Diseño de un programa de capacitación en gestión empresarial para el personal directivo de la Asociación cooperativa financiera magisterial Co-Andes de R.L.

La capacitación dentro de la empresa surge por múltiples razones que justifican su existencia. Entre una de ellas está la necesidad que experimentan las instituciones de contar con personal altamente capacitado que garantice la competitividad y permanencia de las empresas en la sociedad. Actualmente la capacitación se ha convertido en un auténtico proceso de cambio dirigido a hacer más eficiente el desempeño de los empleados e impactar la productividad de las organizaciones.Durante los últimos años la Cooperativa CO – ANDES DE R.L., ha experimentado un cierto nivel de desarrollo dentro del mercado financiero. A pesar de ello el personal directivo experimenta problemas para gestionar adecuadamente sus recursos de manera efectiva. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo el diseño de un programa de capacitación en gestión empresarial para el personal directivo de la Asociación Cooperativa Financiera Magisterial CO – ANDES DE R.L., que les permita desarrollar sus funciones administrativas, en las diferentes áreas funcionales de manera eficiente y eficaz. El contenido de éste documento fue posible mediante una investigación bibliográfica que facilitó la elaboración del marco teórico sobre aspectos generales de cooperativismo, capacitación y gestión empresarial, de igual forma se llevó a cabo una investigación de campo en la que se utilizó una serie de técnicas y herramientas para recabar la información que permitió realizar el diagnóstico de necesidades de capacitación en las diferentes áreas funcionales de la cooperativa. La metodología anterior, permitió establecer las siguientes conclusiones y recomendaciones: Conclusiones: El personal directivo posee pocos conocimientos administrativos y experimenta problemas en las áreas de mercadeo, contabilidad y finanzas. No existe un adecuado clima laboral al interior de la cooperativa. Recomendaciones: Elabora un programa de capacitación en gestión empresarial que le permita al personal directivo actualizar los conocimientos, modificar actitudes y desarrollar habilidades.

Intervención en las problemáticas psicosociales de los niños Y jóvenes usuarios del Centro de Emergencias de la Fundación Niños de los Andes

191 p.

Body image dissatisfaction and low self-esteem due to physical appeareance in students of the faculty of medicine at the university of los andes (mérida, venezuela)

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate body image dissatisfaction in relation to low self-esteem due to physical appearance in students of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Los Andes in Mérida, Venezuela.  It was a non-experimental and correlational study.  The sample included 189 students (27% male and 73% female) with an average age of 19.58 ± 1.57 (men: 19.81 years of age ± 1.74 and women: 20.24 years of age ± 1.76).  Participants were intentionally selected from first-year courses of the Medicine, Nursing and Nutrition programs.  The Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) (Cooper and Taylor, 1987) was the instrument used to measure body image dissatisfaction and Graffar’s modified method (Méndez and De Méndez, 1994) was applied to determine the participants’ socioeconomic status.  A descriptive analysis (frequency, percentages, mean) and an inferential analysis (one-way ANOVA) were applied to the data using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 9.0.  One of the most important findings in this study was the determination of a statistically significant relationship between dissatisfaction and body image and between low self-esteem and gender χ2 (2, N= 189) = 9.686, p=0.008.  Using ANOVA also helped determine that differences in the mean for dissatisfaction and low self-esteem levels with body image and gender are statistically significant, F= 11.236; p=0.008, F=10.23; p=0.002, respectively.  Conclusions: results obtained suggest a relationship between dissatisfaction and low self-esteem due to physical appearance. Consequently, subjects reject their body image because of a distorted or undistorted perception of their physical appearance, which can possibly affect self-esteem.  Moreover, it is observed that the students’ psychological health is more related to their satisfaction with their body-image than to the way their body image is perceived. Consequently, this group of participants must be analyzed regarding their self-esteem due to body image, as an expression in the institutional environment.  It is also important to emphasize that gender may be a risk factor concerning eating disorders.  We believe the foregoing because women showed higher dissatisfaction levels because of their physical appearance being conditioned by a higher dissatisfaction with their perceived body image, which is characterized by an overestimation of the physical dimension of their body image.

Manejo y conservación del suelo y agua en los Andes del Sur de Ecuador

El manejo y la conservación de los recursos suelo y agua han sido y son motivo de gran preocupación para la sostenibilidad del Planeta en cuanto a la soberanía alimentaria y el desarrollo de la vida en general, esto se remarca en los países en vías de desarrollo que presentan fuertes contrastes, como lo es el Ecuador. Las limitaciones en la recolección de los datos climatológicos, de suelo, cobertura vegetal, entre otros; así como la aplicación de metodologías que se adapten a las realidades locales en cuanto a la medición de parámetros de calidad de agua y suelo, y la estimación de la erosión, motivaron el desarrollo de esta investigación; que inicialmente genera y analiza datos originales, estima con los modelos tradicionales el riesgo de pérdida de suelo, y propone un nuevo modelo para implementarlo en la región. Esto facilitaría la oferta de políticas o estrategias de manejo y conservación de los recursos naturales a diferentes escalas. En el Capítulo I, se hace una introducción general al tema de la tesis en relación al área de estudio, con una revisión del estado de la cuestión con algunos datos de investigaciones previas para la región. Se plantea el estado actual y en relación a este se describe el fin y los objetivos de la investigación. El Capítulo II, describe a detalle el área general de estudio y las zonas específicas, que por motivos de formato y limitaciones de espacio no pudieron ser incluidos en los artículos de los capítulos siguientes. También se describen los materiales y métodos que fueron requeridos para la generación de información de campo y laboratorio, durante el proceso de investigación y desarrollo de la tesis. En el Capítulo III, se describen las primeras relaciones de la cobertura vegetal con algunos parámetros de suelo y agua. Este capítulo describe un acercamiento al tema de investigación tanto de campo como de laboratorio a escala local (7 cuencas). El muestreo del suelo fue sistemático y el del agua uno en la estación seca y otro en la lluviosa. En este apartado se analiza únicamente la erodabilidad y topografía del suelo. El Capítulo IV, estima el riesgo de erosión del suelo causado por el cambio de la cubierta vegetal en un ecosistema de bosque de neblina montano, este análisis es a escala local. Fue modelada para esta zona la Ecuación Universal de Perdida de Suelo Revisada (RUSLE), para entender cómo se desarrolla el proceso erosivo y estimar los posibles escenarios futuros si es que la dinámica del cambio de uso de suelo continuara al ritmo actual. En el Capítulo V, se desarrolla el modelo a escala regional, en una cuenca semiárida con un fuerte gradiente altitudinal y pluviométrico. La cuenca representa un corte transversal del sistema montañoso de los Andes del sur de Ecuador. Aquí se observan grandes diferencias climáticas en distancias relativamente cortas, principalmente con la precipitación, estas diferencias son producto de una topografía accidentada. En este capítulo se propone una metodología con buenas posibilidades de ser utilizada para estimar el riesgo de la erosión del suelo, en regiones con datos escasos. Finalmente, el Capítulo VI contiene la discusión general de la tesis, incluyendo las conclusiones más relevantes. Fue posible analizar la espacio-temporalidad de los procesos erosivos para dos ecosistemas de un gradiente altitudinal y pluviométrico de los Andes. Por lo tanto, consideramos este trabajo útil para emprender investigaciones a mayor detalle y a diferentes escalas de los procesos erosivos del suelo, y así ir entendiendo y midiendo la relación e influencia de los diferentes factores que intervienen en dichos procesos, para proponer alternativas fundamentadas en bien del manejo y conservación del recurso suelo.

Root:Shoot Ratio and Specific Leaf Area Along an Elevational Gradient in the Peruvian Andes

Andean montane forests are one of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth, but are also highly vulnerable to climate change. Therefore, the link between plant distribution and ecosystem productivity is a critical point to investigate in these ecosystems. Are the patterns in productivity observed in montane forest due to species turnover along the elevational gradients? Methodological constraints keep this question unanswered. Also, despite their importance, belowground biomass remains poorly quantified and understood. I measured two plant functional traits in seedlings, root:shoot ratio and specific leaf area, to identify different strategies in growth and biomass allocation across elevations. A tradeoff in specific leaf area with elevation was found in only one species, and no generalized directional change was detected with elevations for root:shoot ratio. Lack of information for the ontogeny of the measured plant traits could confounding the analysis.

Factors affecting current and future treeline locations and dynamics in the Peruvian Andes

The elevational distributions of tropical treelines are thought to be determined by temperature, and are predicted to shift upslope in response to global warming. In contrast to this hypothesis, global-scale studies have shown that only half of all studied treelines are shifting upslope. Understanding how treelines will respond to climate change has important implications for global biodiversity, especially in the tropics, because tropical treelines generally represent the upper-elevation distribution limit of the hyper-diverse cloudforest ecosystem. In Chapter 1, I introduce the idea that grasslands found above tropical treelines may represent a potential grass ceiling which forest species cannot cross or invade. I use an extensive literature review to outline potential mechanisms which may be acting to stabilize treeline and prevent forest expansion into high-elevation grasslands. In Chapters 2-4, I begin to explore these potential mechanisms through the use of observational and experimental methods. In Chapter 2, I show that there are significant numbers of seedlings occurring just outside of the treeline in the open grasslands and that seed rain is unlikely to limit seedling recruitment above treeline. I also show that microclimates outside of the closed-canopy cloudforest are highly variable and that mean temperatures are likely a poor explanation of tropical treeline elevations. In Chapter 3, I show that juvenile trees maintain freezing resistances similar to adults, but nighttime radiative cooling near the ground in the open grassland results in lower cold temperatures relative to the free atmosphere, exposing seedlings of some species growing above treeline to lethal frost events. In Chapter 4, I use a large-scale seedling transplant experiment to test the effects of mean temperature, absolute low temperature and shade on transplanted seedling survival. I find that increasing mean temperature negatively affects seedling survival of two treeline species while benefiting another. In addition, low temperature extremes and the presence of shade also appear to be important factors affecting seedling survival above tropical treelines. This work demonstrates that mean temperature is a poor predictor of tropical treelines and that temperature extremes, especially low temperatures, and non-climatic variables should be included in predictions of current and future tropical treeline dynamics.^

Colombian Jazz dance suite : a synthesis of the music of the colombian andes and modern jazz

This thesis is an attempt to unite two distinct and dissimilar musical genres, the music of the Colombian Andes and modem jazz. The compositions to be analyzed in this thesis are meant to function as parts of a whole. Thus, they will be linked by thematic and rhythmic material. In their entirety the pieces will form a suite of dances not unlike those of Baroque composers, with titles that denote the name of the particular air being employed by the composer, who is also the author of this thesis. These individual dances are orchestrated for a jazz ensemble consisting of piano, string bass, drums, alto saxophone, and guitar. The rhythmic underpinning of this work is inspired by the folk music of Colombia and the harmonic content will be derived from the jazz idiom. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate the possible product of the fusion of musical disciplines that are on the surface in no way related. This thesis will also attempt to show an example of how cultures can meld socio-artistically.

Enseñanza del conflicto armado en la escuela: entre la memoria y el abandono : estudio de caso en los colegios IED Alberto Lleras Camargo y Gimnasio los Andes

La presente tesis, corresponde a una investigación de diseño cualitativo, sobre la enseñanza del conflicto armado en Colombia, describe y analiza la producción, trasmisión y apropiación de discursos y narrativas, sobre este fenómeno en dos contextos escolares donde se desarrollo el trabajo de campo. Los resultados de las observaciones, entrevistas en profundidad y revisión documental realizadas en los contextos escolares, muestran que existen númerosos discursos y narrativas sobre el conflicto que dependen de quién, cuándo y dónde se enuncian y que han mutado a lo largo de la historia. Los docentes y estudiantes apropian, transmiten y reciben selectivamente estas narrativas, dicha selección la desarrollan dependiendo de las características de la persona y de su entorno, en términos de su clase, género, generación, trayectoria familiar y académica, así como de sus experiencias personales en relación con este fenómeno.

Molecular And Biochemical Characterization Of Caffeine Synthase And Purine Alkaloid Concentration In Guarana Fruit.

Guarana seeds have the highest caffeine concentration among plants accumulating purine alkaloids, but in contrast with coffee and tea, practically nothing is known about caffeine metabolism in this Amazonian plant. In this study, the levels of purine alkaloids in tissues of five guarana cultivars were determined. Theobromine was the main alkaloid that accumulated in leaves, stems, inflorescences and pericarps of fruit, while caffeine accumulated in the seeds and reached levels from 3.3% to 5.8%. In all tissues analysed, the alkaloid concentration, whether theobromine or caffeine, was higher in young/immature tissues, then decreasing with plant development/maturation. Caffeine synthase activity was highest in seeds of immature fruit. A nucleotide sequence (PcCS) was assembled with sequences retrieved from the EST database REALGENE using sequences of caffeine synthase from coffee and tea, whose expression was also highest in seeds from immature fruit. The PcCS has 1083bp and the protein sequence has greater similarity and identity with the caffeine synthase from cocoa (BTS1) and tea (TCS1). A recombinant PcCS allowed functional characterization of the enzyme as a bifunctional CS, able to catalyse the methylation of 7-methylxanthine to theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine), and theobromine to caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine), respectively. Among several substrates tested, PcCS showed higher affinity for theobromine, differing from all other caffeine synthases described so far, which have higher affinity for paraxanthine. When compared to previous knowledge on the protein structure of coffee caffeine synthase, the unique substrate affinity of PcCS is probably explained by the amino acid residues found in the active site of the predicted protein.

Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Neotropical Thepytus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae)

The Neotropical lycaenid hairstreak genus Thepytus Robbins and its eight species are revised. Species treatments summarize nomenclature, distribution, habitat, behavior, and diagnostic traits, as well as noting why each species is considered distinct under a biological species concept. An identification key for males and a checklist are included. Beatheclus Balint & Dahners new synonym is synonymized with Thepytus, and Theppus beatrizae (Balint & Dahners) is a new combination. Other nomenclatural actions include the description of Thepytus jennifer Busby & Robbins new species. Thepytus nancyana Busby & Robbins new species, and Thepytus carmen Robbins & Duarte new species. A lectotype is designated or Thecla thyrea Hewitson, 1867, to ensure stability of this name. A phylogenetic analysis based on 22 coded morphological characters yields one equal weight most parsimonious 39-step tree. Implied weighting does not change the tree topology. Unambiguous changes in elevation optimized on the cladogram show that a montane lineage of Thepytus colonized the lowlands in at least one instance. The use of T. echelta (Hewitson) as a biological control agent for Psittacanthus (Loranthaceae) is discussed.

Confederações indígenas em luta por participação política, comercial e territorial: Argentina, 1852 - 1859

Entre 1852 e 1859, a atual Argentina se encontrava politicamente dividida entre Buenos Aires e a Confederação, que congregava as demais Províncias. Nesse período, diferentes grupos étnicos dos pampas, dos Andes e da Patagônia se organizaram em confederações indígenas com o objetivo de enfrentar os avanços territoriais, defender suas autonomias e a participação em lucrativas redes de comércio. Nesta luta por autonomia política, territorial e comercial, negociaram com os grupos criollos em luta pelo poder, avaliaram seus projetos e aderiram a aquele que os reconheceu enquanto interlocutores políticos e aliados militares. Participantes ativos da política argentina, conseguiram reconquistar territórios e oferecer intensas resistências aos criollos.

A History of Eating in Sao Paulo (1920 to 1950)

This paper proposes a way to analyze the history of eating in Sao Paulo (Brazil) between 1920 and 1950. It addresses the relative absence of research on this topic for this period characterized by the rapid expansion of the city, which became a key market, an important regulator of consumption habits, and a meeting place for diverse social groups. An abundance of sources makes it possible to undertake a social history of eating. On the one hand, intellectuals of different backgrounds and interests produced a good deal of work on popular food habits. On the other, the article points to the possibility of using lifestyle studies and surveys on eating habits from this period in order to gain insight into the lives of different sectors of the population.

Social Movements and the Dynamics of Rural Territorial Development in Latin America

This special section brings together 4 of the 12 studies conducted within a research program analyzing the relationships among social mobilization, governance. and rural development in contemporary Latin America. The introduction Lives an overview of the contemporary significance of social movements For rural development dynamics in the region, and of the principal insights of the section papers and the broader research program of which they were a part. This significance varies Lis an effect of two distinct and uneven geographics: the geography of social movements themselves and the geography of the rural political economy. The effects that movements have oil the political economy of rural development also depend significantly oil internal characteristics of these movements. The paper identifies several such characteristics. The general pattern is that movements have had far more effect oil widening the political inclusiveness of rural development than they have oil improving its economic inclusiveness and dynamism. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Diagnosis of Organizational Soft Problems in a Peruvian Financial Institution by Systemic Thinking

Managing financial institutions in an underdeveloped economic context has become a real challenge nowadays. In order to reach the organization`s planned goals, they have to deal with structural, behavioral and informational problems. From the systemic point of view, this situation gets even worse when the company does not present organizational boundaries and a cohesive identification for their stakeholders. Thus, European countries have some special financial lines in order to help the development of micro credit in Latin communities in an attempt to help the local economy. However, institutions like Caixa dos Andes in Peru present management problems when dealing with this complexity. Based on this, how can the systemic eye help in the diagnosis of soft problems of a Peruvian financial company? This study aims to diagnose soft problems of a Peruvian financial company based on soft variables like identity, communication and autonomy and also intends to identify possible ways to redesign its basic framework. The (VSM--Viable System Model) method from Beer (1967), applied in this diagnostic study, was used in a practical way as a management tool for organizations` analysis and planning. By describing the VSM`s five systems, the creation of a systemic vision or a total vision is possible, showing the organization`s complexity from the inside. Some company`s soft problems like double control, inefficient use of physical and human resources, low information flows, slowness, etc. The VSM presented an organizational diagnosis indicating effective solutions that do integrate its five systems.