Evaluation of Human Exposure to Magnetic Fields Generated by Electric Power Systems in Complex Configurations

The international growing concern for the human exposure to magnetic fields generated by electric power lines has unavoidably led to imposing legal limits. Respecting these limits, implies being able to calculate easily and accurately the generated magnetic field also in complex configurations. Twisting of phase conductors is such a case. The consolidated exact and approximated theory regarding a single-circuit twisted three-phase power cable line has been reported along with the proposal of an innovative simplified formula obtained by means of an heuristic procedure. This formula, although being dramatically simpler, is proven to be a good approximation of the analytical formula and at the same time much more accurate than the approximated formula found in literature. The double-circuit twisted three-phase power cable line case has been studied following different approaches of increasing complexity and accuracy. In this framework, the effectiveness of the above-mentioned innovative formula is also examined. The experimental verification of the correctness of the twisted double-circuit theoretical analysis has permitted its extension to multiple-circuit twisted three-phase power cable lines. In addition, appropriate 2D and, in particularly, 3D numerical codes for simulating real existing overhead power lines for the calculation of the magnetic field in their vicinity have been created. Finally, an innovative ‘smart’ measurement and evaluation system of the magnetic field is being proposed, described and validated, which deals with the experimentally-based evaluation of the total magnetic field B generated by multiple sources in complex three-dimensional arrangements, carried out on the basis of the measurement of the three Cartesian field components and their correlation with the field currents via multilinear regression techniques. The ultimate goal is verifying that magnetic induction intensity is within the prescribed limits.

Partial Discharge Phenomena in Converter and Traction Transformers: Identification and Reliability

After the development of power electronics converters, the number of transformers subjected to non-sinusoidal stresses (including DC) has increased in applications such as HVDC links and traction (electric train power cars). The effects of non-sinusoidal voltages on transformer insulation have been investigated by many researchers, but still now, there are some issues that must be understood. Some of those issues are tackled in this Thesis, studying PD phenomena behavior in Kraft paper, pressboard and mineral oil at different voltage conditions like AC, DC, AC+DC, notched AC and square waveforms. From the point of view of converter transformers, it was found that the combined effect of AC and DC voltages produces higher stresses in the pressboard that those that are present under pure DC voltages. The electrical conductivity of the dielectric systems in DC and AC+DC conditions has demonstrated to be a critical parameter, so, its measurement and analysis was also taken into account during all the experiments. Regarding notched voltages, the RMS reduction caused by notches (depending on firing and overlap angles) seems to increase the PDIV. However, the experimental results show that once PD activity has incepted, the notches increase PD repetition rate and magnitude, producing a higher degradation rate of paper. On the other hand, the reduction of mineral oil stocks, their relatively low flash point as well as environmental issues, are factors that are pushing towards the use of esters as transformer insulating fluids. This PhD Thesis also covers the study of two different esters with the scope to validate their use in traction transformers. Mineral oil was used as benchmark. The complete set of dielectric tests performed in the three fluids, show that esters behave better than mineral oil in practically all the investigated conditions, so, their application in traction transformers is possible and encouraged.

Aging of nuclear power plant cables: in search of non-destructive diagnostic quantities

The safety systems of nuclear power plants rely on low-voltage power, instrumentation and control cables. Inside the containment area, cables operate in harsh environments, characterized by relatively high temperature and gamma-irradiation. As these cables are related to fundamental safety systems, they must be able to withstand unexpected accident conditions and, therefore, their condition assessment is of utmost importance as plants age and lifetime extensions are required. Nowadays, the integrity and functionality of these cables are monitored mainly through destructive test which requires specific laboratory. The investigation of electrical aging markers which can provide information about the state of the cable by non-destructive testing methods would improve significantly the present diagnostic techniques. This work has been made within the framework of the ADVANCE (Aging Diagnostic and Prognostics of Low-Voltage I\&C Cables) project, a FP7 European program. This Ph.D. thesis aims at studying the impact of aging on cable electrical parameters, in order to understand the evolution of the electrical properties associated with cable degradation. The identification of suitable aging markers requires the comparison of the electrical property variation with the physical/chemical degradation mechanisms of polymers for different insulating materials and compositions. The feasibility of non-destructive electrical condition monitoring techniques as potential substitutes for destructive methods will be finally discussed studying the correlation between electrical and mechanical properties. In this work, the electrical properties of cable insulators are monitored and characterized mainly by dielectric spectroscopy, polarization/depolarization current analysis and space charge distribution. Among these techniques, dielectric spectroscopy showed the most promising results; by means of dielectric spectroscopy it is possible to identify the frequency range where the properties are more sensitive to aging. In particular, the imaginary part of permittivity at high frequency, which is related to oxidation, has been identified as the most suitable aging marker based on electrical quantities.

Il diagramma h-r

Il diagramma H-R: - la definizione e la costruzione del diagramma H-R; - le classi principali di stelle nel diagramma H-R; - massa e raggio delle stelle nel diagramma H-R; - diagramma H-R ed evoluzione stellare; - il diagramma osservativo (magnitudine-colore); - diagramma CM di ammassi stellari; - le sequenze evolutive nel diagramma CM; - le reazioni termonucleari connesse a ciascuna fase evolutiva.

Fiber-reinforced ceramics for thermostructural applications, produced by polymer impregnation pyrolysis

Several CFCC (Continuous Fiber Composite Ceramics) production processes were tested, concluding that PIP (Polymer Impregnation, or Infiltration, Pyrolysis) and CBC (Chemically Bonded Ceramics) based procedures have interesting potential applications in the construction and transportation fields, thanks to low costs to get potentially useful thermomechanical performances. Among the different processes considered during the Doctorate (from the synthesis of new preceramic polymers, to the PIP production of SiC / SiC composites) the more promising results came from the PIP process with poly-siloxanes on basalt fabrics preforms. Low processing time and costs, together with fairly good thermomechanical properties were demonstrated, even after only one or two PIP steps in nitrogen flow. In alternative, pyrolysis in vacuum was also tested, a procedure still not discussed in literature, but which could originate an interesting reduction of production costs, with only a moderate detrimental effect on the mechanical properties. The resulting CFCC is a basalt / SiCO composite that can be applied for continuous operation up to 600°C, also in oxidant environment, as TG and XRD demonstrated. The failure upon loading is generally pseudo-plastic, being interlaminar delamination the most probable rupture mechanism. . The strength depends on several different factors (microstructure, polymer curing and subsequent ceramic phase evolution, fiber pull-out, fiber strength, fiber percentage) and can only be optimized empirically. In order to be open minded in selecting the best technology, also CBC (Chemically Bonded Ceramics) matrixes were considered during this Doctorate, making some preliminary investigations on fire-resistant phosphate cements. Our results on a commercial product evidenced some interesting thermomechanical capabilities, even after thermal treatments. However the experiments showed also phase change and possible cracking and deformations even on slow drying (at 130°C) and easy rehydration upon exposure to environmental humidity.

Fast and accurate numerical solutions in some problems of particle and radiation transport: synthetic acceleration for the method of short characteristics, Doppler-broadened scattering kernel, remote sensing of the cryosphere

The aim of this work is to present various aspects of numerical simulation of particle and radiation transport for industrial and environmental protection applications, to enable the analysis of complex physical processes in a fast, reliable, and efficient way. In the first part we deal with speed-up of numerical simulation of neutron transport for nuclear reactor core analysis. The convergence properties of the source iteration scheme of the Method of Characteristics applied to be heterogeneous structured geometries has been enhanced by means of Boundary Projection Acceleration, enabling the study of 2D and 3D geometries with transport theory without spatial homogenization. The computational performances have been verified with the C5G7 2D and 3D benchmarks, showing a sensible reduction of iterations and CPU time. The second part is devoted to the study of temperature-dependent elastic scattering of neutrons for heavy isotopes near to the thermal zone. A numerical computation of the Doppler convolution of the elastic scattering kernel based on the gas model is presented, for a general energy dependent cross section and scattering law in the center of mass system. The range of integration has been optimized employing a numerical cutoff, allowing a faster numerical evaluation of the convolution integral. Legendre moments of the transfer kernel are subsequently obtained by direct quadrature and a numerical analysis of the convergence is presented. In the third part we focus our attention to remote sensing applications of radiative transfer employed to investigate the Earth's cryosphere. The photon transport equation is applied to simulate reflectivity of glaciers varying the age of the layer of snow or ice, its thickness, the presence or not other underlying layers, the degree of dust included in the snow, creating a framework able to decipher spectral signals collected by orbiting detectors.

Implementazione di un circuito estrattore di carica quasi-sincrono da trasduttori piezoelettrici

La tecnologia odierna, orientata sempre di più verso il “low-power”, ha permesso di poter sviluppare sistemi elettronici in grado di autoalimentarsi senza alcun bisogno di sorgenti di energia tradizionali. Questo è possibile, ad esempio, utilizzando trasduttori piezoelettrici, in grado di trasformare l’energia meccanica, provocata ad esempio da una vibrazione, in un’altra forma di energia che, in tal caso, risulta essere una grandezza elettrica. Il settore principale in cui viene impiegato questo componente è quello dell’Energy Harvesting, ovvero un campo dell’elettronica in cui si cerca di estrarre dall'ambiente circostante bassissime quantità di energia mediante tecniche opportune, cercando di ridurre i consumi dei circuiti di controllo annessi e renderli, in maggior parte, il più possibile autosufficienti. L’obiettivo è quello di implementare alcune tecniche di recupero dell’energia mediante circuiti gestiti a microcontrollore e valutare se tali metodiche portino a risultati accettabili in grado di soddisfare quelli che sono i requisiti che il mondo dell’Energy Harvesting richiede.

Propagazione di luce in mezzi disordinati: Misure di trasporto diffusivo tramite imaging stazionario

Nel presente lavoro di tesi è stato effettuato uno studio del trasporto di luce in sistemi diffusivi. Per effettuare tale studio è stato allestito un apparato sperimentale ottimizzato per acquisire profili di trasmissione risolti spazialmente di campioni con geometria a slab. Tramite delle misure su un campione diffusivo di riferimento è stato valutato il funzionamento dell’apparato e sono stati effettuati dei test per ottimizzare il procedimento di misurazione. L’apparato è stato poi impiegato per condurre un’analisi del trasporto in un altro sistema disordinato particolarmente interessante, una scaglia di scarafaggio bianco Chyphochilus. Questa specie presenta una bianchezza unica in natura, per via della particolare struttura ottica insita nelle sue scaglie. Le misure effettuate su questo campione hanno rivelato la presenza di anisotropia di trasporto, elemento che potrebbe rivestire un ruolo centrale nelle eccezionali proprietà macroscopiche della scaglia. Sia l’analisi sul campione diffusivo che sulla scaglia di Chyphochilus dimostrano come l’apparato messo a punto permetta di investigare le proprietà microscopiche e strutturali del processo di trasporto di luce, consentendo di stimare il grado di anisotropia dei sistemi esaminati. L’intero lavoro di tesi è stato svolto presso il laboratorio Europeo di Spettroscopia Non-lineare LENS di Firenze all’interno dell’attività di ricerca del gruppo di ottica dei sistemi complessi di Diederik Wiersma. Il campione di scaglia di Chyphochilus è stato fornito dal prof. Peter Vukusic dell’Università di Exeter, UK.

Modelling and analysis of networked control strategies in smart power distribution grids: development of co-simulation tools

This thesis is focused on Smart Grid applications in medium voltage distribution networks. For the development of new applications it appears useful the availability of simulation tools able to model dynamic behavior of both the power system and the communication network. Such a co-simulation environment would allow the assessment of the feasibility of using a given network technology to support communication-based Smart Grid control schemes on an existing segment of the electrical grid and to determine the range of control schemes that different communications technologies can support. For this reason, is presented a co-simulation platform that has been built by linking the Electromagnetic Transients Program Simulator (EMTP v3.0) with a Telecommunication Network Simulator (OPNET-Riverbed v18.0). The simulator is used to design and analyze a coordinate use of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) for the voltage/var control (VVC) in distribution network. This thesis is focused control structure based on the use of phase measurement units (PMUs). In order to limit the required reinforcements of the communication infrastructures currently adopted by Distribution Network Operators (DNOs), the study is focused on leader-less MAS schemes that do not assign special coordinating rules to specific agents. Leader-less MAS are expected to produce more uniform communication traffic than centralized approaches that include a moderator agent. Moreover, leader-less MAS are expected to be less affected by limitations and constraint of some communication links. The developed co-simulator has allowed the definition of specific countermeasures against the limitations of the communication network, with particular reference to the latency and loss and information, for both the case of wired and wireless communication networks. Moreover, the co-simulation platform has bee also coupled with a mobility simulator in order to study specific countermeasures against the negative effects on the medium voltage/current distribution network caused by the concurrent connection of electric vehicles.

Modellazione e comparazione del protocollo TCP in scenari di mobilità

Nell'ultimo ventennio l'impatto delle tecnologie wireless ha rivoluzionato il modo di comunicare. Tuttavia oltre a svariati benefici sono emersi diversi problemi di integrazione e ottimizzazione. Uno tra i protocolli più conosciuto e utilizzato in ambito di comunicazioni di rete, il TCP, viene sempre più spesso usato all'interno di sistemi wireless, per le sue caratteristiche di affidabilità e controllo, senza però fornire supporto specifico. Ciò è materia di forte dibattito e ricerca, che mira a cercare di raffinare le differenti versioni di TCP per renderle wireless-oriented. In questo lavoro si analizzano due varianti di sistema che sfruttano il TCP in scenari di mobilità, una con TCP classico e l'altra con TCP modificato tramite l'aggiunta di un meccanismo di ritrasmissione anticipata, e se ne studiano i vari aspetti e comportamenti, valutandone le prestazioni per mezzo di metodi matematici consolidati in letteratura.

Analysis and design of high performance multiphase electric drives for vehicle and aircraft applications

The first part of this thesis has focused on the construction of a twelve-phase asynchronous machine for More Electric Aircraft (MEA) applications. In fact, the aerospace world has found in electrification the way to improve the efficiency, reliability and maintainability of an aircraft. This idea leads to the aircraft a new management and distribution of electrical services. In this way is possible to remove or to reduce the hydraulic, mechanical and pneumatic systems inside the aircraft. The second part of this dissertation is dedicated on the enhancement of the control range of matrix converters (MCs) operating with non-unity input power factor and, at the same time, on the reduction of the switching power losses. The analysis leads to the determination in closed form of a modulation strategy that features a control range, in terms of output voltage and input power factor, that is greater than that of the traditional strategies under the same operating conditions, and a reduction in the switching power losses.

Espressione eterologa e purificazione della istone deacetilasi umana 1 (HDAC1)

La proteina umana HDAC1 fa parte della famiglia delle HDAC (Istone Deacetilasi); questi enzimi, ad azione deacetilasica, catalizzano la reazione di rimozione di un gruppo acetile a livello degli istoni, componenti fondamentali della cromatina, la cui struttura influenza il ciclo cellulare e la regolazione dell’espressione genica. L’importanza della proteina in questione, a scopo terapeutico, risiede nello studio degli inibitori ad essa associati, i quali risultano utili a livello farmacologico, come coadiuvanti nelle terapie per la cura di tumori. La produzione di HDAC1 ha previsto l’utilizzo di due diversi ceppi del batterio Escherichia coli, denominati TOP10 e BW25993, che sono serviti come sistemi “ospiti” per l’inserimento del vettore di espressione pBAD-HDAC1 contenente la porzione di DNA che codifica per la proteina ricombinante. Sono state determinate le condizioni più idonee, per entrambi i sistemi analizzati, in modo da massimizzare l’espressione della proteina indotta mediante aggiunta di arabinosio al terreno di coltura. A seconda della combinazione ceppo-vettore, infatti, il livello di espressione ottenuto cambia significativamente. In seguito, gli estratti proteici totali sono stati sottoposti a purificazione mediante diversi passaggi cromatografici ed è stata determinata la resa finale del processo. La caratterizzazione della proteina ricombinante purificata ha evidenziato una forma aggregata, di tipo ottamerico, che potrebbe influenzare l’attività enzimatica. Per questo motivo sono stati portati avanti numerosi tentativi di dissociazione dell’oligomero incubando HDAC1 con diversi agenti. Un effetto disaggregante è stato osservato solo in presenza di due detergenti, SDS (anionico) e CTAB (cationico), i quali hanno permesso di ottenere la proteina in forma monomerica. Tra i due detergenti, l’SDS è risultato più efficace, mentre per il CTAB si richiedono ulteriori indagini ed approfondimenti. Altri studi, infine, sono auspicabili ai fini di migliorare ulteriormente la fase di espressione, in modo da rendere il protocollo di produzione adatto ad un’applicazione a livello industriale.

Studio ed ottimizzazione di un pannello solare termico a basso costo

Scopo del presente elaborato è l'ottimizzazione preliminare di un sistema solare “fai da te” per l'accumulo di acqua calda sanitaria, pensato per applicazioni in paesi in via di sviluppo.

Business Chat: analisi e Mock-up

Il documento presenta le analisi svolte per la creazione delle schermate dell'applicazione Business Chat mostrando tutto il percorso decisionale intrapreso per l'implementazione di ogni funzionalità. Business Chat è un'applicazione di messaggistica istantanea che permette una comunicazione diretta tra un negozio e i propri clienti.

Morphing di immagini digitali

Valutazione della fattibilità dell’alterazione di immagini contenenti il volto di un individuo con il fine di ingannare sistemi automatici per la verifica dell’identità del possessore di un documento elettronico.