The construct of career success: measurement issues and an empirical example

The aim of the present paper is twofold. We first give an overview of the multi-faceted construct of career success with its “objective” (real attainments) and “subjective” (perceived attainments) components and with the different methodologies measuring them (“subjectivist” vs. “objectivist” approaches). We also discuss the relationship between the different components of career success as revealed in the literature. Our second aim is to show that the interrelationship between the different facets of career success varies with the employment context. We analyze subjective and objective career success measures collected from professionals working either in the private sector, in the public sector, or that are self-employed. Our findings show that objective success and subjective success are more closely related in the private and self-employment sectors than in the public sector. Moreover, the interrelationship between objective and subjective success varies with the specific subjective success measure chosen. It is stronger for an “other-referent” subjective success measure than for a “self-referent” subjective success measure. Conclusions regarding the measurement of career success as well as regarding the relevance of subjective success for studying occupational careers are drawn.

How do objective and subjective career success interrelate over time?

The present research is concerned with the direction of influence between objective and subjective career success. We conducted a prospective longitudinal study with five waves of measurement that covered a time span of 10 years. Participants were professionals working in different occupational fields (N=1,336). We modelled the changes in objective success (income, hierarchical position), in other-referent subjective success (subjective success as compared to a reference group), and in self-referent subjective success (job satisfaction) by means of latent growth curve analysis. Objective success influenced both the initial level and the growth of other-referent subjective success, but it had no influence on job satisfaction. Most importantly, both measures of subjective success and both their initial levels and their changes had strong influences on the growth of objective success. We conclude that the ‘objective success influences subjective success’ relationship is smaller than might be expected, whereas the ‘subjective success influences objective success’ relationship is larger than might be expected.

Further reductions in nonvertebral fracture rate with long-term denosumab treatment in the FREEDOM open-label extension and influence of hip bone mineral density after 3 years

Limited data exist on the efficacy of long-term therapies for osteoporosis. In osteoporotic postmenopausal women receiving denosumab for 7 years, nonvertebral fracture rates significantly decreased in years 4-7 versus years 1-3. This is the first demonstration of a further benefit on fracture outcomes with long-term therapy for osteoporosis. INTRODUCTION This study aimed to evaluate whether denosumab treatment continued beyond 3 years is associated with a further reduction in nonvertebral fracture rates. METHODS Participants who completed the 3-year placebo-controlled Fracture REduction Evaluation of Denosumab in Osteoporosis every 6 Months (FREEDOM) study were invited to participate in an open-label extension. The present analysis includes 4,074 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (n = 2,343 long-term; n = 1,731 cross-over) who enrolled in the extension, missed ≤1 dose during their first 3 years of denosumab treatment, and continued into the fourth year of treatment. Comparison of nonvertebral fracture rates during years 1-3 of denosumab with that of the fourth year and with the rate during years 4-7 was evaluated. RESULTS For the combined group, the nonvertebral fracture rate per 100 participant-years was 2.15 for the first 3 years of denosumab treatment (referent) and 1.36 in the fourth year (rate ratio [RR] = 0.64; 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 0.48 to 0.85, p = 0.003). Comparable findings were observed in the groups separately and when nonvertebral fracture rates during years 1-3 were compared to years 4-7 in the long-term group (RR = 0.79; 95 % CI = 0.62 to 1.00, p = 0.046). Fracture rate reductions in year 4 were most prominent in subjects with persisting low hip bone mineral density (BMD). CONCLUSIONS Denosumab treatment beyond 3 years was associated with a further reduction in nonvertebral fracture rate that persisted through 7 years of continuous denosumab administration. The degree to which denosumab further reduces nonvertebral fracture risk appears influenced by the hip bone density achieved with initial therapy.

Gutachten der Abtheilung über den Entwurf eines Wahlgesetzes für die zur Vereinbarung der Preußischen Staats-Verfassung zu berufende Versammlung: Die Abtheilung hat zuvörderst die Aufgabe der auf Grund des Wahlgesetzes zu berufenden Versammlung ...

Welsch (Projektbearbeiter): Gutachten von 18 Abgeordneten des Vereinigten Landtages die Urwahlen zur zukünftigen Preußischen Nationalversammlung betreffend: wahlberechtigt ist demnach jeder männliche preußische Staatsbürger nach Vollendung des 24. Lebensjahres, der sich im Besitz der bürgerlichen Rechte befindet, mindestens 6 Monate in einer bestimmten Gemeinde ansässig ist und keine öffentliche Armenunterstützung bezieht

Bericht der Fach-Kommission für Handel und Gewerbe über eine Anzahl auf die Verhältnisse der Mühlenbesitzer bezüglichen Petitionen: Die vielen Petitionen, welche die Verhältnisse der Mühlenbesitzer betreffen ...

Welsch (Projektbearbeiter): Die Petitionen von Mühlenbesitzern aus den Provinzen Schlesien, Pommern, Brandenburg, Sachsen, Posen und Preußen auf administrative Erschwerung der Anlage neuer sowie Entschädigung der Besitzer bereits bestehender Mühlen werden im Hinblick auf das Prinzip der allgemeinen Gewerbefreiheit abgelehnt. Auch den Anträgen auf Aufhebung der auf den Mühlen ruhenden Lasten (des sog. Mühlenzinses) kann pauschal nicht nachgegeben werden. Eine Kommission soll in jedem Einzelfalle denjenigen Teil des Mühlenzinses feststellen, welcher als Gewerbeabgabe zu werten ist

Bericht der Central-Abtheilung über den vom Abgeordneten Schramm gestellten Antrag, betreffend die Aufhebung der noch stehen gebliebenen Censur der Leihbibliotheksbücher: Dieser Antrag war in der 10ten Sitzung der Nationalversammlung in die Abtheilungen verwiesen worden ...

Welsch (Projektbearbeiter): Da die Annahme besagten Antrages die Aufhebung einzelner Paragraphen des Gewerbegesetzes erforderlich machen würde, wird er zurückgezogen und durch den Antrag, das Innenministerium solle die betreffenden Verwaltungs- und Polizeibehörden auf die mangelnde rechtliche Grundlage der Beaufsichtigung von Leihbibliotheken hinweisen, ersetzt

Bericht der Central-Abtheilung zur Berathung des Gesetzes wegen Umgestaltung der Domainen- und Forstverwaltung in den Provinzen: Nach dem vorgelegten Gesetzes-Entwurfe soll die Verwaltung der Domainen und Forsten von den Regierungs-Collegien ...

Welsch (Projektbearbeiter): Annahme des Gesetzentwurfes in folgender Form: Die Verwaltung der Domänen und Staatsforsten wird von der Regierung getrennt und an Beamte übertragen, die vom König ernannt werden. Die Befugnisse jener Beamten umfassen nicht die Ausübung der polizeilichen sowie der kommunalen Verwaltung

Ethnic differences in adolescents' mental distress

Objectives. The aims of this cross-sectional study were to (1) examine differences among four ethnic groups of middle school students (Anglos, African Americans [AAs], Hispanics, and Asians) on (a) three indicators of mental distress (depression, somatic symptoms, suicidal ideation) (b) social stress (general social stress, process-oriented stress, discrimination) and resources (family relationships, coping, self-esteem) and (2) identify significant risk factors and resources for each ethnic group by examining the moderating effects of ethnicity. ^ Methods. Respondents included 316 students from three schools (144 Anglos, 66 AAs, 77 Hispanics, 29 Asians/Others) who completed self-administered questionnaires. Social stress and somatic symptoms were measured by using the SAFE-C and Somatic Symptom Scale, respectively. The DSD was used to assess depression and suicidal ideation. Resources were measured by using the FES, age-appropriate adaptations of two existing coping scales, and Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale. For specific aims, descriptive statistics, ANOVA, ANCOVA, and logistic regression analysis were used. ^ Findings. No statistically significant ethnic group or gender differences were observed in depression and somatic symptoms, but the odds of experiencing depression symptoms were about 9.7 times greater for Hispanic females than for the referent group, Anglo males. Hispanics were also 2.04 times more likely to have suicidal ideation than Anglos ( P < 0.05). AAs and Hispanics reported significantly higher levels of stress than Anglos (OR: 2.2–4.3, 0.00 ≤ P ≤ 0.03). These findings imply that adolescents in these ethnic groups may be exposed to considerable amounts of stress even if they do not exhibit significant symptoms of mental distress yet. Negative moderating effects for ethnicity were found by the significant interaction between ethnicity and social stress in somatic symptoms among AAs and Hispanics. This finding indicates that AA and Hispanic adolescents may require higher levels of social stress to exhibit the same amount of somatic symptoms as Anglo adolescents. Observed ethnic differences in social stress and interaction between social stress and ethnicity in relation to somatic symptoms demonstrated a need for subsequent longitudinal studies, and provided a rationale for incorporating social stress as a critical component not only in research but also in culturally sensitive prevention programs. ^

The association of HSV 1 and 2 with atherosclerosis defined by CRP level

A study of the association of Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 exposure to early atherosclerosis using high C-reactive protein level as a marker was carried out in US born, non-pregnant, 20-49 year olds participating in a national survey between 1999 and 2004. Participants were required to have valid results for Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 and C-Reactive Protein for inclusion. Cases were those found to have a high C-reactive protein level of 0.3-1 mg/dL, while controls had low to normal values (0.01-0.29 mg/dL). Overall, there were 1211 cases and 2870 controls. Mexican American and non-Hispanic black women were much more likely to fall into the high cardiac risk group than the other sex race groups with proportions of 44% and 39%, respectively. ^ Herpesvirus exposure was categorized such that Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 exposure could be studied simultaneously within the same individual and models. The HSV 1+, HSV 2- category included the highest percentage (45.63%) of participants, followed by HSV 1-, HSV 2- (30.16%); HSV 1+, HSV 2+ (15.09%); and HSV 1-, HSV 2+ (9.12%) respectively. The proportion of participants in the HSV 1+, HSV 2- category was substantially higher in Mexican Americans (63%-66%). Further, the proportion in the HSV 1+, HSV 2+ category was notably higher in the non-Hispanic black participants (23%-44%). Non-Hispanic black women also had the highest percentage of HSV 1-, HSV 2+ exposure of all the sex race groups at 17%. ^ Overall, the unadjusted odds ratios for atherosclerotic disease defined by C-reactive protein with HSV 1-, HSV 2- as the referent group was 1.62 (95% CI 1.23-2.14) for HSV 1 +, HSV 2+; 1.3 (95% CI 1.10-1.69 for HSV 1+, HSV 2-; and 1.52 (95% CI 1.14-2.01). When the study was stratified into sex-race groups, only HSV 1+, HSV 2- in the Non-Hispanic white men remained significant (OR=1.6; 95% CI 1.06-2.43). Adjustment for selected covariates was made in the multivariate model for both the overall and sex-race stratified studies. High C-reactive protein values were not associated with any of the Herpesvirus exposure levels in either the overall or stratified analyses. ^

The association of nonfatal occupational injuries with non -work -related morbidity

A case-referent study of occupational injuries sustained by 474 workers employed in the heavy equipment machinery industry over a two year period, 1985-1986, was undertaken to examine the association of occupational injuries with non-work-related morbidity. Its specific aim was to evaluate whether employees who experienced a work-related injury had an increased prevalence of non-work-related morbidity, specifically for injuries, cardiovascular disease, mental disorders, all other disease outcomes and total morbidity, compared to employees who did not experience a work-related injury. In order to determine the direction of the relationship, the use of the previous calendar year was employed to assess non-work-related morbidity. A secondary objective of the study was the evaluation of the utility of two existing data sources, workers' compensation and group health insurance claims, and the feasibility of conducting studies based on these data.^ The association of non-work-related non-back injuries and subsequent occupational injury was statistically significant (OR = 1.31, 95% CI 1.02-1.67) for all WC claims. The strength of the association was supported by the elevated odds ratio for non-work-related injuries when severity of occupational injury was assessed by WC claim costs of $100 and greater (OR = 1.47, 1.09--1.97), and by lost workdays (OR = 1.37). Factors that predispose an individual to a non-back injury, such as personal attributes and lifestyle characteristics, also influence that individual's risk of subsequent occupational injury. These factors may be reflected in an employee's reaction to life stressors which influence susceptibility to injury. The role of employee assistance programs as a component of injury prevention strategies is suggested.^ An increased but nonsignificant prevalence of non-work-related injuries, cardiovascular disease, mental disorders, and other morbidity conditions was noted among cases. These findings do not provide support of a causal factor in the etiology of occupational injuries. In contrast to non-back injuries, these conditions are chronic in nature and their influence on risk of occupational injuries uncertain.^ In general, cases tended to file more group health insurance claims for other morbidity than did referents. The association with increased total morbidity was consistent whether worker compensation claims were analyzed by total number of claims, claims with costs of $100 and greater, or by lost workdays. Whether persons who sustained an occupational injury were in fact in poor general health than referents, warrant further investigation. ^

La mediación cultural de círculo de lectores : las greguerías de Ramón Gómez de la Serna ilustradas por Antonio Saura (1989)

Círculo de Lectores, club del libro español, ha desarrollado –desde su creación en 1962 y, en particular, bajo la dirección de Hans Meinke entre 1981 y 1997– un proyecto cultural basado tanto en la calidad de la edición de obras de referencia como en la proyección social de su actividad a través de conferencias y exposiciones. Así, Meinke conformó en torno a él una red de artistas, escritores e intelectuales que le condujo a erigirse en uno de los mediadores culturales más relevantes en la España de la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Como consecuencia de una concepción de la cultura como un permanente intercambio entre sus diversas disciplinas, la realización de ediciones ilustradas constituyó uno de los pilares de su política cultural. Dentro de este terreno, fue el pintor Antonio Saura su más estrecho colaborador, no sólo en cuanto a la realización de proyectos, sino asesorando a Meinke en posibles ediciones y recomendando a otros ilustradores. Saura ilustró para Círculo de Lectores los considerados como “libros de su vida", dentro de los cuales la figura de Ramón Gómez de la Serna es una referencia ineludible, al ser su libro Ismos (1931, 1943) una de las lecturas causantes de la vocación artística del pintor. El estudio las condiciones sociales, de circulación y apropiación en Flor nueva de greguerías (1989) servirá como ejemplo del proceso de gestación de proyectos y de interacción de estas redes entre arte y edición.

Publicaciones periódicas nacionalistas de derecha : Las tres etapas de Azul y Blanco [Azul y Blanco 1956-1960. Segunda República 1961-1963, Azul y Blanco -segunda época- 1966-1969]

El estudio del semanario Azul y Blanco [importante referente intelectual y político del nacionalismo de derecha] y el análisis de las dos generaciones de intelectuales nacionalistas que se hicieron cargo de su edición desde 1956 hasta 1969 condujeron a la descripción de un nacionalismo de derecha de un nuevo cuno. Este se vio influenciado principalmente por la proscripción del peronismo, la Revolución Cubana, la nacionalización de la nueva izquierda, la promulgación de la encíclica papal Populorum Progressio y las sucesivas políticas autoritarias y liberales de las presidencias de Aramburu, Frondizi y Onganía. Así, al igual que sucediera con otros actores políticos de la época, el nacionalismo que representaba este seminario vio reestructurada su identidad política a partir de un proceso de actualización de sus discursos y tradiciones a un contexto lingüístico cambiante. En este sentido, este nacionalismo de la década del sesenta se caracterizó por un acercamiento gradual y constante hacia los sectores populares, hacia la izquierda nacional y el peronismo. Azul y Blanco y las trayectorias intelectuales y políticas de su grupo son testigos de este proceso de transformación de adaptación del nacionalismo de derecha los nuevos lenguajes políticos

Voces en un campo de sangre : Max Aub y los penúltimos episodios nacionales

Una cierta lectura de la posmodernidad ha diagnosticado (en realidad, ofertado) el final de la historia y, por consiguiente, el de la novela histórica, aunque algunos optamos por no enterrarla sino por renovarla. En el contexto de este debate vale la pena detenerse en el Laberinto mágico de Max Aub, magno mural de la guerra civil española, una de las últimas manifestaciones del modelo puro de episodio nacional, máximo legado de Galdós y Valle Inclán. A pesar de los elementos aparentemente heterogéneos que contiene, el gesto histórico e ideológico que traza Campo cerrado (escrita en 1939), la primera novela del Laberinto mágico, es el de la novela histórica moderna. En los Campos posteriores, la fórmula de la novela histórica aubiana alcanzará su sazón, siendo quizá Campo del moro (1963) el más brillante y equilibrado ejemplo de esta modalidad entre las de la serie. En ella, el sentido de la historia que se anunciaba en Campo del moro se disipa, víctima de la traición y asaltado por la locura que se desata en las calles de Madrid. Campo del moro puede considerarse novela histórica pura, ya que se cumplen en ella las condiciones de felicidad necesarias para que esta modalidad genérica se realice plenamente: historicidad de los acontecimientos; respeto al orden cronológico en que se suceden; ficcionalidad limitada por el referente histórico; iniciativa de lo histórico sobre lo ficcional y primacía de la lógica de lo público sobre la de lo privado; por último, narratibilidad de los acontecimientos que se manifiesta en la selección del golpe de estado de Casado y Besteiro y su potenciación como clave del relato histórico. Tres grandes temas se despliegan en la lógica argumental de la novela: la traición, la confusión del laberinto y la degradación de una causa heroica. En el discurso de Max Aub que alimenta la novela, la ficción, la verdad y la historia se entrelazan hasta formar el hilo de Ariadna en el Laberinto.

La soledad de Althusser. La lectura de Maquiavelo como clave de una renovación teórica

Este ensayo indaga sobre la interpretación althusseriana de Maquiavelo, elaborada en sus trazos más significativos durante el particular contexto de reorientación y crisis teórica que implicaron para el filósofo francés los años '70. De esta manera se analiza el vínculo entre el crecimiento de Maquiavelo como referente teórico con el replanteamiento de un campo teórico en crisis: aquí, tanto el contexto de producción de los textos como la continuidad de ciertas tensiones teóricas (o más bien, su desplazamiento hacia otras nuevas) permiten comprender más ajustadamente el trabajo del 'último Althusser' (el de la década de los '80). Algunos ejes del análisis son: la relación entre la teoría y la práctica política; la concepción sobre la política y la historia; la revisión del problema del sujeto o agente a partir del de la acción política; el notable lugar ocupado por Maquiavelo en el 'materialismo aleatorio' que Althusser propondría como alternativa teórica en sus últimos años

Poder, cuerpos y representaciones sobre lo masculino, entre policías y jugadores de rugby

En estas páginas, a través de un diálogo comparativo entre dos objetos y sujetos de investigación diferentes, reflexionaremos sobre representaciones corporales y nociones de lo masculino Proponemos comparar los resultados de dos trabajos etnográficos uno entre hombres que juegan al rugby en la ciudad de La Plata y el otro entre hombres y mujeres policías de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Nuestro objetivo es analizar cómo diferentes agentes del mundo social producen y reproducen, a través del cuerpo, nociones de género. Nuestro recorrido analítico nos lleva, primero a ver las representaciones del cuerpo, en cada uno de estos mundos relacionales para luego analizar cómo se usan estas representaciones. Nos motiva reflexionar las formas en que lo corporal se constituye en referente de nociones de masculinidad, y cómo estas son, al fin y al cabo, recursos utilizables según los contextos sociales