999 resultados para Reação de eletro-oxidação de etanol
Resumo:
O Brasil é o maior produtor, consumidor e exportador de acerola (Malpighia emarginata D.C.) do mundo. Por conter altos teores de vitamina C, tornou-se uma fruta altamente requisitada no mercado mundial para o preparo de sucos e no consumo in natura. Nos últimos anos, as lavouras desta fruta vêm apresentando um decréscimo nas produções em razäo da ocorrência de nematoides de galhas (Meloidogyne spp.), um dos principais problemas que afetam a cultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resistência de genótipos de aceroleira frente à Meloidogyne enterolobii. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Proteção Vegetal, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas/UNESP - Câmpus de Botucatu (SP). Foram utilizados cinco clones: Cereja-Brs-236; Fruta Cor- Brs-238; Roxinha-Brs-237; Mirandópolis; Japi, e três variedades: Okinawa; Olivier e Waldy-CATI. Cada planta foi inoculada com 2.500 ovos e eventuais juvenis de segundo estádio (Pi) de M. enterolobii. Após 60 dias, a parte área de cada planta foi descartada, e o sistema radicular lavado, submetido à coloração com floxina-B e examinado para a obtenção dos índices de galhas (IG) e massa de ovos (IMO), e processados pelo método de trituração em liquidificador, peneiramento e centrifugação com sacarose para a obtenção do número total de ovos (Pf), que foi utilizado para o cálculo do fator de reprodução (Pf/Pi). Todos os clones e as variedades foram considerados suscetíveis à Meloidogyne enterolobii apresentando os fatores de reprodução variando de 4,1 a 18,3.
Resumo:
Este trabalho objetivou estudar os efeitos do ácido giberélico (GA3) sobre o alongamento de brotos de mamoeiro 'Tainung 01' em meio de multiplicação in vitro e posterior enraizamento ex vitro. Brotações com menos de 1 cm de comprimento foram submetidas ao alongamento em meio MS contendo GA3, nos seguintes tratamentos, em mg L-1: T1 = 0,0; T2 = 0,5 esterilizado junto com o meio de cultura; T3 = 0,5 esterilizado a frio; T4 = 2,0 esterilizado junto com o meio de cultura; T5 = 2,0 esterilizado a frio. Após esses tratamentos, as brotações foram submetidas ao enraizamento ex vitro. Observou-se que o GA3 nos níveis 0,5 e 2,0 mg L-1, utilizado após autoclavagem em meio de multiplicação, não se mostrou efetivo para o alongamento dos ramos, mas quando esterilizado por filtragem, mostrou-se efetivo no alongamento das brotações; no entanto, é prejudicial no estádio subsequente de enraizamento, podendo, estes, necessitar de novo subcultivo em meio suplementado com auxina, visando a induzir o enraizamento.
Resumo:
RESUMOA ferrugem do pessegueiro, causada pelo fungo Tranzschelia discolor, é a principal doença foliar da cultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar e comparar a intensidade da ferrugem em onze cultivares de pessegueiro (Aurora 1, Chimarrita, Chiripá, Coral, Eldorado, Granada, Leonense, Maciel, Marli, Premier e Vanguarda) em pomar manejado de acordo com as normas da produção integrada, no município da Lapa-PR, no período de novembro e abril. O experimento foi composto de três blocos contendo três plantas por cultivar em cada bloco. Na planta central de cada cultivar, avaliaram-se a incidência e a severidade da ferrugem do pessegueiro em folhas de oito ramos mistos previamente marcados, a cada 15 dias. A incidência da ferrugem nas folhas de todas as cultivares variou de 25,4% (Eldorado) a 82,6% (Chimarrita) na primeira safra e de 15,3% (Eldorado) a 49,3% (Granada) na segunda safra. O modelo logístico foi ajustado aos dados de incidência ao longo do tempo. Os valores estimados de inóculo inicial e taxa de progresso não diferiram entre as cultivares. A severidade foi baixa (<1 %), para a maioria das cultivares, nas duas safras, e a área abaixo da curva de progresso da severidade das cultivares Chimarrita e Granada diferenciou-se das demais somente na primeira safra. Não foi observada desfolha provocada pela doença. A cultivar Eldorado apresentou menor intensidade da ferrugem, e Chimarrita e Granada maior intensidade dentre as cultivares avaliadas.
Resumo:
RESUMO Os nematoides-das-galhas são considerados os patógenos que habitam o solo de maior importância na cultura da figueira no mundo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a reação de genótipos de figueira a Meloidogyne javanica, M. incognita e M. enterolobii, com a possibilidade de serem utilizados como porta-enxerto resistente a esse patógeno. Os genótipos foram inoculados com 5.000 ovos e eventuais juvenis de segundo estádio das espécies dos nematoides em teste. As avaliações foram feitas aos 120 dias após a inoculação. As variáveis avaliadas foram: os índices de galhas, de massas de ovos e o fator de reprodução do nematoide. Todos os genótipos estudados comportaram-se como suscetíveis a M. javanica, M. incognita e M. enterolobii.
Resumo:
The hydroformylation reaction represents one of the most important C1-chemistry area in the chemical industry. This catalytic process, which has been developed up to now mainly to the production of commodities chemicals, has shown a remarkable potential for the preparation of several categories of specialty chemicals and in particular pharmaceutical compounds. Arylpropanoic acids, various amines containing aryl groups, and intermediates for the preparation of vitamins, carbocyclic and heterocyclic compounds and many other classes of organic molecules endowed with pharmacological activity are currently accessible in good-to-high yields through hydroformylation of selected olefinic substrates. The asymmetric hydroformylation is going to reach the stage of maturity and hence to contribute in solving many troublesome synthetic problems connected with the preparation of pharmacologically active compounds with very high enantiomeric purity. The present survey emphasizes the usefulness of synthesis gas as a starting material in fine chemistry, which is expected to be important for industry.
Resumo:
The hydrocarbonylation reaction of ethanol with a CO/H2 mixture assisted by Ru(acac)3/iodide was investigated. Bronsted and Lewis acids and iodides salt were used as homogeneous promoters. The etherification reaction was the main reaction under typical acidic conditions of the catalytic system. When a hydrocarbon solvent (toluene) was added to the initial reaction, the alcohol conversion and the carbonylation products were increased. The catalytic activity of the Bronsted acids (conv. EtOH = 71-92%) was higher than that of the Lewis acids promoters (conv. EtOH = 65-85%). The salt present the lower catalytic activity among the promoters used. The long time reaction carried out with ethanol showed an increase of the product selectivity of the homologation and carbonylation reactions while the etherification reaction selectivity decreased. The recycled ether led to 60-65% ethanol conversion to C5 and C6 products. The main catalytic species are H+[Ru(CO)3I3]-, [HRu3(CO)11]- and [HRu(CO)4]-. The first one is active in the carbonylation and homologation reactions of alcohols while the two others take part only in the homologation reaction.
Resumo:
Pimaradienes, including isopimaradienes, with an endocyclic double bond between C-9 and C-11 are uncommon compounds in nature. The diterpenoid pimar-9(11),15-dien-19-oic acid (1) was isolated from Mikania triangularis (Asteraceae) and the correct stereochemistry of 1was established by ¹H and 13C NMR studies of several oxidative products, mainly epoxides, of this compound and its double bond isomers.
Resumo:
Rare earth elements supported in zeolites are the most important catalysts in the fluid cracking of petroleum. The solid state ion exchange of Eu3+ in Y zeolite was investigated. First of all, the hydrated EuCl3 was well mixed in a ball mill and was then heated at 300ºC for different times. The quantitative determination of Eu3+ showed that the degree of ion exchange depends on the reaction time at constant temperature, being ~95% in 4 h. The X-ray study showed that the crystallinity of the zeolite is little affected by the exchange procedure. The study of spectroscopic properties of Eu3+, emission spectra and lifetime, give information about the migration and position of the ion in the zeolite cages.
Resumo:
In the last two decades, the use of oxygenated fuels, like methanol and ethanol, pure or in mixture with gasoline, has been growing due to benefits introduced into the air quality. In Brasil, the fraction of light duty vehicles powered by pure hydrated ethanol is estimated at about 4 million, while the remaining vehicles actually utilize a mixture (22:78 v/v) of ethanol:gasoline. As a consequence, there's a need for the availability of methods that can provide the evaluation of possible impacts of alcohol emissions in the formation of chemical species in the atmosphere, as ozone, aldehydes, carboxylic acids and so on. In this paper, methanol and ethanol are discussed in their general aspects, as well as their atmospheric sources, chemical reactivity and available methods of analysis.
Resumo:
A brief review of the chemistry of dimethyldioxirane is presented. This article specifically foccus on the preparation of dimethyldioxirane, its chemical reactivity, and specially on the oxidation of sulfur compounds.
Resumo:
In this work several methods for evaluation of the degree of lipid oxidation and antioxidant activity are reviewed. Some aspects related to the recent advances mentioned in the literature are also reported.
Resumo:
Selectivity studies for the determination of Cr(VI) using the catalytic oxidation of the o-dianisidine by hydrogen peroxide showed two distincts situations. In the first, when interferents were studied by a univariate procedure, Cr(III) and Cu(II) cause serious interferences even at the 2:1 proportion, relative to Cr(VI), while Fe(III) interfered at the 15:1 ratio and EDTA at the 10:1 ratio. On the other hand, when a multivariate investigation was performed, Cr(III) did not present any significant principal effects and its significant interaction effects were negative, in contrast to EDTA, that presented positive interaction effects although, like Cr(III), did not show significant interaction effects. In view of the interferent's action it become necessary to separate Cr(VI) by extraction with methylisobutylketone in a chloridric acid medium before its determination in vegetals and in wastewater from a cellulose industry samples. Using this procedure, the method precision is ±0,5% at the 10 ng/mL Cr(VI) concentration level. The detection and quantification limits, calculated by means of absorbance measurements of ten replicates of blank reagents were 1,1 and 3,2 ng/mL, respectively. The results obtained with real samples showed a relative standard deviation between 1,2% and 3,0% relative to their reference values.
Resumo:
The Baylis-Hillman reaction has significantly advanced in the last ten years as demonstrated by a number of applications described in the literature. In this report we show some aspects of this reaction, including scope, limitations and perspectives.
Resumo:
A study of the kinetics of oxygen evolution in alkaline conditions from ceramic films of Mn2O3 supported on stainless steel was carried out. This study has been done through the determination of transfer coefficients, Tafel slopes and exchange currents using potentiodynamic and quasi-potentiostatic measurements. The activation energy was determined as a function of the overpotential and, additionally, the electrode active surface was estimated. The results are consistent with data already published for other electrodes, implying that the methods used in this work were reliable and precise.