季节性氧湖泊微量金属元素的界面地球化学行为

沉积物表层几厘米范围经常呈现某些微量金属元素富集的现象，过去常笼统地认为这是工业革命以来人为污染不断加剧的证据。但近来的研究却证明强烈的早期成岩作用可以在一定程度上造成微量金属元素在沉积物中的再迁移现象，使得其环境记录失真。因此沉积物中元素分布记录不能完全反映对流域输入的物质组成特征。另外，在一定条件下，沉积物中部分金属元素也可再次向上覆水体释放，造成“二次污染”问题，严重威胁到湖泊／水库的水质安全，成为埋藏在湖泊深处的一颗“定时炸弹”。各种地球化学过程在沉积物一水界面附近造成的重金属元素的源／汇效应因此日益受到人们的重视。近年来贵州红枫湖水质季节性恶化事件频繁出现，作为贵阳市饮用水源的阿哈湖水质也开始出现季节性恶化趋势。紧迫的环境问题及重要的科学意义促使我们系统开展了红枫湖、啊哈湖沉积物一水界面微量金属的地球化学行为研究。两湖都是黔中地区人工水库，具有岩溶湖泊的共性，也具有明显的区别。红枫湖湖水具有典型的岩溶水化学特征，湖水中度富营养化；而啊哈湖受矿山废水的影响，同时由于近年的人工石灰投放等原因，造成该湖湖水具有极硬水、硫酸盐型水特征，矿化度达到600tng／L。我们对上述两湖进行了详细研究，获得了如下的研究成果：1．硫酸盐还原细菌（SRB）及铁还原细菌（DIRB）的计数直观地指示了有机质早期成岩过程中各电子受体依次利用的分带性：即硫还原（锰还原）叶铁还原。孔隙水中硫酸根及溶解铁分布与SRB和D工RB的分布吻合。沉积物孔柱的模拟实验、各类还原性微生物计数及与孔隙水中铁锰、硫酸根分布的综合分析证实了微生物的作用是厌氧环境中各种还原反应的不可缺少的因素，界面附近氧含量的变化是引起水质恶化的基本外因。模拟实验的结果还解释了铁、锰、硫在季节性缺氧湖泊中的循环机理。2．微生物计数及生物大分子分析证实了上层沉积物（0-10厘米）是微生物活跃最为强烈的区域，易降解有机质在此区域被降解。红枫湖沉积物有机质降解持续的深度较深〔达到10cm），而啊哈湖沉积物有机质降解持续深度较浅，仅为4厘米，这主要是由于两湖都是季节性厌氧型湖泊，红枫湖在缺氧季节，有机质厌氧降解所需的电子受体迅速消耗，使得缺氧季节该湖有机质降解速率相对缓慢；啊哈湖受到大量煤矿废水注入，水体及沉积物中硫酸根、铁锰含量异常高，并在厌氧季节里为微生物厌氧呼吸提供充足的电子受体，因而易降解部分有机质在表层迅速被氧化，而且该湖沉积速率相对较慢，有机质有相对充裕的时间在上层被降解，避免了被掩埋的命运。3．啊哈湖沉积物孔隙水及界面水δ13CDIC及DIC浓度的分析，显示啊哈湖沉积物产甲烷过程很弱或不明显。这主要是受到硫酸盐还原作用的抑制。从δ34SSO42-SO42-相关关系及硫酸盐还原菌分布特征，可以在深度上划分为两种还原过程及硫同位素分馏过程：慢速还原阶段（6厘米以下），硫同位素分馏程度较大，最大分馏达13．71％。分馏因子约为1.024-1.026之间；快速还原阶段（0-6厘米），硫同位素具有明显分馏，最大达到38‰，这与快速还原过程硫同位素分馏较小的规律相反，主要原因是由于表层同时出现有还原态硫的氧化反应．产生较负的δ34S-so41，δ34S-SO42--SO42-的变化反映出混合过程。通过研究我们进一步还推断，采样点沉积物下部还有煤矿硫源的输入。4．两湖沉积物中铁、锰、硫的还原作用发生位置都具有季节性沿沉积深度上下迁移的特性，部分微量金属元素扩散通量因此发生季节性变化。受沉积物中铁锰含量的控制，红枫湖沉积物一水界面铁锰循环作用比啊哈湖弱。啊哈湖锰含量很高，导致界面附近锰的循环剧烈且远强于铁的循环，并在一定程度上引起部分微量金属在沉积物上层强烈富集。5．通过红枫湖后五沉积物剖面研究，我们发现各种微量元素由于其自身不同的地球化学性质差异，早期成岩过程对其在沉积物中的垂直分布特征的改造程度是不同的。①锰具有明显的向上富集趋势，铁在沉积物中的分布特征的后期改造作用就比较弱。②钻、镍分布的后期改造程度与铁相似，从总量来看再迁移程度比较弱。③铜、锌在早期成岩过程中逐渐向沉积物中上部富集，这主要是与铜锌强烈的亲硫性引起的。钥的表层富集现象最为明显，沉积后再迁移效应显著。由其含量在上层沉积物中的两重峰值，可以指示界面剧烈的锰循环及界面下硫酸盐还原作用对它的联合控制。6．与红枫湖相比，啊哈湖沉积物金属元素再迁移特征有很大的不同：①通过部分微量金属元素地球化学相态分析，各相态微量金属分布主要服从其总量分布特征。②沉积物稀土配分模式明确指示了啊哈湖成湖基底的位置，即沉积物－水界面下18-19厘米以下。③通过Ti、Zr、ΣREE＋Y等的分析也显示了成湖前原始基底的存在位置，同时它们在沉积物中的含量变化特征还反映了该湖扩容后陆源输入的减少。④在沉积深度上铁锰及部分微量金属元素出现明显的分离现象。⑤通过相关性分析，Fe与Cu，U、Mn与Pb，C0，Ni，Cd，Zn等都存在很好的相关性，表明它们之间具有相似的界面地球化学行为。Fe型元素与Mn型元素分布差异的原因可以简约的概括为：锰的界面循环极为强烈，导致再迁移程度很高；而铁的循环相对较弱，又容易受到上层硫酸盐还原作用的抑制，因此再迁移程度不高。此外，由岩溶地区湖泊较强的酸中和能力及近年来的人为石灰投放，沉淀PH不同导致微量金属元素间发生分离，引起下游大坝处金属元素的输入差异。因此，啊哈湖大坝附近沉积物中微量金属元素的分布特征应受到沉积后再迁移和受 pH控制的煤矿废水输送差异联合制约。

Insustentabilidade da agricultura convencional.

2008

Recuperação de pastagens na Amazônia: conciliando a preservação ambiental com a segurança alimentar.

2015

Reading Scripture in Conflicts

sermon text; MS Word document

How mathematics is defined and measured in PISA 2003

In this report I present a summary of the three dimensions used in PISA 2003assessment in mathematics: Content, Process and Situation, and I includesome examples of items.

How mathematics is defined and measured in PISA 2003

Description of some variables used in PISA 2003 project to asses competences.

Las familias "Baeomycetaceae" e I"Icmadophilaceae" en la Península Ibérica

Se aportan datos morfológicos, químicos y de distribución de seis especies de las familias Baeomycetaceae (Baeomyces) e Icmadophilaceae (Dibaeis, Icmadophila, Thamnolia) presentes en la Península Ibérica. Se publican numerosas nuevas citas de Baeomyces rufus y de Dibaeis baeomyces, que constituyen las especies más frecuentes y abundantes en la península.

Characterization of Glucocorticoid Receptor Promoter Methylation in Breast Cancer

Epidemiological studies have identified psychological stress as a significant risk factor in breast cancer. The stress response is regulated by the HPA axis in the brain and is mediated by glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signalling. It has been found that early life events can affect epigenetic programming of GR, and methylation of the GR promoter has been reported in colorectal tumourigenesis. Decreased GR expression has also been observed in breast cancer. In addition, it has been previously demonstrated that unliganded GR can serve as a direct activator of the BRCA1 promoter in mammary epithelial cells. We propose a model whereby methylation of the GR promoter in the breast significantly lowers GR expression, resulting in insufficient BRCA1 promoter activation and an increased risk of developing cancer. Antibody-based methylated DNA enrichment was followed by qPCR analysis (MeDIP-qPCR) in a novel assay developed to detect locus-specific methylation levels. It was found that 13% of primary breast tumours were hypermethylated at the GR proximal promoter whereas no methylation was detected in normal tissue. RT-PCR and 5’ RACE analysis identified exon 1B as the predominant alternative first exon in the breast. Tumours methylated near exon 1B had decreased GR expression compared to unmethylated samples, suggesting that this region is important for transcriptional regulation of GR. It was also determined that GR and BRCA1 expression was decreased in breast tumour compared to normal tissue. Furthermore, the relative expression of GR and BRCA1 measured by qRT-PCR was correlated in normal tissue but this association was not found in tumour tissue. From this, it appears that lower GR levels with associated decreased BRCA1 expression in tissues may be a predisposing factor for breast cancer. Based on these results we propose a role for GR as a potential tumour suppressor gene in the breast due to its association with BRCA1, also a tumour suppressor gene, as well as its consistently decreased expression in breast tumours and methylation of its proximal promoter in a subset of cancer patients.

The role played by a range of psychological variables in nurses’ handwashing behaviour

Background: Psychological models of behaviour change are used to predict patients’ health behaviours but have rarely been used to explore healthcare professionals’ health-related behaviour. Aim: To explore the association between self-reported handwashing and a range of psychological variables in a sample of nurses in a large acute hospital. Results and discussion: Nurses in this study were more likely to wash their hands if they perceived it to be important and if they thought their workplace helped them in doing so. The best predictor of perceived importance was how strongly a nurse believed that poor handwashing practice contributes to spreading infection. Conclusion: In this study, psychological variables such as perception of importance, perception of workplace support, occupational stress and perception of risk were important predictors of handwashing behaviour.

Joaquim Mir y la tienda de juguetes: microhistoria de un retrato

¿Puede un retrato pictórico suscitar un ejercicio de microhistoria? Nuestra investigación tratará de aportar una respuesta positiva a esta cuestión, analizando para ello uno de los pocos retratos del pintor postimpresionista Joaquim Mir Trinxet, fechado en 1926. El protagonista representado no es otro que el suegro del pintor, Antoni Estalella i Trinxet, un insigne personaje de Vilanova y la Geltrú (Barcelona) que vivió entre dos siglos. La obra está ambientada en la tienda de juguetes de la familia, convirtiéndose así en una de las escasas pinturas que han captado el interior de una juguetería en la España anterior a la Guerra Civil. Gracias a los trabajos de archivo realizados, este artículo reúne diversos documentos inéditos que permiten reconstruir no sólo la vida del retratado, que llegó a ser corresponsal de Francisco Pi y Margall, sino también el ambiente social, artístico y comercial de Vilanova, en un período que abarca desde la década de 1870 a la primera mitad del siglo XX, en plena “Edad de Oro” de la industria juguetera. Es esta una propuesta de metodología historiográfica cuyo recorrido comienza en el oficio arcaico de la tonelería para desembocar al fin en los albores del comercio moderno de juguetes.