Behavioral Types for Embedded Software - A Survey

At present, there is a variety of formalisms for modeling and analyzing the communication behavior of components. Due to a tremendous increase in size and complexity of embedded systems accompanied by shorter time to market cycles and cost reduction, so called behavioral type systems become more and more important. This chapter presents an overview and a taxonomy of behavioral types. The intentions of this taxonomy are to provide a guidance for software engineers and to form the basis for future research.

Specification and Evaluation of Safety Properties in a Component-Based Software Engineering Process

Over the past years, component-based software engineering has become an established paradigm in the area of complex software intensive systems. However, many techniques for analyzing these systems for critical properties currently do not make use of the component orientation. In particular, safety analysis of component-based systems is an open field of research. In this chapter we investigate the problems arising and define a set of requirements that apply when adapting the analysis of safety properties to a component-based software engineering process. Based on these requirements some important component-oriented safety evaluation approaches are examined and compared.

Effect of image analysis software on neurofunctional activation during processing of emotional human faces

Functional brain imaging techniques such as functional MRI (fMRI) that allow the in vivo investigation of the human brain have been exponentially employed to address the neurophysiological substrates of emotional processing. Despite the growing number of fMRI studies in the field, when taken separately these individual imaging studies demonstrate contrasting findings and variable pictures, and are unable to definitively characterize the neural networks underlying each specific emotional condition. Different imaging packages, as well as the statistical approaches for image processing and analysis, probably have a detrimental role by increasing the heterogeneity of findings. In particular, it is unclear to what extent the observed neurofunctional response of the brain cortex during emotional processing depends on the fMRI package used in the analysis. In this pilot study, we performed a double analysis of an fMRI dataset using emotional faces. The Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) version 2.6 (Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, London, UK) and the XBAM 3.4 (Brain Imaging Analysis Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, UK) programs, which use parametric and non-parametric analysis, respectively, were used to assess our results. Both packages revealed that processing of emotional faces was associated with an increased activation in the brain`s visual areas (occipital, fusiform and lingual gyri), in the cerebellum, in the parietal cortex, in the cingulate cortex (anterior and posterior cingulate), and in the dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. However, blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) response in the temporal regions, insula and putamen was evident in the XBAM analysis but not in the SPM analysis. Overall, SPM and XBAM analyses revealed comparable whole-group brain responses. Further Studies are needed to explore the between-group compatibility of the different imaging packages in other cognitive and emotional processing domains. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Multi-threading and message communication in Qu-Prolog

This paper presents the multi-threading and internet message communication capabilities of Qu-Prolog. Message addresses are symbolic and the communications package provides high-level support that completely hides details of IP addresses and port numbers as well as the underlying TCP/IP transport layer. The combination of the multi-threads and the high level inter-thread message communications provide simple, powerful support for implementing internet distributed intelligent applications.

Reliability factors in business software: volatility, requirements and end-users

Many business-oriented software applications are subject to frequent changes in requirements. This paper shows that, ceteris paribus, increases in the volatility of system requirements decrease the reliability of software. Further, systems that exhibit high volatility during the development phase are likely to have lower reliability during their operational phase. In addition to the typically higher volatility of requirements, end-users who specify the requirements of business-oriented systems are usually less technically oriented than people who specify the requirements of compilers, radar tracking systems or medical equipment. Hence, the characteristics of software reliability problems for business-oriented systems are likely to differ significantly from those of more technically oriented systems.

Prediction of coal ash fusion temperatures with the F*A*C*T thermodynamic computer package

This paper outlines research on the processes taking place within the coal mineral matter at high temperatures and development of the relationship between ash fusion temperatures (AFT) and phase equilibria of the coal ash slags. A new thermodynamic database for the Al-Ca-Fe-O-Si system developed by the author was used in conjunction with the thermodynamic computer package F*A*C*T for these purposes. In addition, high temperature experimental studies were undertaken that involved heat treatment and quenching of the ash cones followed by the analyses using different techniques. The study provided new information on the processes taking place during AFT test and demonstrated the validity of the AFTs predictions with F*A*C*T. Examples of practical applications of the AFT prediction method are given in the paper. The results of this study are important not only for the AFT predictions, but also in general for the application of phase equilibrium science to the characterisation of the coal mineral matter interactions at high temperature. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Infusing the use of seasonal climate forecasting into crop management practice in North East Australia using discussion support software

Seasonal climate forecasting offers potential for improving management of crop production risks in the cropping systems of NE Australia. But how is this capability best connected to management practice? Over the past decade, we have pursued participative systems approaches involving simulation-aided discussion with advisers and decision-makers. This has led to the development of discussion support software as a key vehicle for facilitating infusion of forecasting capability into practice. In this paper, we set out the basis of our approach, its implementation and preliminary evaluation. We outline the development of the discussion support software Whopper Cropper, which was designed for, and in close consultation with, public and private advisers. Whopper Cropper consists of a database of simulation output and a graphical user interface to generate analyses of risks associated with crop management options. The charts produced provide conversation pieces for advisers to use with their farmer clients in relation to the significant decisions they face. An example application, detail of the software development process and an initial survey of user needs are presented. We suggest that discussion support software is about moving beyond traditional notions of supply-driven decision support systems. Discussion support software is largely demand-driven and can compliment participatory action research programs by providing cost-effective general delivery of simulation-aided discussions about relevant management actions. The critical role of farm management advisers and dialogue among key players is highlighted. We argue that the discussion support concept, as exemplified by the software tool Whopper Cropper and the group processes surrounding it, provides an effective means to infuse innovations, like seasonal climate forecasting, into farming practice. Crown Copyright (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

A Generic Library for GUI Reasoning and Testing

Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) make software easy to use by providing the user with visual controls. Therefore, correctness of GUI's code is essential to the correct execution of the overall software. Models can help in the evaluation of interactive applications by allowing designers to concentrate on its more important aspects. This paper presents a generic model for language-independent reverse engineering of graphical user interface based applications, and we explore the integration of model-based testing techniques in our approach, thus allowing us to perform fault detection. A prototype tool has been constructed, which is already capable of deriving and testing a user interface behavioral model of applications written in Java/Swing.

A estrutura conceptual da informação financeira e o governo das sociedades

A informação contabilística constitui um dos pilares fundamentais para a formação de juízos e tomada de decisões empresariais e, para isso, deve cumprir os requisitos de qualidade, objectividade, transparência, rigor, responsabilidade e independência. Para o efeito, a informação é elaborada com base em políticas e critérios contabilísticos, conceitos e pressupostos subjacentes à “Estrutura Conceptual” dos normativos emitidos por organismos nacionais e internacionais, e em princípios sustentados no “Governo das Sociedades” e respectivas recomendações, considerando as necessidades dos seus utilizadores. O presente estudo tem por objectivo explorar a relação entre a Informação Financeira Divulgada e o Modelo de Governação das Sociedades e fornecer uma melhor e mais profunda compreensão das características das sociedades que influenciam a divulgação. Neste estudo, foi utilizada uma amostra de empresas portuguesas não financeiras, emitentes de acções, que se encontram admitidas a negociação no mercado de cotações oficiais da New York Stock Exchange, adiante designada por NYSE Euronext Lisbon, no período de 2010 a 2012. Os elementos foram recolhidos através da leitura e análise dos Relatórios e Contas Anuais publicados e por consulta da base de dados DataStream. Os dados obtidos foram analisados através de modelos de regressão linear múltipla, considerando o modelo de dados em painel, tendo sido utilizado o programa de estatística Gnu Regression, Econometrics and Time- Series Library (GRETL), versão 1.9.92 (Sep 20, 2014), embora, para a análise das correlações, tenha sido utilizado, também, o programa estatístico Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, adiante denominado IBM SPSS Statistics, versão 19. A análise dos resultados indica que as principais determinantes subjacentes à divulgação relacionada com o índice de cumprimento sobre o Governo das Sociedades são as variáveis explicativas relacionadas com: (i) dimensão da empresa; (ii) endividamento; (iii) concentração accionista; (iv) negociabilidade; (v) percentagem de acções detidas pelos administradores executivos; (vi) rendibilidade do investimento total; e (vii) remuneração dos administradores não executivos. Os testes efectuados mostram que os resultados alcançados são robustos para modelar especificações e problemas de existência de multicolinearidade. O software utiliza o método de Arellano (2004) com a finalidade de corrigir o problema de possibilidade de existência de heteroscedasticidade e de autocorrelação. Nesta base, verificaram-se todas as situações que poderiam criar obstáculos e causar enviesamento nos estimadores e definições das variáveis. Relativamente ao índice global de divulgação dos riscos e incertezas, concluiu-se que é provavelmente determinado por diferentes variáveis. Esta investigação enriquece a discussão sobre as relações entre a divulgação da informação e a estrutura do Governo das Sociedades. Assim, o estudo pode ser útil para accionistas, administradores, credores e outros investidores, quanto à reflexão da adequação da informação divulgada nos relatórios e contas anuais, com a finalidade da tomada de decisões idóneas e fundamentadas. Porém, é essencial que os reguladores incentivem as empresas a adequarem melhor as práticas de governo e a criarem mais mecanismos de forma a alcançar um maior nível de independência e uma adopção mais ajustada das recomendações sobre o Governo das Sociedades.