising, steeped in dialogical relations and have also contributed to the construction and development of theoretical and methodological frameworks, and applied to teachers and professionals interested in the theme. Results have shown data demonstrating that the search for a completeness never come, the man have built himself the search of the perfect body, the pursuit of exquisite stereotype, the search for products that contribute to this his self-assertion always transient and in construction. It is concluded that the body is a recurring theme in the four magazines. The body tailored is always presented as the ideal to which every man must achieve.

As raízes históricas da política criminal na legislação e nas práticas de atendimento ao adolescente em conflito com a lei

This thesis investigates the historical influence of the criminal policy in the context that shapes the first specific law for children and adolescents in Brazil, the 1927 Children's Code, a standard that inaugurates the conceptual scission between children and "minor" and their different treatment by the State. The study addresses the demand for order in the context of changes in the working world in the transition from the slave system to the capitalist mode of production, and the corresponding disciplinary and punitive control mechanisms directed to the segment of childhood and adolescence. The theoretical route proposes a questioning of the political construction of law and justice, as well as the conformation of the punitive techniques, and the construction of the stereotype of the "delinquent", prime target of the criminal policy, focusing on the process of criminalization of the segment in question through the confrontation of the Critical perspective with the approaches of Classical and Positive schools. This research shows the imposition of a bourgeois morality that obscures the social conflict attributing it to people isolated by the criminalization of their conduct; and points out that the historical forms of selective social control were greatly influenced by psychiatry and psychology, either by the elaboration of the image of the "delinquent" or by the expected performance of custodial institutions. Finally, the developments and the permanence of the historical roots of the criminal policy are problematized, relating them to the difficulties currently encountered in the consolidation of the legal garantism paradigm proposed by the Children and Adolescent Statute.

A conduta judicial ética teórica e aplicada contida em princípios e regras deontológicos abrangidos pelo sistema constitucional

Research on Legal Deontology dedicated to theoretical and applied ethics on judicial conduct grounded in legal principles and rules set out in the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil and the Organic Law of the National Judiciary, also contemplating propositional instruments covered by the constitutional system, which conveys behavioural paradigms inserted in the Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct, in the Universal Statute of the Judge and in the Latin-American Code of Judicial Ethics, as well as highlight the influence of those instruments in the Brazilian Ethical Code of the Magistrates and in the official complementary training of judges in charge of Judiciary Schools. The study provides the theoretical influxes of moral norm, passing by behavioural social norm to consolidate the ideal standards of judicial conduct into legal standards and related instruments. The Legal Deontology directed to the ethical judicial conduct is confronted with the stereotype that society expressed in relation to the judge's person, who is the political agent that interprets the law for making decisions which directly influences the realization of access to justice, that is constitutionally guaranteed to all. Core values inserted in the constitutional system intended to discipline the judicial conduct are presented and analysed under a critical view, since they are enclosed in prescriptive language that conveys behavioural aspects open to interpretation and which compliance is revealed as a proposition focused on promoting a better solution of interest’s conflicts under the responsibility of those who constitute the distinctive corporation of the Judiciary. The theme’s contextualization also focuses on applied ethics, based on the approach of normative and propositional instruments of deontological content, still focusing on the study of real cases examined by the Brazilian National Council of Justice, as part of its correctional goals.

AS MARCAS E O CONSUMIDOR: Um estudo dos discursos da publicidade na perspectiva da modificação dos estereótipos na representação da família.The

Os papeis de homens e mulheres na sociedade contemporânea têm sido reestruturados, assim como a própria noção das estruturas familiares se renova. Algumas marcas estão atentas a essas mudanças e, no contexto mercadológico, fica evidente que os consumidores são diversos, com novas demandas e expectativas pelo reconhecimento dessa diversidade. Esta dissertação discute a mudança de abordagem na representação da família, demonstrando suas mutações de papeis na publicidade, esta vista como um produto sociocultural. Para tanto foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa qualitativa subsidiada pela análise de discurso de linha francesa. Primeiramente, o estudo qualitativo se desenvolve a partir de uma abordagem bibliográfica e documental e uma parte empírica de análise de discurso de campanhas publicitárias dos últimos anos, selecionadas a partir de seu foco nas representações familiares contemporâneas, de marcas que as tratem com naturalidade e demonstrem aceitar essas transições, buscando-as através da análise de casos múltiplos de amostras intencionais os avanços quando se trata dos modelos familiares, elementos que se desviam de representação conservadora da família. Demonstrou-se que há uma tendência de algumas marcas reforçarem qual é o público que desejam atingir através de suas construções discursivas que apontam para o reconhecimento das famílias reconstituídas, para a adoção e para a homo e monoparentalidade, ou seja, para a confirmação da existência dos variados tipos de família.

The Diary of Mary McKeon, an Irish American Domestic Servant in Nineteenth Century America

What did young, single, unaccompanied Irish women experience when immigrating to the United States in the late nineteenth century? In this final project, I will explore primary and secondary sources that address their experiences, focusing on a diary written in 1883 by a young Irish domestic servant working in New Haven, Connecticut. Mary McKeon, a sixteen-year-old girl from County Leitrim, Ireland, recorded her experiences as a domestic servant for two different families, as well as her own personal thoughts. Mary wrote down her personal experiences, providing a glimpse of what her life was like both inside and outside of her employer’s home. Though much of my research will show that many young women like Mary would be subjected to prejudice and discrimination due to their lack of understanding middle-class American values, which would give rise to the “Bridget” stereotype of a brutish, ill-mannered and incompetent domestic servant, not all Irish women experienced that discrimination and prejudice. Mary is one example of a domestic servant that was treated kindly by her employers and her story documents a more positive and supportive environment for this newly arrived young, single immigrant. Her diary also reveals her to be a young woman who worked to improve her language skills and her situation. And, through her diary, we get a glimpse of her strategies for ensuring an active social life, including access to courtship and marriage. By analyzing Mary’s diary and sharing my results in this final project, I hope to provide a more comprehensive view into the lives of these young women.