Formulación de un plan de igualdad de oportunidades: caso de estudio: plan de igualdad de oportunidades del distrito capital. 2003-2005

La construcción e implementación de una Política Pública de Mujer y Género, puesta en marcha a través del Plan de Igualdad de Oportunidades para la Equidad de Género en Bogotá Distrito Capital (2003-2005), es el resultado de la construcción e integración de saberes de índole interdisciplinar –desarrollado en el mundo hace más de un siglo- y del trabajo realizado –en Colombia hace poco más de una década- por organizaciones colectivas de mujeres en el Distrito, en su intento por incorporar las necesidades, intereses y propuestas de género en las agendas políticas y propuestas programáticas de la alcaldía de turno, para el caso del Alcalde elegido para el periodo 2004-2008, entonces candidato, Luís Eduardo Garzón.

Mortalidad por trauma cardiaco penetrante en un hospital de Bogotá, Colombia : análisis de factores asociados

Objetivó: Caracterizar los pacientes con heridas cardiacas penetrantes grado II a VI, describir las características del trauma, tratamiento quirúrgico, evolución clínica e identificar los factores asociados a un desenlace. Metodología: Se diseñó un estudio de asociación en 308 pacientes que ingresaron a cirugía con diagnóstico de herida penetrante de corazón entre enero de 1999 y octubre de 2009. Se excluyeron 68 casos. La serie analizada incluyó 240 pacientes con heridas cardiacas. Se analizaron variables demográficas, clínicas, quirúrgicas y de evolución, tabulados en EXCEL® y analizados en SPSS 20®. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue 27.8 años, principalmente hombres (96%), lesiones por arma cortopunzante 93% y un 7% por proyectil arma de fuego. El estado hemodinámico al ingreso (según Ivatury) fue normal 44%; Shock profundo 34%; Agónicos 18% y 3% fatales. El 67% (n=161) presentaron taponamiento cardiaco. Los grados de lesión cardiaca según la clasificación OIS-AAST fueron: grado II 33%, grado III 13%, grado IV 29%, grado V 22% y grado VI 3%. La ventana pericárdica fue el método diagnóstico confirmatorio de lesión en 63% y las incisiones de abordaje quirúrgico fueron la esternotomía 63% y la toracotomía anterolateral 35%. La mortalidad fue 15% (n=36). Las diferencias en mortalidad entre el estado hemodinámico al inicio de cirugía, mecanismo de lesión y grado de herida, demostraron ser estadísticamente significativas (valor de p<0.001). Conclusiones: El estado hemodinámico y las heridas por arma de fuego son factores asociados a mortalidad. La ventana pericárdica subxifoidea favorece la preferencia y buenos resultados de la esternotomía como vía de abordaje quirúrgico.

Aportes de la Unión Europea al desarrollo sostenible de Colombia: diagnóstico de la cooperación en el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio en el periodo 2006-2010

La presente investigación diagnóstica busca analizar las dinámicas de cooperación al desarrollo entre la Unión Europea y Colombia para el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, específicamente el Objetivo 7 que busca garantizar la sostenibilidad del medio ambiente.

Evaluación de una herramienta educativa en conocimiento de donación y trasplante de órganos y tejidos en Colombia

El trasplante de órganos es considerado uno de los avances más significativos de la medicina moderna y es un procedimiento cada vez más exitoso en términos de supervivencia de los pacientes, siendo actualmente la mejor opción de tratamiento para los pacientes con innumerables patologías. El proceso de donación es insuficiente para cubrir las necesidades de trasplante de la población, por lo tanto, se hace necesario el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias para fortalecer la experiencia y efectividad de los programas existentes. La falta de conocimiento de los profesionales de la salud, su percepción y actitud hacia temas relacionados con el proceso de donación, pueden convertirlos en facilitadores o barreras para la identificación de potenciales donantes. Por esta razón, los recursos disponibles, las actitudes hacia la donación, la legislación y conocimiento de los procesos involucrados en la donación de tejidos y órganos son críticos. Dada la influencia de los profesionales de salud se definen los objetivos de este proyecto de tesis: determinar cuál es el conocimiento y las habilidades de los profesionales de la salud encargados de los trasplantes de órganos y de tejidos en la regional 1, evaluados mediante una herramienta educativa para contribuir a mejorar un programa eficiente de Donación de Órganos y tejidos y así mismo, fijar recomendaciones en aras de aumentar las tasas de donación, con especial énfasis en la actividad hospitalaria en el país. METODOLOGIA Se realizó un estudio basado en el análisis de la evaluación de conocimientos del proceso donación- trasplante de órganos y tejidos en el personal de salud participante en la herramienta educativa llamada “Curso taller primer respondiente del potencial donante de órganos y tejidos”. Este curso incluía un formato evaluativo que fue diligenciado de manera anónima por los participantes antes y después de recibir el contenido del curso. El estudio se desarrolló en personal de la Salud de IPS pertenecientes a la Regional I, de la Red Nacional de donación y trasplantes de órganos y tejidos. Con el fin de evidenciar si existen diferencias en el conocimiento de los participantes del curso antes y después de asistir al mismo, se utilizó la prueba de McNemar (p< 0.05). RESULTADOS Entre julio del 2011 y junio del 2012, se realizó el “Curso taller primer respondiente del potencial donante de órganos y tejidos” y se obtuvieron 303 encuestados incluidos médicos, enfermeras y auxiliares de enfermería. Al inicio del curso las respuestas acertadas con relación a legislación, selección del donante, muerte encefálica y mantenimiento del donante estuvieron alrededor del 50%. No fue posible detectar la profesión que pudiese generar riesgo en la detección del donante y los procesos asociados. Posterior al curso, el 72% de las preguntas se respondieron de manera correcta, lo que representa un incremento estadísticamente significativo. Este cambio evidenció significancia estadística al usar la prueba de McNemar y arrojar un valor de p=0.00. .DISCUSIÓN El personal de salud participante en el curso taller proveniente de unidades involucradas como generadoras de donantes muestra un déficit de conocimientos del proceso donación trasplantes lo que puede convertirlos en limitantes para dicho proceso

La influencia del resurgimiento religioso en el papel social de la mujer musulmana en Turquía (2007-2011)

El presente estudio de caso tiene como objetivo explicar la influencia del resurgimiento religioso en el papel social de la mujer, en el Estado de Turquía, dentro del periodo tiempo comprendido entre el año 2007 al 2011. Este proceso se ha podido evidenciar a través del islam político y las demandas culturales, en este sentido, se tendrá en cuenta el Partido de la Justicia y el Desarrollo para describir la situación de la mujer musulmana a partir del feminismo islámico; de esta manera se podrá entender su participación en el ámbito público y privado. El análisis de fuentes primarias y secundarias será el método principal para la recolección de información, de igual forma se desarrollarán entrevistas, lo que permitirá un acercamiento con las mujeres y su estilo de vida, a partir de sus prácticas religiosas. El resultado de esta investigación demostrará que el resurgimiento religioso le ha permitido a la mujer musulmana identificarse con su religión en el escenario público y tener mayor relevancia en las diferentes áreas del Estado.

Women's contribution to equality in Latin America and the Caribbean

Includes bibliography

Clinical assessment of the efficacy of low-level laser therapy on muscle pain in women with temporomandibular dysfunction, by surface electromyography

The use of low-level laser (LLL) may be an useful tool to promote reduction of muscular pain caused by TMD. Aim: This study evaluated the immediate efficacy of low-level laser therapy on women reporting pain and diagnosed with temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD). Methods: Diode laser (GaAlAs) at 790 nm wavelength (infrared spectrum) was applied as experimental treatment. Irradiations of 1.5 J/cm2 were made at 4 points of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and of 3 J/cm2 at 3 points in the temporal muscle. An electromyographic (EMG) evaluation of the masseter and anterior temporal was done at the following intervals: before, immediately after, 5 min and 20 min after laser application. Results: Comparison of the electrical activity at the times of measurement revealed a statistically significant difference in masseter muscles before (P=0.025) and immediately after (P=0.013) LLLT. Conclusions: Both masseter and temporal muscles showed a reduction in the measured EMG activities at all times after LLLT, and the temporal muscle showed higher EMG activity than the masseter muscle at all the evaluation times. LLLT caused significant immediate relaxation of the masseter muscles.

Population, social equity and changing production patterns

Includes bibliography

Special session on Beijing +20 in Latin America and the Caribbean: Statement

The Special Session on Beijing+20 in Latin America and the Caribbean took place on 18 and 19 November 2014 in the framework of the fifty-first meeting of the Presiding Officers of the Regional Conference on Women in Latin America and the Caribbean, held in Santiago from 17 to 19 November 2014. On that occasion the ministers and high-level authorities of the national machineries for the advancement of women adopted the following Statement.

Population ageing in the Caribbean: An inventory of policies, programmes and future challenges

“We must be fully aware that while the developed countries became rich before they became old, the developing countries will become old before they become rich”. This statement made by Gro Harlem Brundtland, World Health Organization (WHO) Director-General, at the World Assembly on Ageing in 2002 in Madrid, reflects the challenges that the developing world is facing in the twentieth century. Population ageing is a global phenomenon, which is having and will have major implications on all aspects of human life in every society. This process is enduring and irreversible, as observed from differing patterns and distinct paces in various regions and countries all over the world. The United Nations has undertaken various efforts to repeatedly draw governments’ attention to the growing demand for answers to these encompassing and profound demographic changes. Various initiatives on the global as well as on the regional and subregional level have been undertaken to highlight the pressing need for concerted action. Of importance in this regard are the numerous agreements reached at the global conferences on social development, population and women orchestrated by the United Nations in the 1990s, which all refer to ageing as an issue of particular concern. The year 1999 was proclaimed by the General Assembly1 of the United Nations as the Year of Older Persons to recognize ageing as one of the major achievements but, at the same time, as one of the major challenges all populations have to cope with in the twentieth century. This continuous call for action culminated in the Second World Assembly on Ageing, which was held in Madrid 2002, where governments agreed to the implementation of a global action plan. This new Plan of Action focuses both on political priorities such as improvements in living conditions of older persons, combating poverty, social inclusion, individual self-fulfilment, human rights and gender equality. To an increasing degree attention is also devoted to such holistic and overarching themes as intergenerational solidarity, employment, social security, health and well-being. Mandated by the Second World Assembly on Ageing, the Population Division of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC/CELADE) has convened the Regional Intergovernmental Conference on Ageing in November 2003 in Santiago, where a regional strategy for the implementation (ECLAC, 2003b) of the commitments reached in Madrid has been adopted. Further, a background document (ECLAC 2003a) on the situation of the elderly in the Latin American and Caribbean region, of which this document is a substantive part, has been presented to the meeting. Participating government officials formally committed themselves to work on a national follow-up strategy and to report on the progress made in the implementation of their commitments to the Ad hoc Committee on Population and Development to be convened in 2004.

De Estocolmo, 1972 a Rio+20, 2012: o discurso ambiental e as orientações para a educação ambiental nas recomendações internacionais

Pós-graduação em Educação Escolar - FCLAR

The significant effect of endometriosis on physical, mental and social wellbeing: results from an international cross-sectional survey.

STUDY QUESTION To what extent do the management of endometriosis and the symptoms that remain after treatment affect the quality of life in women with the disease? SUMMARY ANSWER Many women with endometriosis had impaired quality of life and continued to suffer from endometriosis-associated symptoms even though their endometriosis has been managed in tertiary care centres. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The existing literature indicates that quality of life and work productivity is reduced in women with endometriosis. However, most studies have small sample sizes, are treatment related or examine newly diagnosed patients only. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey among 931 women with endometriosis treated in 12 tertiary care centres in 10 countries. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Women diagnosed with endometriosis who had at least one contact related to endometriosis-associated symptoms during 2008 with a participating centre were enrolled into the study. The study investigated the effect of endometriosis on education, work and social wellbeing, endometriosis-associated symptoms and health-related quality of life, by using questions obtained from the World Endometriosis Research Foundation (WERF) GSWH instrument (designed and validated for the WERF Global Study on Women's Health) and the Short Form 36 version 2 (SF-36v2). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Of 3216 women invited to participate in the study, 1450 (45%) provided informed consent and out of these, 931 (931/3216 = 29%) returned the questionnaires. Endometriosis had affected work in 51% of the women and affected relationships in 50% of the women at some time during their life. Dysmenorrhoea was reported by 59%, dyspareunia by 56% and chronic pelvic pain by 60% of women. Quality of life was decreased in all eight dimensions of the SF-36v2 compared with norm-based scores from a general US population (all P < 0.01). Multivariate regression analysis showed that number of co-morbidities, chronic pain and dyspareunia had an independent negative effect on both the physical and mental component of the SF-36v2. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The fact that women were enrolled in tertiary care centres could lead to a possible over-representation of women with moderate-to-severe endometriosis, because the participating centres typically treat more complex and referred cases of endometriosis. The response rate was relatively low. Since there was no Institute Review Board approval to do a non-responder investigation on basic characteristics, some uncertainty remains regarding the representativeness of the investigated population. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This international multicentre survey represents a large group of women with endometriosis, in all phases of the disease, which increases the generalizability of the data. Women still suffer from frequent symptoms, despite tertiary care management, in particular chronic pain and dyspareunia. As a result their quality of life is significantly decreased. A patient-centred approach with extensive collaboration across disciplines, such as pain specialists, psychologists, sexologists and social workers, may be a valuable strategy to improve the long-term care of women with endometriosis. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The WERF EndoCost study is funded by the World Endometriosis Research Foundation (WERF) through grants received from Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Takeda Italia Farmaceutici SpA, Pfizer Ltd and the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. The sponsors did not have a role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis and interpretation of the data; and preparation, review or approval of the manuscript. L.H. is the chief executive and T.D. was a board member of WERF at the time of funding. T.D. holds the Merck-Serono Chair in Reproductive Medicine and Surgery, and the Ferring Chair in Reproductive Medicine at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in Belgium and has served as consultant/research collaborator for Merck-Serono, Schering-Plough, Astellas and Arresto.

The construction of aging and health in older African American women

Persistence of racial and ethnic health disparities and governmental policies based on outdated ideas of aging call for inclusive approaches to the study of elder African Americans. The lived experiences of aging among urban, poor African American women, who comprise a vulnerable population, are not well known, as most studies focus on mainstream populations. Gerontological studies have tended to employ methods that collapse contextual information for ease of analysis, thus failing to capture nuanced information critically relevant to health of marginalized groups. Few researchers have been successful highlighting the importance of local knowledge, resilience, and resources for health by using participatory methods with older Black women. This study utilizes participatory principles to gather discursive data from nine older African American women, engaged in three generational cohorts: those born around World War II, women born after the great depression, and those born before the great depression. Videotaped and transcribed conversations of cohorts were analyzed in search of contextual factors that influence their experience of aging and health. As women responded to general themes that provoked their talk about their lives, they helped answer the study's questions: How do older African American women make sense of their aging experience? What are some of the important social and cultural influences that shape the construction of aging and health by these women? Are generational discourse groups an effective tool for exploring changes in the experiences of aging? A key finding demonstrated rich heterogeneity of experiences with strong generational influences on the construction of aging and health. The participants' moral orders comprised of traditional values of family, reinforced by personal experiences and the church, have guided their lives through oppression and stress but appear to be failing younger women who have greater exposure to new environmental pressures. Limited time and the size of the study were weaknesses although the women's interest in the study and their participation were gratifying. The participants served to highlight the importance of recognizing generational and other contextual factors in formation of ideas of aging and likelihood of additional challenges to the experience of old age among older, poorer, African Americans. ^

Pre-pregnancy obesity on the border and pregnancy complications: A secondary analysis comparing post-natal adult women in Matamoros, Mexico and Cameron County, Texas

Obesity during pregnancy is a serious health concern which has been associated with many adverse health outcomes for both the mother and the infant. In addition, data on the prevalence of obesity and its effects on pregnant women living in the border region are limited. This goal of this study was to examine the prevalence of preconception obesity among women living on each side of the Brownsville-Matamoros border who have just given birth, the relationship between obesity and pregnancy complications for the total population, and these associations by location. Study participants were drawn from a sample (n=947) from the Brownsville-Matamoros Sister City Project which included women from 10 border region hospitals (6 in Matamoros, 4 in Cameron County) who were recruited based on hospital log records indicating they had given birth to a live infant. De-identified data from verbal questionnaires administered within twenty-four hours after birth were analyzed to determine prevalence of preconception obesity on both sides of the border, and associated pregnancy outcomes for women residing in the United States and those in Mexico. Participants with missing height or weight data were excluded from analyses in this study, resulting in a final sample of 727 women. Significant associations were found between pre-pregnancy obesity and adverse pregnancy outcomes (OR=1.85, CI=1.30–2.64), hypertensive conditions (OR=2.76, CI=1.72–4.43), and macrosomia (OR=6.77, CI=1.13–40.57) using the total sample. Comparisons between the United States and Mexico sides of the border showed differences; associations between preconception obesity and adverse pregnancy outcomes were marginally significant among women in the United States (p=0.05), but failed to reach significance within this group for each individual complication. However, significant associations were found between obesity and preeclampsia (OR=3.61, CI=2.14–6.10), as well as obesity and the presence of one or more adverse pregnancy outcome (OR=2.29, CI=1.30–4.02), among women in Mexico. The results from this analysis provide new information specific to women on the Texas and Mexico border, a region that had not previously been studied. These significant associations between preconception obesity and adverse birth outcomes indicate that efforts to prevent obesity should focus on women of childbearing age, especially in Mexico.^

Unsafe abortion: A neglected crisis in women's health

Women around the world risk their lives to end unwanted pregnancies. Created in 2003 and recently converted to a digital format, this short film highlights the toll that unsafe abortion takes on women and the comprehensive approach that Ipas takes to saving women's lives by improving access to safe abortion and contraception. Since this film was made, deaths from unsafe abortion have thankfully decreased to approximately 47,000 each year. However, the estimated number of unsafe abortions has risen to more than 21 million annually, largely due to the increase in population. We have a long way to go before the scourge of unsafe abortion is eliminated.