The Middle Stone Age of Eastern Africa

The Middle Stone Age (MSA) covers the evolution, emergence, and dispersal of Homo sapiens. This article focuses on archaeological data and on published material from key stratified sites with some form of geochronological control from across eastern Africa. The MSA is often characterised by a shift from handaxe production towards discoidal and Levallois techniques. Although evidence for the controlled use of fire remains minimal, it seems likely that MSA hominins used it, as well as being highly skilled in working stone and probably bone and wood. MSA hominins appear to have exploited a range of different ecozones and many MSA sites are focused on ecotones, maximising access to resources. Over time, use of rockshelters and caves also seems to have increased. Although much work remains, the MSA is presently one of the most exciting and dynamic periods in the study of human evolution.

The inventorying of building stone performance-in-use to assess susceptibility to decay

The Natural Stone Database for Northern Ireland was constructed to address the paucity of information available to stone conservation practitioners within the region. Almost 2000 listed buildings and monuments were surveyed over three years to produce an interactive GIS database. This contained information on stone sources, together with details of stone condition and decay processes. This paper uses elements of this GIS to investigate stone decay patterns across Northern Ireland. The results demonstrate that as the level of stone decay increases, so does the proportion of buildings with sandstone as the primary stone type. It appears that a
higher open porosity level combined with Northern Ireland’s wetter climate and maritime location leads to rapid wetting and drying cycles within sandstones. This is coupled with the ingress and crystallisation of marine and other salts within stone pores leading to considerably
higher rates of decay than for any other stone type.

The comparative in situ hygrothermal performance of Hemp and Stone Wool insulations in vapour open timber frame wall panels

An in situ experiment in a full scale timber frame test building was carried out to compare the hygrothermal performance of Hemp and Stone Wool insulations of identical thermal conductivity. Hemp and Stone Wool insulations were installed in timber frame wall panels without vapour barrier. The comparison was made in terms of heat transfer properties, likelihood of mould growth and condensation. Step changes in internal relative humidity were performed to explore the effect of high and normal internal moisture load on the wall panels. No significant difference between the average equivalent thermal transmittance (U-values) of the panels incorporating Hemp and Stone Wool insulations was observed. The average equivalent U-values of the panels were closer to the calculated U-values of the panels based on the manufacturers’ declared thermal conductivity of Hemp and Stone Wool insulations. It was observed that the placement of heat flux sensor along the depth of the insulation had significant influence on the measured equivalent U-value of the panels during high internal moisture load. The frequency and likelihood of condensation was higher in the interface of Stone Wool and Oriented Strand Board (OSB). In terms of the parametric assessment of mould germination potential, relative humidity, temperature and exposure conditions in the insulation-OSB interfaces were found to be favourable to germination of mould spore. However, when the insulations were dismantled, no mould was visually detected.

Quasi steady state and dynamic hygrothermal performance of fibrous Hemp and Stone Wool insulations: Two innovative laboratory based investigations

Moisture and heat management properties of Hemp and Stone Wool insulations were studied by mounting them between a hot and a cold climate chamber. Both insulations were exposed to identical hygrothermal boundary conditions. Quasi steady state and dynamic tests were carried out at a range of relative humidity exposures. The likelihood of interstitial condensation was assessed and equivalent thermal conductivity values of the insulations were determined. The adsorption-desorption isotherms of the insulations were also determined in a dynamic vapour sorption (DVS) instrument. It was observed that the likelihood of condensation was higher in Stone Wool insulation than in Hemp insulation. Hemp insulation performed better in managing moisture due to its high hygric inertia and water absorption capacity. It was observed that the equivalent thermal conductivity of Stone Wool insulation was dependent on enthalpy flow and phase change of moisture. The equivalent thermal conductivity of Hemp insulation was close to its declared thermal conductivity in dynamic conditions when high relative humidity exposures were transient. In quasi steady state boundary conditions, when the insulation was allowed to reach the equilibrium moisture content at ranges of relative humidity, there was a moisture dependent increase of thermal conductivity in Hemp insulation.

Tecnologia lítica da Middle Stone Age da Gruta da Leba (Huíla, SW Angola)

África é hoje o foco principal na investigação sobre a problemática da emergência da humanidade. O registo arqueológico actual sugere que também alinhagem do Homo sapiens surgiu na África subsaariana, tornando a Middle Stone Age no período chave no debate sobre a emergência do comportamento humano moderno. Os primeiros indícios de comportamento humano presumivelmente moderno provêm da África do Sul, mas há um enorme vazio arqueográfico sobre as áreas limítrofes desse território como é o caso de Angola que podem trazer novos dados à discussão. A presente dissertação debruça-se sobre a colecção arqueológica da Gruta da Leba (Huíla, SW de Angola), actualmente parte do Arquivo Científico Tropical (Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical), que permanece inédita, apesar de recolhida em escavação arqueológica pela Junta de Investigações do Ultramar durante os anos 1950, no âmbito da Missão Antropobiológica de Angola. O conjunto é composto por uma indústria lítica com mais de 1500 peças, bem como restos faunísticos e amostras de sedimentos, de uma sequência estratigráfica com três níveis de ocupação da Middle Stone Age. O principal objectivo deste estudo é caracterizar a produção e utilização dos materiais líticos da Middle Stone Age da Gruta da Leba, através da sistematização da informação de cariz tecnológico e tipológico do conjunto artefactual. A partir da análise dos materiais líticos é possível definir padrões de variabilidade na exploração das matérias-primas e cadeias operatórias de produção do sítio. Pretende-se, assim, enquadrar regionalmente as indústrias líticas no panorama mais alargado da Pré-História da África subsaariana, para a validação dos modelos crono-culturais convencionais e avaliação dos parâmetros teórico-metodológicos aplicados na abordagem à tecnologia lítica africana em relação à problemática do comportamento humano moderno.

Foundation Stone due date card

This is a due date card for the book titled Foundation Stone, with stamped dates from 1941-1943.

Population and landscape genetics of the stone marten and red fox in Portugal : implications for conservation management of common carnivores

Tese de doutoramento, Biologia (Biologia da Conservação), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2015

Hausdorff dimension bounds for smoothness of holonomies for codimension 1 hyperbolic dynamics

We prove that the stable holonomies of a proper codimension 1 attractor Λ, for a Cr diffeomorphism f of a surface, are not C1+θ for θ greater than the Hausdorff dimension of the stable leaves of f intersected with Λ. To prove this result we show that there are no diffeomorphisms of surfaces, with a proper codimension 1 attractor, that are affine on a neighbourhood of the attractor and have affine stable holonomies on the attractor.

Fostering e-participation sustainability through a BPM-driven semantic model

According to a recent Eurobarometer survey (2014), 68% of Europeans tend not to trust national governments. As the increasing alienation of citizens from politics endangers democracy and welfare, governments, practitioners and researchers look for innovative means to engage citizens in policy matters. One of the measures intended to overcome the so-called democratic deficit is the promotion of civic participation. Digital media proliferation offers a set of novel characteristics related to interactivity, ubiquitous connectivity, social networking and inclusiveness that enable new forms of societal-wide collaboration with a potential impact on leveraging participative democracy. Following this trend, e-Participation is an emerging research area that consists in the use of Information and Communication Technologies to mediate and transform the relations among citizens and governments towards increasing citizens’ participation in public decision-making. However, despite the widespread efforts to implement e-Participation through research programs, new technologies and projects, exhaustive studies on the achieved outcomes reveal that it has not yet been successfully incorporated in institutional politics. Given the problems underlying e-Participation implementation, the present research suggested that, rather than project-oriented efforts, the cornerstone for successfully implementing e-Participation in public institutions as a sustainable added-value activity is a systematic organisational planning, embodying the principles of open-governance and open-engagement. It further suggested that BPM, as a management discipline, can act as a catalyst to enable the desired transformations towards value creation throughout the policy-making cycle, including political, organisational and, ultimately, citizen value. Following these findings, the primary objective of this research was to provide an instrumental model to foster e-Participation sustainability across Government and Public Administration towards a participatory, inclusive, collaborative and deliberative democracy. The developed artefact, consisting in an e-Participation Organisational Semantic Model (ePOSM) underpinned by a BPM-steered approach, introduces this vision. This approach to e-Participation was modelled through a semi-formal lightweight ontology stack structured in four sub-ontologies, namely e-Participation Strategy, Organisational Units, Functions and Roles. The ePOSM facilitates e-Participation sustainability by: (1) Promoting a common and cross-functional understanding of the concepts underlying e-Participation implementation and of their articulation that bridges the gap between technical and non-technical users; (2) Providing an organisational model which allows a centralised and consistent roll-out of strategy-driven e-Participation initiatives, supported by operational units dedicated to the execution of transformation projects and participatory processes; (3) Providing a standardised organisational structure, goals, functions and roles related to e-Participation processes that enhances process-level interoperability among government agencies; (4) Providing a representation usable in software development for business processes’ automation, which allows advanced querying using a reasoner or inference engine to retrieve concrete and specific information about the e-Participation processes in place. An evaluation of the achieved outcomes, as well a comparative analysis with existent models, suggested that this innovative approach tackling the organisational planning dimension can constitute a stepping stone to harness e-Participation value.

La lithiase rénale: un marqueur du risque cardiovasculaire [Kidney stone as a cardiovascular risk marker].

Si le passage d'un calcul rénal est souvent considéré comme un événement médical mineur, quoique très douloureux, de plus en plus d'études indiquent qu'il doit être pris au sérieux puisqu'il peut indiquer un risque cardiovasculaire augmenté. Nous revoyons ici les études qui associent risque cardiovasculaire et calcul rénal et les liens physiopathologiques qui les unissent. Nous montrons que la lithiase est un événement intervenant tôt dans la vie d'un individu à risque de développer des complications cardiovasculaires. Ainsi, la lithiase ne doit pas être banalisée, mais doit être considérée comme une première alerte devant inciter le médecin traitant à recenser précocement les facteurs de risque cardiovasculaires et à mettre en place une stratégie de prévention. Cette approche pourrait permettre de diminuer l'incidence d'événements cardiovasculaires chez les patients formeurs de lithiases. Most of the time, kidney stones are considered as minor, but painful events. However, several studies have recently shown an association between kidney stone and an increased cardio-vascular risk. We review here these studies and explore the underlying pathophysiological hypotheses. At the end, we propose that lithiasis should be considered as a red flag intervening early during life-time and allowing a check of cardiovascular risk factors and early preventive intervention. Such approach may be successful in reducing the incidence of cardio-vascular events in stone formers.

The European dimension for the mouse genome mutagenesis program.

The European Mouse Mutagenesis Consortium is the European initiative contributing to the international effort on functional annotation of the mouse genome. Its objectives are to establish and integrate mutagenesis platforms, gene expression resources, phenotyping units, storage and distribution centers and bioinformatics resources. The combined efforts will accelerate our understanding of gene function and of human health and disease.

Stone Exterior

The concrete wall gets its exterior finished in stone.