The Portuguese continental shelf soft-bottom benthic habitats

As comunidades de macrofauna bentónica são ecológica e economicamente relevantes, sendo fonte de diversos bens e serviços. A sua identificação, caracterização e mapeamento são importantes para identificar áreas marinhas protegidas e para uma melhor utilização do ambiente marinho. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo holístico da diversidade e distribuição espacial das comunidades de macrofauna bentónica ao longo da plataforma continental Portuguesa. Cerca de 145 locais posicionados ao longo da plataforma ocidental e setentrional foram amostrados com uma draga Smith-McIntyre de área 0,1 m2, a profundidades que variaram entre os 13 e 195 metros. Os sedimentos foram caracterizados em termos de granulometria, de matéria orgânica e geoquímica. São propostos seis habitats bentónicos principais para a plataforma continental Portuguesa, analisada a relação entre os dados biológicos e ambientais e discutidas questões biogeográficas relacionadas com a distribuição espacial de espécies e das comunidades. A distribuição da granulometria e assinatura geoquímica dos sedimentos da plataforma continental revelou-se bastante complexa, refletindo importantes diferenças nas fontes (naturais e antropogénicas), origem fluvial, geomorfologia da plataforma, hidrodinamismo e atividade biológica. Relativamente à macrofauna, entre os mais de 30 mil indivíduos recolhidos, foram identificados cerca de 737 taxa, dos quais quatro são novas espécies e aproximadamente 40 correspondem a primeiras ocorrências para a costa Portuguesa. As espécies mais frequentes foram a Ampharete finmarchica, Ampelisca sp. e Lumbrineris lusitanica sp. nov. enquanto as mais abundantes foram Mediomastus fragilis, Polygordius appendiculatus e Ampharete finmarchica. A abundância por local de amostragem variou entre 7 e 1.307 espécimens e a diversidade alfa atingiu um máximo de 96 taxa. Os sedimentos mais grosseiros apresentaram maior diversidade e abundância comparativamente com os sedimentos envasados. Foram identificados seis habitats bentónicos na plataforma continental Portuguesa: (a) sedimentos grosseiros com Protodorvillea kefersteini, Pisione remota, Angulus pygmaeus e várias espécies intersticiais; (b) areias finas hidrodinamicamente expostas e próximas da linha de costa com Magelona johnstoni, Urothoe pulchella e Angulus fabula; (c) comunidade de Abra alba em areia envasadas da plataforma profunda do noroeste; (d) Galathowenia oculata, Lumbrinerides amoureuxi e outros poliquetas escavadores e tubícolas em areais envasadas muito profundas na plataforma sudoeste; (e) Euchone rubrocincta, Nematonereis unicornis e várias espécies setentrionais nas areias envasadas da plataforma sul; (f) vasas com Sternaspis scutata, Heteromastus filiformis e Psammogammarus caecus. A granulometria do sedimento (particularmente teor em finos), matéria orgânica, profundidade e hidrodinamismo foram as variáveis ambientais com a maior relação com os padrões de distribuição da macrofauna. As espécies cosmopolitas e de latitudes superiores (clima Boreal ou Temperado Frio) dominaram o setor noroeste, sendo substituídas por espécies mais quentes na área de transição entre os canhões da Nazaré e S. Vicente, que dominaram por conseguinte a plataforma sul. O presente estudo evidenciou a abundância e diversidade da macrofauna bentónica ao longo da área costeira de Portugal, na qual coexistem faunas das províncias biogeográficas do norte da Europa, bem como subtropicais. Integrado com outro estudos, este poderá ser a base para uma melhor gestão da plataforma continental Portuguesa.

Assessing the combined effect of land management and wildfire on runoff and soil erosion in north central Portugal

Strong and sometimes extreme responses in runoff and soil erosion following wildfires have been reported worldwide. However, in the case of North-Central Portugal, little research had been carried out regarding the hydrologic and erosive impacts of several land management activities in recently burnt areas (such as ground preparation, post-fire logging or post-fire mitigation treatments). This study aims to assess post-fire runoff and soil erosion response on Eucalypt and Maritime pine plantations during the first, second and third years following wildfires. The effect of several pre-fire ground preparation operations (ploughed down-slope, contour ploughed and inclined terraces), post-fire logging activities (on both the eucalypt and pine plantations), as well as the application of hydromulch (a post-fire emergency treatment) on overland flow and soil erosion were compared to burnt but undisturbed and untreated areas. The intensive monitoring of runoff, soil erosion and selected soil properties served to determine the main factors involved in post-fire runoff and soil erosion and their spatial and temporal variation. Soil water repellency deserved special attention, due to its supposed important role for overland flow generation. Repeated rainfall simulation experiments (RSE’s), micro-scale runoff plots and bounded sediment fences were carried out and/or installed immediately after the wildfire on seven burnt slopes. Micro-scale runoff plots results under natural rainfall conditions were also compared to the RSE’s results, which was useful for assessing the representativeness of the data obtained with artificial rainfall. The results showed comparable runoff coefficient (20-60%) but lower sediment losses (125-1000 g m-2) than prior studies in Portugal, but especially outside Portugal. Lower sediment losses were related with the historic intensive land use in the area. In evaluating these losses, however, the shallowness and stoniness of the soils, as well as the high organic matter fraction of the eroded sediments (50%) must not be overlooked. Sediment limited erosion was measured in all the ploughed sites, probably due to the time since ploughing (several years). The disturbance of the soil surface cover due to post-fire logging and wood extraction substantially increased sediment losses at both the pine and eucalypt sites. Hydromulch effectiveness in reducing the runoff (70%) and sediment losses (83%) was attributed to the protective high coverage provided by hydromulch. The hydromulch significantly affected the soil cover and other soil properties and these changes also reduced the soil erosion risk. The rainfall amount was the main factor explaining the variance in runoff. However, a shift from rainfall amount to rainfall intensity was detected when either the surface cover or the infiltration capacity (hydrophilic conditions) increased. Sediment losses were controlled by rainfall intensity and surface cover. The role of soil water repellency on runoff generation was not consistent; the overall repellency levels alone were not enough to assess its hydrological impact. Soil water repellency explained runoff generation in the specific-sites model better than in the overall model. Additionally, soil moisture content was a better predictor for soil water repellency than antecedent rainfall. The natural rainfall results confirmed that RSE’s were able to capture the specific sediment losses and its organic matter content as well as the differences between the ploughed and unploughed sites. Repeated RSE’s also captured the seasonal variations in runoff and sediment losses attributed to soil water repellency. These results have implications for post-fire soil erosion modelling and soil conservation practices in the region, or areas with the same land use, climate and soil characteristics. The measured sediment loss, as well as the increasing frequency of ploughing in recently burnt and unburnt eucalypt stands, suggests ploughing is not an effective as a soil conservation measure. Logging activities with less impact are recommended in order to maintain the forest litter protecting the soil surface. Due to its high effectiveness in reducing runoff and soil erosion, hydromulch is recommended for highly sensitive and vulnerable areas.

Hydrological and photochemical influence on dynamics of estuarine bacteria

Os estuários são ecossistemas complexos, onde os processos físicos, químicos e biológicos estão intimamente ligados. A dinâmica bacteriana num estuário reflete a interação e a elevada variação temporal e espacial desses processos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo elucidar as interações entre os processos físicos, fotoquímicos e microbiológicos no sistema estuarino da Ria de Aveiro (Portugal). Para tal, foi realizada uma abordagem inicial no campo, durante a qual as comunidades bacterianas na coluna de água foram caracterizadas em termos de abundância e atividade ao longo de 2 anos. O estudo foi realizado em dois locais distintos, escolhidos por tipificarem as características marinhas e salobras do estuário. Estes locais possuem diferentes hidrodinâmicas, influências fluviais e, quantidade e composição de matéria orgânica. Numa perspectiva mecanicista, foram realizadas simulações laboratoriais no sentido de elucidar a resposta das bactérias à matéria orgânica foto-transformada. As comunidades bacterianas no estuário adaptam-se a diferentes regimes de água doce, desenvolvendo padrões de abundância e atividade distintos nas zonas marinha e salobra. Os elevados caudais dos rios induzem estratificação vertical na zona marinha, promovendo o fluxo de fitoplâncton do mar para o estuário, do bacterioplâncton do estuário para o mar, e estimulam a importação de bactérias aderentes a partículas na zona salobra. O transporte advectivo e os processos de ressuspensão contribuem para aumentar 3 vezes o número de bactérias aderentes a partículas durante os períodos de intensas descargas fluviais. Adicionalmente, a atividade bacteriana no estuário é controlada pela concentração de azoto inerente à variações de água doce. O fornecimento de azoto em associação com a fonte dos substratos bacterianos induzem alterações significativas na produtividade. O padrão de variação vertical de comunidades bacterianas foi distinto nas duas zonas do estuário. Na zona marinha, as bactérias na microcamada superficial (SML) apresentaram taxas de hidrólise mais elevadas, mas menores taxas de incorporação de monómeros e produção de biomassa que na água subjacente (UW), enquanto na zona salobra, as taxas de hidrólise e incorporação foram similares nos dois compartimentos, mas a produtividade foi significativamente mais elevada na SML. Apesar da abundância bacteriana ter sido semelhante na SML e UW, a fração de células aderentes a partículas foi significativamente maior na SML (2-3 vezes), em ambas as zonas do estuário. A integração dos resultados microbiológicos com as variáveis ambientais e hidrológicos mostraram que fortes correntes na zona marinha promovem a mistura vertical, inibindo o estabelecimento de uma comunidade bacteriana na SML distinta da UW. Em contraste, na zona de água salobra, a menor velocidades das correntes fornece as condições adequadas ao aumento da atividade bacteriana na SML. Características específicas do local, tais como a hidrodinâmica e as fontes e composição da matéria orgânica, conduzem também a diferentes graus de enriquecimento superficial de matéria orgânica e inorgânica, influenciando a sua transformação. Em geral, o ambiente da SML estuarina favorece a hidrólise de polímeros, mas inibe a utilização de monómeros, comparativamente com água subjacente. No entanto, as diferenças entre as duas comunidades tendem a atenuar-se com o aumento da atividade heterotrófica na zona salobra. A matéria orgânica dissolvida cromófora (CDOM) das duas zonas do estuário possui diferentes características espectrais, com maior aromaticidade e peso molecular médio (HMW) na zona de água salobra, em comparação com a zona marinha. Nesta zona, a abundância bacteriana correlacionou-se com a350 e a254, sugerindo uma contribuição indireta das bactéria para HMW CDOM. A irradiação do DOM resultou numa diminuição dos valores de a254 e a350, e, em um aumento do declive S275-295 e dos rácios E2:E3 (a250/a365) e SR. No entanto, a extensão de transformações foto-induzidas e as respostas microbianas são dependentes das características iniciais CDOM, inferidas a partir das suas propriedades ópticas. A dinâmica estuarina influencia claramente as atividades heterotróficas e a distribuição dos microorganismos na coluna de água. A entrada de água doce influencia a dinâmica e os principais reguladores das comunidades bacterianas no estuário. Os processos fotoquímicos e microbianos produzem alterações nas propriedades ópticas da CDOM e a combinação desses processos determina o resultado global e o destino da CDOM nos sistemas estuarinos com influência na produtividade nas áreas costeiras adjacente.

Challenges in mercury speciation and fractionation in soil and sediment

This investigation focused on the development, test and validation of methodologies for mercury fractionation and speciation in soil and sediment. After an exhaustive review of the literature, several methods were chosen and tested in well characterised soil and sediment samples. Sequential extraction procedures that divide mercury fractions according to their mobility and potential availability in the environment were investigated. The efficiency of different solvents for fractionation of mercury was evaluated, as well as the adequacy of different analytical instruments for quantification of mercury in the extracts. Kinetic experiments to establish the equilibrium time for mercury release from soil or sediment were also performed. It was found that in the studied areas, only a very small percentage of mercury is present as mobile species and that mobility is associated to higher aluminium and manganese contents, and that high contents of organic matter and sulfur result in mercury tightly bound to the matrix. Sandy soils tend to release mercury faster that clayey soils, and therefore, texture of soil or sediment has a strong influence on the mobility of mercury. It was also understood that analytical techniques for quantification of mercury need to be further developed, with lower quantification limits, particularly for mercury quantification of less concentrated fractions: water-soluble e exchangeable. Although the results provided a better understanding of the distribution of mercury in the sample, the complexity of the procedure limits its applicability and robustness. A proficiency-testing scheme targeting total mercury determination in soil, sediment, fish and human hair was organised in order to evaluate the consistency of results obtained by different laboratories, applying their routine methods to the same test samples. Additionally, single extractions by 1 mol L-1 ammonium acetate solution, 0.1 mol L-1 HCl and 0.1 mol L-1 CaCl2, as well as extraction of the organometallic fraction were proposed for soil; the last was also suggested for sediment and fish. This study was important to update the knowledge on analytical techniques that are being used for mercury quantification, the associated problems and sources of error, and to improve and standardize mercury extraction techniques, as well as to implement effective strategies for quality control in mercury determination. A different, “non chemical-like” method for mercury species identification was developed, optimised and validated, based on the thermo-desorption of the different mercury species. Compared to conventional extraction procedures, this method has advantages: it requires little to no sample treatment; a complete identification of species present is obtained in less than two hours; mercury losses are almost neglectable; can be considered “clean”, as no residues are produced; the worldwide comparison of results obtained is easier and reliable, an important step towards the validation of the method. Therefore, the main deliverables of this PhD thesis are an improved knowledge on analytical procedures for identification and quantification of mercury species in soils and sediments, as well as a better understanding of the factors controlling the behaviour of mercury in these matrices.

Photodynamic inactivation of bacteria by cationic porphyrins : their cellular targets and potential environmental applications

Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is defined as the process of cell destruction by oxidative stress resulting from the interaction between light and a photosensitizer (PS), in the presence of molecular oxygen. PDI of bacteria has been extensively studied in recent years, proving to be a promising alternative to conventional antimicrobial agents for the treatment of superficial and localized infections. Moreover, the applicability of PDI goes far beyond the clinical field, as its potential use in water disinfection, using PS immobilized on solid supports, is currently under study. The aim of the first part of this work was to study the oxidative modifications in phospholipids, nucleic acids and proteins of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus warneri, subjected to photodynamic treatment with cationic porphyrins. The aims of the second part of the work were to study the efficiency of PDI in aquaculture water and the influence of different physicalchemical parameters in this process, using the Gram-negative bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri, and to evaluate the possibility of recycling cationic PS immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles. To study the oxidative changes in membrane phospholipids, a lipidomic approach has been used, combining chromatographic techniques and mass spectrometry. The FOX2 assay was used to determine the concentration of lipid hydroperoxides generated after treatment. The oxidative modifications in the proteins were analyzed by one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Changes in the intracellular nucleic acids were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and the concentration of doublestranded DNA was determined by fluorimetry. The oxidative changes of bacterial PDI at the molecular level were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. In laboratory tests, bacteria (108 CFU mL-1) were irradiated with white light (4.0 mW cm-2) after incubation with the PS (Tri-Py+-Me-PF or Tetra-Py+-Me) at concentrations of 0.5 and 5.0 μM for S. warneri and E. coli, respectively. Bacteria were irradiated with different light doses (up to 9.6 J cm-2 for S. warneri and up to 64.8 J cm-2 for E. coli) and the changes were evaluated throughout the irradiation time. In the study of phospholipids, only the porphyrin Tri-Py+-Me-PF and a light dose of 64.8 J cm-2 were tested. The efficiency of PDI in aquaculture has been evaluated in two different conditions: in buffer solution, varying temperature, pH, salinity and oxygen concentration, and in aquaculture water samples, to reproduce the conditions of PDI in situ. The kinetics of the process was determined in realtime during the experiments by measuring the bioluminescence of V. fischeri (107 CFU mL-1, corresponding to a level of bioluminescence of 105 relative light units). A concentration of 5.0 μM of Tri-Py+-Me-PF was used in the experiments with buffer solution, and 10 to 50 μM in the experiments with aquaculture water. Artificial white light (4.0 mW cm-2) and solar irradiation (40 mW cm-2) were used as light sources.

Characterization of water-soluble organic matter from urban aerosols

Water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) from atmospheric particles comprises a complex array of molecular structures that play an important role on the physic-chemical properties of atmospheric particles and, therefore, are linked to several global-relevant atmospheric processes which impact the climate and public health. Due to the large variety of sources and formation processes, adequate knowledge on WSOM composition and its effects on the properties of atmospheric aerosol are still limited. Therefore, this thesis aims at providing new insights on the molecular composition of WSOM from fine atmospheric aerosols typical of an urban area (Aveiro, Portugal). In a first step, adsorption phenomena of semivolatile organic compounds on quartz fibre filters employed in the collection of atmospheric aerosols were assessed. Afterwards, atmospheric aerosol samples were collected during fifteen months, on a weekly basis. A mass balance of aerosol samples was performed in order to set the relative contribution of elemental carbon, WSOM and water-insoluble organic matter to the aerosol mass collected at the urban area of Aveiro, with a special focus on the assessment of the influence of different meteorological conditions. In order to assess the chemical complexity of the WSOM from urban aerosols, their structural characteristics were studied by means of Fourier transform infrared infrared - Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and solid-state cross polarization with magic angle spinning 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (CPMAS 13C NMR) spectroscopies, as well as their elemental composition. The structural characterization of aerosol WSOM samples collected in the urban area highlighted a highly complex mixture of functional groups. It was concluded that aliphatic and aromatic structures, hydroxyl groups and carboxyl groups are characteristic to all samples. The semi-quantitative assessment of the CPMAS 13C NMR data showed different distributions of the various functional groups between the aerosol samples collected at different seasons. Moreover, the presence of signals typical of lignin-derived structures in both CPMAS 13C NMR and FTIR-ATR spectra of the WSOM samples from the colder seasons, highlights the major contribution of biomass burning processes in domestic fireplaces, during low temperature conditions, into the bulk chemical properties of WSOM from urban aerosols. A comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC x LC) method, on-line coupled to a diode array, fluorescence, and evaporative light scattering detectors, was employed for resolving the chemical heterogeneity of the aerosol WSOM samples and, simultaneously, to map the hydrophobicity versus the molecular weight distribution of the samples. The LC x LC method employed a mixed-mode hydrophilic interaction column operating under aqueous reversed phase mode in the first dimension, and a size-exclusion column in the second dimension, which was found to be useful for separating the aerosol WSOM samples into various fractions with distinct molecular weight and hydrophobic features. The estimative of the average molecular weight (Mw) distribution of the urban aerosol WSOM samples ranged from 48 to 942 Da and from 45 to 1241 Da in terms of UV absorption and fluorescence detection, respectively. Findings suggest that smaller Mw group fractions seem to be related to a more hydrophobic nature.

Analysis of the organic matter associated to sea salt : definition of potential molecular markers based on the volatile composition and presence of glycosidic derivatives and polysaccharides

Sea salt is a natural product obtained from the evaporation of seawater in saltpans due to the combined effect of wind and sunlight. Nowadays, there is a growing interest for protection and re-valorisation of saltpans intrinsically associated to the quality of sea salt that can be evaluated by its physico-chemical properties. These man-made systems can be located in different geographical areas presenting different environmental surroundings. During the crystallization process, organic compounds coming from these surroundings can be incorporated into sea salt crystals, influencing their final composition. The organic matter associated to sea salt arises from three main sources: algae, surrounding bacterial community, and anthropogenic activity. Based on the hypothesis that sea salt contains associated organic compounds that can be used as markers of the product, including saltpans surrounding environment, the aim of this PhD thesis was to identify these compounds. With this purpose, this work comprised: 1) a deep characterisation of the volatile composition of sea salt by headspace solid phase microextraction combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GCGC–ToFMS) methodology, in search of potential sea salt volatile markers; 2) the development of a methodology to isolate the polymeric material potentially present in sea salt, in amounts that allow its characterisation in terms of polysaccharides and protein; and 3) to explore the possible presence of triacylglycerides. The high chromatographic resolution and sensitivity of GC×GC–ToFMS enabled the separation and identification of a higher number of volatile compounds from sea salt, about three folds, compared to unidimentional chromatography (GC–qMS). The chromatographic contour plots obtained revealed the complexity of marine salt volatile composition and confirmed the relevance of GC×GC–ToFMS for this type of analysis. The structured bidimentional chromatographic profile arising from 1D volatility and 2D polarity was demonstrated, allowing more reliable identifications. Results obtained for analysis of salt from two locations in Aveiro and harvested over three years suggest the loss of volatile compounds along the time of storage of the salt. From Atlantic Ocean salts of seven different geographical origins, all produced in 2007, it was possible to identify a sub-set of ten compounds present in all salts, namely 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanone, isophorone, ketoisophorone, β-ionone-5,6-epoxide, dihydroactinidiolide, 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, 3-hydroxy-2,4,4-trimethylpentyl 2-methylpropanoate, 2,4,4-trimethylpentane-1,3-diyl bis(2-methylpropanoate), and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol. These ten compounds were considered potential volatile markers of sea salt. Seven of these compounds are carotenoid-derived compounds, and the other three may result from the integration of compounds from anthropogenic activity as metabolites of marine organisms. The present PhD work also allowed the isolation and characterisation, for the first time, of polymeric material from sea salt, using 16 Atlantic Ocean salts. A dialysis-based methodology was developed to isolate the polymeric material from sea salt in amounts that allowed its characterisation. The median content of polymeric material isolated from the 16 salts was 144 mg per kg of salt, e.g. 0.014% (w/w). Mid-infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetry revealed the main occurrence of sulfated polysaccharides, as well as the presence of protein in the polymeric material from sea salt. Sea salt polysaccharides were found to be rich in uronic acid residues (21 mol%), glucose (18), galactose (16), and fucose (13). Sulfate content represented a median of 45 mol%, being the median content of sulfated polysaccharides 461 mg/g of polymeric material, which accounted for 66 mg/kg of dry salt. Glycosidic linkage composition indicates that the main sugar residues that could carry one or more sulfate groups were identified as fucose and galactose. This fact allowed to infer that the polysaccharides from sea salt arise mainly from algae, due to their abundance and composition. The amino acid profile of the polymeric material from the 16 Atlantic Ocean salts showed as main residues, as medians, alanine (25 mol%), leucine (14), and valine (14), which are hydrophobic, being the median protein content 35 mg/g, i.e. 4,9 mg per kg of dry salt. Beside the occurrence of hydrophobic volatile compounds in sea salt, hydrophobic non-volatile compounds were also detected. Triacylglycerides were obtained from sea salt by soxhlet extraction with n-hexane. Fatty acid composition revealed palmitic acid as the major residue (43 mol%), followed by stearic (13), linolenic (13), oleic (12), and linoleic (9). Sea salt triacylglycerides median content was 1.5 mg per kg of dry salt. Both protein and triacylglycerides seem to arise from macro and microalgae, phytoplankton and cyanobacteria, due to their abundance and composition. Despite the variability resulting from saltpans surrounding environment, this PhD thesis allowed the identification of a sea salt characteristic organic compounds profile based on volatile compounds, polysaccharides, protein, and triacylglycerides.

Trophic plasticity in the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis

Coral reefs are of utmost ecological and economical importance but are currently in global decline due to climate change and anthropogenic disturbances. Corals, as well as other cnidarian species, live in symbiosis with photosynthetic dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium. This relationship provides the cnidarian host with alternative metabolic pathways, as the symbionts translocate photosynthetic carbon to the animal. Besides this autotrophic nutrition mode, symbiotic cnidarians also take up organic matter from the environment (heterotrophy). The nutritional balance between auto- and heterotrophy is critical for the functioning, fitness and resilience of the cnidariandinoflagellate symbiosis. New methodological approaches were developed to better understand the role of auto- and heterotrophy in the ecophysiology of cnidarians associated with Symbiodinium, and the ecological implications of this trophic plasticity. Specifically, the new approaches were developed to assess photophysiology, biomass production of the model organism Aiptasia sp. and molecular tools to investigate heterotrophy in the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis. Using these approaches, we were able to non-invasively assess the photophysiological spatial heterogeneity of symbiotic cnidarians and identify spatial patterns between chlorophyll fluorescence and relative content of chlorophyll a and green-fluorescent proteins. Optimal culture conditions to maximize the biomass production of Aiptasia pallida were identified, as well as their implications on the fatty acid composition of the anemones. Molecular trophic markers were used to determine prey digestion times in symbiotic cnidarians, which vary between 1-3 days depending on prey species, predator species and the feeding history of the predator. This method was also used to demonstrate that microalgae is a potential food source for symbiotic corals. By using a stable isotope approach to assess the trophic ecology of the facultative symbiotic Oculina arbuscula in situ, it was possible to demonstrate the importance of pico- and nanoplanktonic organisms, particularly autotrophic, in the nutrition of symbiotic corals. Finally, we showed the effects of functional diversity of Symbiodinium on the nutritional plasticity of the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis. Symbiont identity defines this plasticity through its individual metabolic requirements, capacity to fix carbon, quantity of translocated carbon and the host’s capacity to feed and digest prey.

Propriedades de lamas de salinas de Aveiro, tendo em vista aplicações dermoterapêuticas e dermocosméticas

Desde tempos históricos que diferentes tipos de lama são utilizados para aplicações externas no corpo humano, para fins terapêuticos e cosméticos. As lamas cuja beneficiação e caracterização físico-química são apresentadas nesta dissertação são formadas no ambiente hipersalino que existe nas salinas da Troncalhada e de São Tiago da Fonte, localizadas no estuário do rio Vouga, em Aveiro, Portugal. As salinas são constituídas por uma sequência de tanques onde, no período de verão, da água do mar e por evaporação natural, se produz sal marinho que precipita no último tanque (o cristalizador) do qual é extraído. Na base dos tanques ocorrem lamas que correspondem a sedimentos constituídos por material argiloso de cor preto-cinzento e que incorporam argila, silte, areia, bioclastos, sal, matéria orgânica e gás. A componente inorgânica da lama extraída do cristalizador foi estudada por Difracção de Raios-X (DRX) e Fluorescência de Raios-X (FRX), enquanto a componente orgânica da mesma lama foi estudada por Cromatografia de Gás- Espectrometria de Massa (GC-MS). Os estudos efectuados incidiram sobre amostras representativas de lama, obtidas antes e após refinação e beneficiação a que foi submetida a lama tal-qual colhida nas salinas. Foram utilizados métodos geofísicos para caracterizar e distinguir as lamas depositadas na época de safra e no período de interregno. Para o efeito, foram cravados tubos amostradores no sedimento que reveste o fundo dos tanques, tubos que seguidamente foram transportados para o laboratório para medição da condutividade eléctrica do topo até à base da coluna de sedimento amostrado. A refinação foi efectuada por elutriação de suspensões aquosas de lama utilizando um equipamento desenvolvido para o efeito e que permitiu concentrar a lama fina no overflow. Após floculação, sifonagem da água sobrenadante, dessalinização e centrifugação a lama refinada e beneficiada pôde ser incorporada em formulações com objectivos terapêuticos e cosméticos. O estudo microbiológico efectuado nas amostras de lama com sal e sem sal e na água das salinas permitiu identificar diversos tipos de bactérias e colónias presentes na lama e avaliar também os processos de esterilização testados. Concluiu-se que a lama hipersalina ou dessalinizada resultante do processamento a que foram submetidas, não deve ser aplicada ou incorporada em formulações tal-qual, pelo facto de em ambas terem sido identificadas bactérias como é o caso de Clostridium perfringens. Não obstante, se submetidas a esterilização utilizando autoclave a lama salina refinada e beneficiada poderá ser aplicada como peloide extemporâneo. Assim sendo foram desenvolvidas formulações dermoterapêuticas e dermocosméticas contendo lama beneficiada e dessalinizada e esterilizada termicamente.

A importância dos processos físicos no controlo da eutrofização em estuários

Muitos dos problemas tróficos existentes nos estuários e zonas costeiras têm origem no excesso de nutrientes, em particular Azoto (N) e Fósforo (P), resultante do sucessivo enriquecimento dos rios durante o seu percurso até ao mar e também de descargas directas nestes sistemas. Nixon (1995) definiu eutrofização como o aumento da quantidade de matéria orgânica disponível na massa de água. Esta é uma definição assumida neste estudo, considerando que a eutrofização é o primeiro, de uma sequência de fenómenos resultantes do sobre-enriquecimento de nutrientes, que inclui a alteração de espécies dominantes e o aumento dos níveis de turbidez da água.

Organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts in recent sediments from the Guadiana river estuary, South-East Portugal

Dissertação de Mestrado, Biologia Marinha, Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Universidade do Algarve, 2007

Descarga costeira de águas subterrâneas com elevado conteúdo em nitratos para a Ria Formosa

Dissertação de Mestrado, Estudos Marinhos e Costeiros, Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e Ambiente, Universidade do Algarve, 2007

Simulation of economic benefits achieved by water quality improvement for recreational and professional users, within the SPICOSSA SSA (SPICOSSA System Approach) 11 - Guadiana estuary ecosystem sic

Dissertação de Mestrado, Gestão da Água e da Costa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2010

Evolução dos compostos nos lixiviados dos aterros sanitários do barlavento e sotavento algarvio

Dissertação de mest., Engenharia do Ambiente (Tecnologias Ambientais), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2011

Activated carbon adsorption of cyanotoxins from natural waters

Tese de dout., Ciências e Tecnologias do Ambiente (Tecnologias do Ambiente), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2010