Getrocknete Stimmen. Menschen mit Behinderung benutzen Kassettenrekorder

Der Autor stellt drei Thesen zu der Fragestellung „Wie gehen Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene alltagstauglich mit dem Kassettenrekorder um?“ auf, die er in drei Anläufen begründet: „Es geht zunächst um Alltag und wie sich Menschen mit Benachteiligungen und Behinderung darin bewegen. In einem zweiten Anlauf [skizziert er] kurz die gegenwärtigen sonderpädagogische Fragestellungen und deren Aufmerksamkeit für das Hören und Zuhören … [Daraus] soll deutlich werden, wie man mit O-Tönen Sollbruchstellen herstellen kann, und wie sich eine solche Praxis begründen lässt.“ Indem junge Menschen mit Behinderung mit Audiorekordern ihren Alltag erkunden, kehrt sich durch die Erkundungsform Interview die bisher erlebte asymmetrische Kommunikationssituation um, weil selbst über Inhalt, Anfang und Ende einer Kommunikation bestimmt werden kann. Somit begründen Audioclips Erfahrung von Kommunikationssouveränität. (Orig./Autor)

Hör-Spiele/Laut-Sprecher. Aspekte medialer Hörerziehung an der Schule für Geistigbehinderte

Sonderpädagogisch orientierter Unterricht thematisiert Hören auf dreierlei Weise: Innerhalb von Artikulationsförderung (Lautproduktion) geht es um die Unterscheidung, Wiederholung einzelner Phoneme oder Phonemgruppen, deren Zusammenbinden zu Wörtern, Sätzen usw. und damit um Aufbau und Stabilisierung auditiv-motorischer Regulationskreise bei der Sprachproduktion. In der Wahrnehmungsförderung geht es um Unterscheidung und Benennung von Klängen oder Geräuschen. Ansätze der Medienerziehung heben den Unterschied konservierter/vermittelter und tatsächlicher Klangereignisse hervor. In allen drei Perspektiven geht es um die Ausbildung, Verbesserung, Schulung des Hörorgans und der darauf bezogenen kognitiven und sprachlichen Leistungen. Was dabei allerdings vernachlässigt bleibt ist der ursprüngliche Weltbezug des Hörens. Denn wir hören nicht an sich, sondernd stets irgendwas. Der Klangcharakter der Welt (Schläft ein Lied in allen Dingen) ist nicht eine unverbindliche Metapher sondern korrespondiert mit unserer Fähigkeit zu hören. Nachfolgend wird deshalb vorgeschlagen, Hören als Anliegen des Sachunterrichts zu begreifen und im Rahmen einer ästhetischen Elementarerziehung zu thematisieren. Einige Unterrichtsbeispiele illustrieren, welchen Ertrag eine solche Sicht hat. Dabei soll auch deutlich werden, daß Hörerziehung kein Additivum sein kann, sondern wichtiges Glied schulischer Kommunikationsförderung. (DIPF/Orig.)

Stimm-Bruch. Über Artikulationsförderung in der Ober- und Werkstufe. Ein Beitrag zu Musik und Kommunikation

[...] Der Autor fragt zunächst, weshalb Artikulationsförderung ins Abseits geraten ist. Es wird vorgeschlagen, neben dem kommunikativen Gebrauch der Stimme, unterrichtlich (wieder) den ursprünglichen Aspekt der ,Selbstvernahme' der Stimme zu berücksichtigen. Eine solche Aufmerksamkeit auf Stimme kann sich innerhalb der Pädagogik auf Konzepte basaler Förderung berufen. Wesentliche Impulse könnten jedoch aus Bereichen kommen, die außerhalb von Schule und Unterricht liegen. Damit sind insbesondere Künstler und Künstlerinnen gemeint, die im Bereich stimmlicher Performance arbeiten sowie Formen musikalischer Jugendkultur wie rap, hiphop und scat. Einige Unterrichtsbeispiele sollen altersangemessene Möglichkeiten der Artikulationsförderung in der Ober- und Werkstufe aufzeigen. (DIPF/Orig.)

Verhältnismäßig trivial

Zwischen pädagogischem Hochamt und Etikettierungs-Ressourcen-Dilemma: Wer selbst unterrichtet, merkt schnell, dass es weder allein in das Belieben des einzelnen Erwachsenen noch des Jugendlichen und auch nicht von diesen beiden nur gestellt ist, wie sie ihr pädagogisches Verhältnis regeln, wie sie ihre Beziehungen aushandeln, gestalten und einschätzen. „Wir müssen zu ihnen in Beziehung treten, und mit ihnen kommunizieren.“ (Fornefeld 1999). Dies erfordert „eine verantwortlich handelnde Erzieherpersönlichkeit, (die sich) um den reinen Begriff der Erziehung und Bildung schöpferisch bemüht“ (Klein 2001). Der hohe Ton pädagogischer Beziehung in Tateinheit mit Lebensweltorientierung wird allerdings durch eine eher triviale Frage relativiert, nämlich nach der Kontinuität personeller Ressourcen als Ermöglichungsgrund für Beziehungen. Es geht um die alltägliche Verlässlichkeit und Nachhaltigkeit, mit der die Beziehungs-Ressourcen bereit gestellt werden; nicht zufällig ist derlei verfasst in Ausdrücken wie Beschulungsdauer, Schulöffnungs- und Unterrichtszeiten, Klassenteiler, Schullastenausgleich, usw. Im Anschluss an Giesecke und Richter lässt sich dieser Sachverhalt gelassen formulieren: Professionelles Handeln als bezahlte Tätigkeit ist zeitlich und räumlich begrenzt. Wenn ein ‚Beziehungsanspruch’ besteht, dann nur während der Öffnungszeiten der Schule. Solche Beziehungen gehen die Professionellen nicht im rechtsfreien Raum ein (Richter 2004). Das Zustandekommen dieser Beziehungen ist ein Rechtsgut und kann von einer unbegrenzten Anzahl von Personen reklamiert werden. (vgl. Giesecke 1997, S. 246 ff). In unserem Land ‚erwirbt’ sich ein Kind oder ein Jugendlicher einen erweiterten Anspruch durch den fest gestellten sonderpädagogischen Förderbedarf. Ist es Zufall, wenn der Zusammenhang zwischen personellen und sächlichen Ressourcen und Etikettierung in der moralischen Kategorie des ‚Dilemmas’ gefasst wird (Bleidick/Rath/Schuck 1995; Kornmann 1994).

Aspekte der Kompetenzentwicklung

In der Allgemeinen Pädagogik scheint es ausgemacht, dass Teilhabe und Selbstbestimmung von Kompetenzentwicklung abhängig sind. Für die Geistigbehindertenpädagogik ist es aus mancherlei Gründen schwer, sich dieser Sichtweise vorbehaltlos anzuschließen. Vorgeschlagen wird eine Definition von Kompetenzentwicklung, die eine ausschließlich individuell kognitive Bestimmung erweitert um relationale, situative, fakultative und kulturelle Dimensionen des Kompetenzbegriffs. Ein solches Verständnis von Kompetenzentwicklung ist anschlussfähig sowohl an die Allgemeine Pädagogik als auch an die Definition von Behinderung der Weltgesundheitsorganisation.

Assistive software tools for secondary-level students with literacy difficulties.

Study conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of four assistive technology (AT) tools on literacy: (1) speech synthesis, (2) spellchecker, (3) homophone tool, and (4) dictionary. All four of these programs are featured in TextHelp’s Read&Write Gold software package. A total of 93 secondary-level students with reading disabilities participated in the study. The participants completed a number of computer-based literacy tests after being assigned to a Read&Write group or a control group that utilized Microsoft Word. The results indicated that improvements in the following areas for the Read&Write group: (1) reading comprehension, (2) homophone error detection, (3) spelling error detection, and (4) word meanings. The Microsoft Word group also improved in the areas of word meanings and error detection, though performed worse on homophone error detection. The authors contend that these results indicate that speech synthesis, spell checkers, homophone tools, and dictionary programs have a positive effect on literacy among students with reading disabilities. This study was conducted by researchers at the Queen’s University in Belfast, Ireland.

Use of physiotherapy and alternatives by children with cerebral palsy: a population study

Objectives: To describe the use of physiotherapy services and alternative therapies by a population of children with moderate to severe cerebral palsy (CP).
Design: Descriptive cross-sectional survey.
Subjects: A total of 212 parents of children aged 4–14 years with moderate to severe CP were identified from the Northern Ireland Cerebral Palsy Register (NICPR) and a random subsample of their paediatric physiotherapists.
Main measures: A standardized description of motor impairment or assessment form; a postal questionnaire to parents and paediatric physiotherapists (to validate parents’ reports of service use).
Response rates: In total, 85% of parent questionnaires were returned and 100% of paediatric physiotherapists responded.
Results: Service use among families was high; on average the families had contact with approximately seven services in a 6-month time interval. The overwhelming majority of children (96%) received physiotherapy during the school term and most (59%) received treatment at least twice a week for 30 min; 43% of children had their physiotherapy discontinued over the summer holidays. Over one-quarter (28%) of families had opted out of the NHS and bought alternatives like conductive education (21%) or private forms of conventional physiotherapy (16%). Children with more severe forms of CP, in special education, particularly at schools for physical disability, were high-intensity users of the physiotherapy service. Despite this, 74% of parents wanted more physiotherapy for their child.
Conclusions and implications: The demand for physiotherapy services is likely to continue given the relatively stable prevalence rate of CP, the proportion of children with disabling CP and the level of parent interest in the service. A number of quality aspects and gaps in the service have been identified.

El uso de la musicoterapia para la mejora de la comunicación de niños con Trastorno del Espectro Autista en Aulas Abiertas Especializadas

Los beneficios que aporta la musicoterapia en alumnos con Trastorno del Espectro Autista, han sido demostrados profusamente por los distintos autores, si bien carecemos de literatura suficiente sobre su utilización en las Aulas Abiertas Especializadas en colegios ordinarios (Aulas TEA). En este sentido, el objetivo del trabajo, ha consistido en analizar qué mejoras aporta la musicoterapia al desarrollo de la comunicación en los alumnos con Trastorno del Espectro Autista dentro de las Aulas Abiertas de los CEIPs de Castilla-La Mancha y la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid. Para ello, se ha realizado una amplia revisión documental de fuentes de referencia y se ha entrevistado a los docentes responsables de las Aulas Abiertas Especializadas que utilizan actividades de musicoterapia como recurso en el aula. Se concluye el artículo manifestando, en primer lugar, la escasa integración de la musicoterapia en las aulas TEA (menos del 20% de los centros). En aquellas aulas que sí se programa con actividades de musicoterapia, los beneficios que ésta aporta se ven reflejados en un incremento claro de la intención comunicativa en los alumnos. Además, a la hora de planificar las actividades se tiene muy en cuenta conocer las preferencias y la historia musical del niño. No obstante, existen factores que impiden el aprovechamiento total de las posibilidades terapéuticas de la musicoterapia debido, especialmente a: a) una escasa formación del profesorado y b) un espacio inadecuado para poner en práctica una sesión de musicoterapia.

Living with children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Parental and professional views

The number of children diagnosed with an autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) is rising and is now thought to be as high as 1:100. While the debate about best treatment continues, the effects of having a child diagnosed with ASD on family life remain relatively unexplored. This article, by Karola Dillenburger of Queens University Belfast, Mickey Keenan of the University of Ulster, Alvin Doherty from the Health Service Executive Western Region, Tony Byrne of Parents’ Education as Autism Therapists (PEAT) and Stephen Gallagher of the University of Ulster, sets out to adjust that balance. Drawing upon data from a comprehensive study of parental needs, these authors argue that parental and professional views do not always concur; that families make extraordinary sacrifices; that siblings are affected; and that parents are under tremendous stress. Parents argue that educational and social service supports are not efficient and that they are forced to rely largely on support from within the family or from friends. In particular, some important differences between parental and professional perceptions became apparent in relation to interventions based on Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA). The authors of this article propose that these differences need to be taken seriously by teachers and other professionals as well as by policy-makers.

A design model: the Autism Spectrum Disorder Classroom Design Kit

Architects and designers have a responsibility to provide an inclusive built environment. However for those with a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), the built environment can be a frightening and confusing place, difficult to negotiate and tolerate. The challenge of integrating more fully into society is denied by an alienating built environment. For ASD pupils in a poorly designed school, their environment can distance them from learning. Instead, if more at ease in their surroundings, in an ASD-friendly environment, the ASD pupil stands a greater chance of doing better.

However a difficulty exists in that most architects are not knowledgeable in designing for those with ASD. Any available design guidelines for architects tend, because of the inherent difficulties associated with a spectrum, to be general in their information. Therefore, if wanting to provide an ASD-friendly learning environment, there is a need to ensure that teachers, as the experts, can most clearly and effectively impart their knowledge and requirements to architects.

This paper sets out the challenges and difficulties inherent in the design process when designing for ASD. It then sets out an alternative strategy to the usual method of drawing-centric dialogue between teacher and architect by using models instead as a basis for a more common language. An ASD Classroom Design Kit was designed and developed by Queen’s University of Belfast Architecture students. It was then used by ASD teaching staff from the Southern Education and Library Board in Northern Ireland as a case study to trial its effectiveness. The paper outlines how the study was carried out before concluding with reflections by both teaching staff and architect on using the ASD Classroom Design Kit.

It is hoped that this paper will firstly highlight the need for better dialogue between expert and architect when considering ASD and the Built Environment and secondly, that it may encourage others to consider using models to convey their ideas and knowledge when designing, not just for ASD, but for other Special Educational Needs and disabilities.

Parents' experiences of applied behaviour analysis (ABA)-based interventions for children diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorder

Applied behaviour analysis (ABA)-based programmes are endorsed as the gold standard for treatment of children with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) in most of North America. This is not the case in most of Europe, where instead a non-specified 'eclectic' approach is adopted. We explored the social validity of ABA-based interventions with 15 European families who had experience with home-based, mainly self-managed, ABA-based programmes for their own child/ren with ASD. The results of the study highlighted the overwhelmingly positive impact that ABA-based interventions had on their children in areas such as social skills, challenging behaviour, communication, gross and fine motor skills, concentration, interaction, independence, overall quality of life and, most importantly, a feeling of hope for the future. Implications for European policy on ASD are discussed. © 2013 NASEN.

Respostas curriculares e educativas disponibilizadas entre 1997 e 2007 às crianças com síndrome de X Frágil, no Concelho de Alandroal

Com a realização deste trabalho pretendemos apurar as Respostas Curriculares e Educativas disponibilizadas entre 1997 e 2007 às crianças com síndrome X Frágil, no concelho de Alandroal. Foi privilegiada uma abordagem metodológica qualitativa, que recorre à análise de conteúdos de documentos presentes nos processos dos cinco alunos sinalizados e também a actas dos conselhos de docentes e de turma. Depois de analisados os resultados, constatou-se que o tipo de respostas curriculares e/ou educativas mais utilizadas para esta população, assentou numa dimensão predominantemente pedagógica, mas também se salientam as dimensões terapêutica e curricular. Para tal, registou-se o recurso a espaços físicos, à legislação, a recursos didácticos e humanos, bem como a parcerias que se estabeleceram dentro e fora do concelho do Alandroal. As estratégias mais utilizadas para cada aluno em particular mereceram também a nossa atenção; ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to find out the "curricular/educational" responses that were in-place to meet the needs of the students with Fragile X syndrome, in the Alandroal’s county, between 1997/2007. A qualitative methodological approach has been preferred, consisting on the analysis of the documents present in the student’s individual processes (which have been referred for special education) and also in some minutes of the teacher’s council meetings and class council. Results have shown that the most used response within this population was mainly connected to the pedagogic dimension, but also it was also based on the therapeutic and curricular dimensions. So, it has been used resources related to physical spaces, legislation, human and didactic, as well as to partnerships inside and outside Alandroal’s county. Specific strategies used on particular students did also have our special attention.

As TIC na educação de alunos com necessidades educativas especiais: proposta de um programa de formação para o ensino básico

Este trabalho visa investigar e desenhar uma proposta de um programa de formação contínua focalizado na utilização das TIC na Educação de Alunos com NEE, dirigido a Docentes de Educação Especial e a Coordenadores PTE, considerando que estes dois grupos profissionais podem desempenhar um papel preponderante na promoção de uma escola verdadeiramente inclusiva da qual a utilização de tecnologias com populações especiais é uma adjuvante. A facilitação do Acesso e Participação por meio das tecnologias carece de profissionais capacitados e cientes do potencial destas tecnologias, pelo que a formação obtida é um fator decisivo no balancear entre necessidades e competências. Para tal, e no enquadramento teórico, procurámos contextualizar o modo como se processa a educação dos alunos com Necessidades Educativas Especiais e todas as determinantes neste processo. A identificação do estado da arte da utilização das TIC na educação de todos os alunos é igualmente abordada de modo a estabelecer relações da sua utilização com os alunos que se desviam dos padrões usuais de Aprendizagem. Procurámos, igualmente, discriminar de que modo se processa a formação de professores no contexto nacional e qual o seu impacto para o estabelecimento de uma escola inclusiva. Do ponto de vista metodológico, desenvolveu-se um estudo descritivoexploratório, com o propósito de identificar as competências e necessidades das populações envolvidas, que se materializou num survey (inquérito) nacional por questionário para levantamento de necessidades de formação, seguindo-se um estudo de caso, no qual foi implementada uma ação de formação com base nos resultados obtidos. Para o estudo de caso foram utilizados três momentos de autoavaliação que, conjugados com a avaliação dos formandos e a avaliação da formação, nos permitiram especificar um modelo de formação. Este, e com base nos resultados alcançados, perspetiva o suporte efetivo das TIC à prática pedagógica que melhor se adequa às necessidades de formação teórica, conceptual, prática e atitudinal dos Docentes de Educação Especial (DAE) e/ou Docentes de Apoios Educativos e Coordenadores TIC que apoiam alunos com Necessidades Educativas Especiais.

As NEE no ensino básico : caso específico da dislexia

O objetivo do estudo em epígrafe foi o de analisar se a dislexia em crianças do ensino básico é identificada e se a intervenção é atempada. A tese centra-se nas seguintes hipóteses: 1) Nem todos os casos de dislexia são identificados no ensino básico público de Portugal continental; 2) O número relativo de crianças identificadas com dislexia não difere entre as zonas geográficas de Portugal continental; 3) A maior parte das crianças identificadas com dislexia, que frequentam o ensino básico em Portugal continental, estão abrangidas pela educação especial. Os instrumentos de recolha de dados utilizados foram questionários eletrónicos e entrevistas, que possibilitaram uma análise quantitativa e qualitativa dos dados. Esta análise foi realizada mediante a aplicação de testes paramétricos e não paramétricos, tendo em conta as características da distribuição dos dados. Para o efeito, utilizámos o programa estatístico SPSS, versão 20. Para a realização da análise de conteúdo das entrevistas, empregámos o programa WebQDA. A amostra foi constituída por 535 professores coordenadores de educação especial e por 256 diretores de agrupamentos de escolas, pertencentes às cinco zonas NUTS II de Portugal continental. As entrevistas foram realizadas em três agrupamentos de escolas, três hospitais e um centro de saúde, referentes a uma parte da região Centro, tendo sido feitas a cinquenta profissionais da área da educação e da saúde, a saber: oito médicos de família, seis médicos pediatras, dezoito professores de educação especial, onze psicólogos e sete terapeutas da fala. Os resultados indicam que as crianças com dislexia não estão todas identificadas, existindo dificuldades na realização do diagnóstico e na intervenção, essencialmente por falta de formação dos profissionais neste domínio e por dificuldades na articulação entre os diversos grupos de profissionais da educação e da saúde. Atinente ao número de crianças identificadas com dislexia, pela aplicação do teste Kruskal Wallis, os dados sugerem que existem diferenças, estatisticamente significativas, entre as cinco zonas NUTS II do continente português, demonstrando que nas zonas Centro e Norte há menos crianças identificadas com dislexia do que nas restantes.