Laser scribing of thin-film PV modules

This study is a literature review on laser scribing in monolithically interconnected thin-film PV modules, focusing on efficiency of modules based on absorber materials CIGS, CdTe and a-Si. In thin-film PV module manufacturing scribing is used to interconnect individual cells monolithically by P1, P2 and P3 scribes. Laser scribing has several advantages compared to mechanical scribing for this purpose. However, laser scribing of thin-films can be a challenging process and may induce efficiency reducing defects. Some of these defects can be avoided by improving optimisation or processing methods.

Optimization of PV and battery capacity for domestic purposes

The usage of PV batteries nowadays became more and more widely spread. Due to the fact that the efficiency of modern PV is rising every year the prevalence of this source of energy is increasing. As the source of the energy is sunlight, these batteries need to be complimented by storage capacitors which will store energy for future use. Nevertheless the less the calculation of demanded amount of energy according the load and capacity of a storage battery that will keep the end consumer in work during certain time still is not overviewed. In this thesis the overall system will be considered and there will be made economic calculations for configurations of such system that will depend from the load. Also the behavior of the system in different geographical and climate conditions that influence of the amount of energy produced will be overviewed.

Inoculação de Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens em sementes de feijão por meio da técnica de condicionamento fisiológico

Neste estudo foi testada a técnica de condicionamento fisiológico em meio agarizado para inoculação de Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff) em sementes de feijão. Na primeira etapa, avaliou-se o comportamento das sementes de feijão cultivar Pérola, durante o pré-condicionamento osmótico em substrato agarizado com restrição hídrica. Os tratamentos consistiram em expor, por diferentes períodos de tempo, sementes de feijão desinfestadas a quatro níveis de restrição hídrica do meio 523 (-0,55, -0,75, -0,95 e -1,15 MPa), com o uso de quatro substratos (meio 523, meio 523+KCl, meio 523+manitol e meio 523+sacarose). Como testemunha, utilizou-se o meio 523 sem restrição hídrica (-0,55 MPa). Decorridos os respectivos tempos, avaliou-se a percentagem de sementes com protrusão radicular e, posteriormente, o teor de água, a germinação e os padrões enzimáticos das sementes. Na segunda etapa do estudo, avaliou-se o crescimento de quatro isolados de Cff (Cff DF - Feij-2936, Cff PR - 12768, Cff SC - Feij-2928 e Cff SP - Feij-2634) em substrato agarizado com restrição hídrica. Os tratamentos da terceira etapa foram definidos com base na primeira etapa, em que o melhor tratamento foi o meio 523 com manitol no potencial hídrico de -0,95 MPa e com 48 horas de exposição das sementes no meio agarizado. Na segunda etapa, verificou-se que o isolado de Cff SC (Feij-2928), proveniente do estado de Santa Catarina, apresentou o melhor crescimento no substrato e no potencial hídrico definido na primeira etapa. Portanto, foi possível a inoculação artificial de sementes de feijão com Cff por meio da técnica de condicionamento fisiológico em substrato agarizado, sem o comprometimento de sua qualidade fisiológica.

Extracción y caracterización química,nutricional y funcional de proteinas de la semilla de Brassica campestris L.

Tesis (Doctorado en ciencias con Especialidad en alimentos) UANL

Can the dynamical impact of the stratosphere on the troposphere be described by large-scale adjustment to the stratospheric PV distribution?

Recent numerical experiments have demonstrated that the state of the stratosphere has a dynamical impact on the state of the troposphere. To account for such an effect, a number of mechanisms have been proposed in the literature, all of which amount to a large-scale adjustment of the troposphere to potential vorticity (PV) anomalies in the stratosphere. This paper analyses whether a simple PV adjustment suffices to explain the actual dynamical response of the troposphere to the state of the stratosphere, the actual response being determined by ensembles of numerical experiments run with an atmospheric general-circulation model. For this purpose, a new PV inverter is developed. It is shown that the simple PV adjustment hypothesis is inadequate. PV anomalies in the stratosphere induce, by inversion, flow anomalies in the troposphere that do not coincide spatially with the tropospheric changes determined by the numerical experiments. Moreover, the tropospheric anomalies induced by PV inversion are on a larger scale than the changes found in the numerical experiments, which are linked to the Atlantic and Pacific storm-tracks. These findings imply that the impact of the stratospheric state on the troposphere is manifested through the impact on individual synoptic-scale systems and their self-organization in the storm-tracks. Changes in these weather systems in the troposphere are not merely synoptic-scale noise on a larger scale tropospheric response, but an integral part of the mechanism by which the state of the stratosphere impacts that of the troposphere.

An interpretation of baroclinic initial value problems: results for simple basic states with nonzero interior PV gradients

In the Eady model, where the meridional potential vorticity (PV) gradient is zero, perturbation energy growth can be partitioned cleanly into three mechanisms: (i) shear instability, (ii) resonance, and (iii) the Orr mechanism. Shear instability involves two-way interaction between Rossby edge waves on the ground and lid, resonance occurs as interior PV anomalies excite the edge waves, and the Orr mechanism involves only interior PV anomalies. These mechanisms have distinct implications for the structural and temporal linear evolution of perturbations. Here, a new framework is developed in which the same mechanisms can be distinguished for growth on basic states with nonzero interior PV gradients. It is further shown that the evolution from quite general initial conditions can be accurately described (peak error in perturbation total energy typically less than 10%) by a reduced system that involves only three Rossby wave components. Two of these are counterpropagating Rossby waves—that is, generalizations of the Rossby edge waves when the interior PV gradient is nonzero—whereas the other component depends on the structure of the initial condition and its PV is advected passively with the shear flow. In the cases considered, the three-component model outperforms approximate solutions based on truncating a modal or singular vector basis.

Comparative genome analysis provides insights into the evolution and adaptation of Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi on Aesculus hippocastanum.

A recently emerging bleeding canker disease, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pathovar aesculi (Pae), is threatening European horse chestnut in northwest Europe. Very little is known about the origin and biology of this new disease. We used the nucleotide sequences of seven commonly used marker genes to investigate the phylogeny of three strains isolated recently from bleeding stem cankers on European horse chestnut in Britain (E-Pae). On the basis of these sequences alone, the E-Pae strains were identical to the Pae type-strain (I-Pae), isolated from leaf spots on Indian horse chestnut in India in 1969. The phylogenetic analyses also showed that Pae belongs to a distinct clade of P. syringae pathovars adapted to woody hosts. We generated genome-wide Illumina sequence data from the three E-Pae strains and one strain of I-Pae. Comparative genomic analyses revealed pathovar-specific genomic regions in Pae potentially implicated in virulence on a tree host, including genes for the catabolism of plant-derived aromatic compounds and enterobactin synthesis. Several gene clusters displayed intra-pathovar variation, including those encoding type IV secretion, a novel fatty acid biosynthesis pathway and a sucrose uptake pathway. Rates of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the four Pae genomes indicate that the three E-Pae strains diverged from each other much more recently than they diverged from I-Pae. The very low genetic diversity among the three geographically distinct E-Pae strains suggests that they originate from a single, recent introduction into Britain, thus highlighting the serious environmental risks posed by the spread of an exotic plant pathogenic bacterium to a new geographic location. The genomic regions in Pae that are absent from other P. syringae pathovars that infect herbaceous hosts may represent candidate genetic adaptations to infection of the woody parts of the tree.