Analysis of Paschen Curves for air, N2 and SF6 Using the Townsend Breakdown Equation

It has been shown that it is possible to extend the validity of the Townsend breakdown criterion for evaluating the breakdown voltages in the complete pd range in which Paschen curves are available. Evaluation of the breakdown voltages for air (pd=0.0133 to 1400 kPa · cm), N2(pd=0.0313 to 1400 kPa · cm) and SF6 (pd=0.3000 to 1200 kPa · cm) has been done and in most cases the computed values are accurate to ±3% of the measured values. The computations show that it is also possible to estimate the secondary ionization coefficient ¿ in the pd ranges mentioned above.

Natural Frequencies And Transient Responses Of 3-Phase Rotating Machine Windings

The analysis of transient electrical stresses in the insulation of high voltage rotating machines is rendered difficult because of the existence of capacitive and inductive couplings between phases. The Published theories ignore many of the couplings between phases to obtain the solution. A new procedure is proposed here to determine the transient voltage distribution on rotating machine windings. All the significicant capacitive and inductive couplings between different sections in a phase and between different sections in different phases have been considered in this analysis. The experimental results show good correlation with those computed.

On Calculation Of Breakdown Voltages Of Mixtures Of Electron Attaching Gases

In this paper we report the analysis of dc breakdown tests on mixtures of CC12F2, SF6, C-C4F8, 2-C4F8, N2, C02, CF4, CHF3, and 1,1,1-CH3CF3 gases on the basis of the NKH formula Vmix=k(pd)aNbUC developed by us earlier for the binary mixtures of SF6 with air, N2, N20, and CO2. It is shown that while a and c have the values 0.915 and 0.850 respectively as earlier, k and b depend on the component gases. There is a good agreement between the calculated values on the basis of the formula and measured values reported in the literature.

Electron attachment in binary mixtures of electronegative and buffer gases

The ratio of the electron attachment coefficient eta to the gas pressure p (reduced to 0 degrees C) evaluated from the Townsend current growth curves in binary mixtures of electronegative gases (SF6, CCl2F2, CO2) and buffer gases (N2, Ar, air) clearly indicate that the eta /p ratios do not scale as the partial pressure of electronegative gas in the mixture. Extensive calculations carried out using data experimentally obtained have shown that the attachment coefficient of the mixture eta mix can be expressed as eta mix= eta (1-exp- beta F/(100-F)) where eta is the attachment coefficient of the 100% electronegative gas, F is the percentage of the electronegative gas in the mixture and beta is a constant. The results of this analysis explain to a high degree of accuracy the data obtained in various mixtures and are in very good agreement with the data deduced by Itoh and co-workers (1980) using the Boltzmann equation method.

Nonlinear I-V characteristics of senmiconducting paints

The oxide-based high resistivity semiconducting Paints can be used on high voltage insulators for improved performance. They were found to exhibit nonlinear I-V characteristics which are reported here. The paints exhibited power law relationship and a sharp transition in merhanism of conduction at a critical voltage.

NOx Reduction and Desorption Studies Under Electric Discharge Plasma Using a Simulated Gas Mixture: A Case Study on the Effect of Corona Electrodes

In this study, reduction and desorption of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were conducted using an electrical discharge plasma technique. The study was carried out using a simulated gas mixture to explore the possibility of re-generation of used adsorbents by a nonthermal plasma desorption technique. Three different types of corona electrodes, namely, pipe, helical wire, and straight wire, were used for analyzing their effectiveness in NOx reduction/desorption. The pipe-type corona electrode exhibited a nitric oxide (NO) conversion of 50%, which is 1.5 times that of the straight-wire-type electrode at an energy density of 175J/L. The helical-wire-type corona electrode exhibited a NOx desorption efficiency almost 4 times that of the pipe-type electrode,indicating the possibility that corona-generated species play a crucial role in desorption.

On Calculation Of Breakdown Voltages Of Mixtures Of Electron Attaching Gases

In this paper we report the analysis of dc breakdown tests on mixtures of CC12F2, SF6, C-C4F8, 2-C4F8, N2, C02, CF4, CHF3, and 1,1,1-CH3CF3 gases on the basis of the NKH formula Vmix=k(pd)aNbUC developed by us earlier for the binary mixtures of SF6 with air, N2, N20, and CO2. It is shown that while a and c have the values 0.915 and 0.850 respectively as earlier, k and b depend on the component gases. There is a good agreement between the calculated values on the basis of the formula and measured values reported in the literature.

Firing characteristics of a simple coaxial triggeredva cuum gap

The firing and delay characteristics of a simple coaxial type of triggered vacuum gap (TVG) are described and compared with the planar type. The designs are new and differ from those reported earlier. By analogy with gaseous breakdown the statistical and formative time lags have been determined.

PMU measurement based dynamic load modeling using SVC devices in online environment

Online dynamic load modeling has become possible with the availability of Static Voltage Compensator (SVC) and Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) devices. The power of the load response to the small random bounded voltage fluctuations caused from SVC can be measured by PMU for modelling purposes. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the capability of identifying an aggregated load model from high voltage substation level in the online environment. The induction motor is used as the main test subject since it contributes the majority of the dynamic loads. A test system representing simple electromechanical generator model serving dynamic loads through the transmission network is used to verify the proposed method. Also, dynamic load with multiple induction motors are modeled to achieve a better realistic load representation.

Theoretical Maximum Limits on Power-Handling Capacity of HVDC Cables

In the case of an ac cable, power transmission is limited by the length of the cable due to the capacitive reactive current component. It is well known that high-voltage direct current (HVDC) cables do not have such limitations. However, insulation-related thermal problems pose a limitation on the power capability of HVDC cables. The author presents a viable theoretical development, a logical extension to Whitehead's theory on thermal limitations of the insulation. The computation of the maximum power-carrying capability of HVDC cables subject to limits on the maximum operable temperature of the insulation is presented. The limitation on the power-carrying capability is closely associated with the electrothermal insulation failure. The effect of environmental interaction by way of external thermal resistance, an important aspect, is also considered in the formulations. The Lagrange multiplier method has been used to handle the ensuing optimization problem. The theory is based on an accepted theory of thermal breakdown in insulation and is an important and a coherent extension of great significance.

Prediction of Breakdown Voltages of Binary Gas Mixtures in Uniform Electric Fields

A simple equation to predict the breakdown voltages for binary mixtures (Vmix) of electronegative gases (SF6, CCl2F2) and buffer gases (N2, N2O, CO2, air) under uniform electric field has been proposed. Values of Vmix evaluated using this equation for mixtures of SF6-N2, SF6-air, SF6-N2O, SF6-CO2 and CCl2F2-N2 over a wide range of pd show an excellent agreement with the experimentally measured data available in the literature.

Calculation of Sparking Potentials of SF6 and SF6-GAS Mixtures in Uniform and Non-Uniform Electric Fields

A simple formula is developed to predict the sparking potentials of SF6 and SF6-gas mixture in uniform and non-uniform fields. The formula has been shown to be valid over a very wide range from 1 to 1800 kPa·cm of pressure and electrode gap separation for mixtures containing 5 to 100% SF6. The calculated values are found to be in good agreement with the previously reported measurements in the literature. The formula should aid design engineers in estimating electrode-spacings and clearances in power apparatus and systems.

Measurement of resistivity and dielectric constant of beach-sand minerals

Resistivity and dielectric constant are important parameters which influence the separation of particles in a drum-type electrostatic separator. The paper provides details of the measurement of the parameters and data on the magnitude of resistivity and dielectric constant of the minerals of beach sand.

Delay time of a vacuum gap triggered by an exploding wire

The experimental results of delay time of a vacuum gap triggered by an exploding wire plasma have been reported. It consists of explosion delay time and propagation delay time. The explosion delay time has been found to be dependent on the parameters of the exploding wire and the exploding wire circuit and is independent of vacuum gap configuration. The propagation delay time depends on the properties of the exploding wire plasma and vacuum gap parameters such as the number of injection slots, gap spacing, gap polarity, etc. In the absence of prebreakdown current in the vacuum gap, the breakdown can be initiated only after the plasma completely bridges the gap spacing. Under this specific condition, it has been shown that the delay time data can be used to calculate the plasma velocity.