Da valoração de gravações e fotografias obtidas por particulares no processo penal

Recordings and photographs obtained by private individuals can be two of the most relevant evidences in helping finding the truth; however, they can also conflict with fundamental rights such as privacy, spoken word or image of the targets. It is not enough that only the violation of the right to privacy is withdrawn because rights to spoken word or image, unattached from the first one, show up independently as the main violated rights and are criminally protected in article 199º of the criminal code. Its use as evidence is, on a first moment, dependent on the private's conduct lawfulness, as it is stated in article 167º of the criminal procedure code. In order to consider its lawfulness, and accept its use as evidence, portuguese higher courts have been defending constructions mostly based on legal causes of defense. Although agreeing with a more flexible position of weighing all the interests at stake instead of denying its use as evidence, we believe notwithstanding that some of these solutions are misleading and shall not be spared from critics. Lastly, even if we reach a positive conclusion about the lawfulness of obtaining and using recordings and photogtaphs carried out to court by private individuals, they must not be however automatically admitted as evidence, still being necessary to proceed to a separate weighting, within the criminal procedure and its own legal rules, about their real purposes in the case.

As 'conversas informais' extraprocessuais como meio de prova em processo penal

In the present thesis, we examine the approach to the so-called “informal conversations”, especially between a suspect or defendant and criminal police authorities. Our goal is to understand if criminal police authorities are allowed to testify about the content of these conversations, revealing facts that the suspect or defendant may have shared with them, as well as about evidence that they may have acquired through these statements. Firstly, we briefly present the notion of “informal conversations” and the great variety of situations they may encompass: intra or extra-procedural; prior or subsequent to someone acquires the status of defendant. Secondly, we analyse some of the principles and rules that are involved in this controversial issue: principles concerning the procedural structure, organization and dynamic; principles concerning the production and assessment of evidence in the trial hearing; principles concerning the prosecution and the powers of criminal police authorities; the procedural status of the defendant; the rules concerning the reading of statements in the trial hearing; the rules concerning hearsay testimonies. Thirdly, we go through the great amount of case law on the so-called “informal conversations” and related matters, analysing the most relevant cases and the arguments that sustain them, as well as the legal literature. Our goal is to understand the evolution, throughout the last two decades, of the different opinions regarding the approach to the various situations in which “informal conversations” may occur and in which the admissibility of a testimony by criminal police authorities is questioned. Finally, we defend a different approach for testimonies by criminal police authorities prior and subsequent to someone acquiring the status of defendant. We see the moment when someone acquires the status of defendant as a border area in the admissibility of “informal conversations”, because from then on the statements have to be collected and assessed according to the law, so all the other conversations (or any other evidence) collected informally are irrelevant. As to the specific case of the testimony about the re-enactment of the crime, given the high degree of difficulty in separating the defendant’s contributions that may be considered essential and those that may be considered less useful, but still relevant, we support the qualification of the defendant’s contributions as inseparable from the re-enactment, allowing it to be replicated and assessed in the trial hearing with no restrictions.

O Ne bis in idem no Espaço de Liberdade, Segurança e Justiça e no Direito Europeu da Concorrência

Ne bis in idem, understood as a procedural guarantee in the EU assumes different features in the AFSJ and in european competition law. Despite having a common origin (being, in both sectors the result of the case law of the same jurisdictional organ) its components are quite distintic in each area of the integration. In the AFSJ, the content of bis and idem are broader and addressed at a larger protection of individuals. Its axiological ground is based on the freedom of movements and human dignity, whereas in european competition law its closely linked to defence rights of legal persons and the concept of criminal punishment of anticompetitive sanctions as interpreted by the ECHR´s jurisprudence. In european competition law, ne bis in idem is limited by the systemic framework of competition law and the need to ensure parallel application of both european and national laws. Nonetheless, the absence of a compulsory mechanism to allocate jurisdiction in the EU (both in the AFSJ and in the field of anti-trust law) demands a common axiological framework. In this context, ne bis in idem must be understood as a defence right based on equity and proportionality. As far as its international dimension is concerned, ne bis in idem also lacks an erga omnes effect and it is not considered to be a rule of ius cogens. Consequently, the model which the ECJ has built regarding the application of the ne bis in idem in transnational and supranational contexts should be replicated by other courts through cross fertilization, in order to internationalize that procedural guarantee and broaden its scope of application.

O processo sumário e a reforma do Código do Processo Penal de 2013

The present work aims to develop the theme "The summary procedure and the reform of 2013". The purpose of its analysis serves the interest to understand the virtues and disadvantages of the changes introduced by Act n.º 20/2013 to our Code of Criminal Procedure, and the main focus of the present reflection is to further the impact of the measures taken by the legislator to the summary proceedings. The opening of the most serious crimes to summary procedure is a reform measure duly highlighted because it is a true innovation in the Portuguese penal system. Therefore, it urges to analyse not only the consequences of this measure, as well as if the objectives of its introduction in the summary procedure system are met. It should be noted that the legislator intends to promote speedy trial, and at the same time, ensure compliance with the Constitutional rights associated to the accused. At this point it is important to realize if there is a restriction of the accused essential guarantees. On the other hand, it should be noted that the typical characteristics of summary proceedings might have been invariably modified, due to the innovative aspect of the reform. That said, the changes might have fostered a mischaracterization of the typical format of the summary procedure, both in terms of the nature of the proceedings and in terms of its space and objectives within the penal system. Reflecting on the above will provide a deeper understanding of the volatile balance between the Portuguese governing prosecution efficiency and the Constitution, as well as the future of the criminal policy in Portugal.

A presunção de inocência nas fases preliminares do processo penal

This study analyses the principle of presumption of innocence in the preliminary stages of the Portuguese criminal process, its procedural aspect related with the principle of in dubio pro reo and its material aspect concerning the treatment of the defendant during the proceedings. The consequences and manifestations of the principle of presumption of innocence are analysed in the decisions of the closing stages of the preliminary criminal procedure and the application of the principle of in dubio pro reo is analysed in the judgement of sufficiency of evidence for the procedure to continue. It addresses the question of circumstantial evidence, its particular relevance in economic and financial crime, highly organized crime, the grounds for the indictment in general and when the sufficiency of evidence criteria is based on that evidence. It analyses the scope of the principle of presumption of innocence in the application of coercive measures, with reference to the arrest, first interrogation of the accused under detention and reasons for the subsequent dispatch about the measures. The asset assurance measures of preventive seizure and the preventive seizure to ensure confiscation are analysed and principle of presumption of innocence is considered non applicable to those measures.

"A testemunha-vítima e o dieito de recusa de depoimento, no Código de Processo Penal

Study of the problems involved in the application of the right of refusal to testify (Article 134. º CPP) to criminal charges of domestic violence, namely in situations of violence between spouses. Drawing attention, to some of the contingencies of the exercise of the right of refusal in such proceedings, a matter never before examined under Portuguese law, and also to the need to reconsider, based on the North American experience, the application of the law in these cases.

Ley que previene varias medidas sobre procedimientos en las causas criminales contra ladrones y las penas con que estos deben ser castigados ; espedida por el H. Congreso del Estado en 24 de setiembre de 1830

UANL

Tratado de los delitos y de las penas

UANL

Cuadros sinópticos para la aplicación de las penas

UANL

Diccionario de jurisprudencia criminal mexicana, común, militar naval, mercantíl y canónica; con todas las leyes especiales y variantes,que rigen en la república en materia de delitos y penas

UANL

La responsabilidad penal del menor : información y prevención para familias y alumnado.

Se incluye en apéndice la legislación estatal sobre responsabilidad de los menores, así como la normativa sobre convivencia escolar de la Región de Murcia

Documento marco de la línea de investigación en derecho penal económico

Hace 37 años, aproximadamente desde el 13 de mayo de 1970, fecha en la que el profesor Claus Roxin leyó su ponencia titulada “Política criminal y sistema de derecho penal”, la ciencia del derecho penal ha experimentado un profundo cambio en su método y en su objeto. El antiguo paradigma de que el derecho penal debía ser la barrera infranqueable del derecho penal, vigente desde los tiempos en que Franz von Liszt pronunció su conocido “Programa de Marburgo”, fue sustituido por una nueva perspectiva en la que la dogmática jurídico-penal sólo adquiere su verdadera dimensión de sentido, cuando se la elabora en función de la realización de los fines político-criminales que a la ley penal le atribuye la Constitución. La doctrina penal actualmente dominante, en consecuencia, ha abandonado por completo el método lógico-deductivo de los tiempos del positivismo, y el método teleológico-valorativo impuesto por el neokantismo, para adoptar como método para la elaboración y determinación del derecho penal uno con orientación teleológica hacia la realización de la política criminal del Estado. Hoy la doctrina general, casi de forma unánime, toma como punto de partida la idea de que la Constitución Política reconoce positivamente un conjunto de valores éticosociales,cuya preservación explica desde sus fundamentos el ius puniendi. Si se toma realmente en serio el carácter de Estado social y democrático de derecho, esa potestad con la que cuenta el Estado para crear delitos y para imponer penas, sólo puede fundamentarse como contrapartida del deber que le asiste de actualizar esos valores positivamente reconocidos en la Constitución. La Carta Política, depositaria de ese acuerdo sobre lo fundamental al que supo llegar el constituyente primario, determina con exactitud cuáles son esos valores sobre los que ha de erigirse el Estado; valores que luego se encarnan en las libertades civiles y en los bienes jurídicos fundamentales, y que habrán de servir como límite y fundamento del derecho penal. Si por política criminal entendemos el conjunto de principios que orientan, enmarcan, limitan y fundamentan el uso del ius puniendi que, legítimamente, puede hacer el Estado en orden a prevenir la realización de conductas que afecten las libertades y los bienes jurídicos básicos, entonces no queda duda de que ella se encuentra ya delineada en sus trazos más fundamentales en la Constitución Política, y que la ley penal no es más que la concreción de la política criminal del Estado en su más pura expresión. Muchos son los valores dignos de protección, y por ellos son muchos también los bienes que tradicionalmente han gozado de alguna forma de tutela jurídico-penal: la vida, la libertad individual, la libertad y el pudor sexual, la honra y el buen nombre, el patrimonio o la administración pública, son sólo algunos ejemplos de ellos. No obstante,junto a esos bienes jurídicos tradicionales, que desde mediados del siglo XVIII integran lo que actualmente se suele conocer como el derecho penal clásico o nuclear, han empezado a surgir otros que reclaman también protección penal. Se trata, en general, de bienes jurídicos que se aglutinan en lo que hoy se conoce como el derecho penal moderno o accesorio, y cuya protección se garantizaba anteriormente apelando a la legislación mercantil o administrativa. Y me refiero, en particular, a bienes jurídicos que, como la propiedad industrial, los derechos patrimoniales de autor, el medio ambiente o los recursos naturales, han pasado recientemente a disfrutar de un indiscutible estatus de protección penal del que antes no gozaban. Uno de esos bienes jurídicos que han pasado recientemente a disfrutar de la tutela jurídico-penal, es el orden económico y social, y es en el estudio de las conductas por medio de las cuales se le lesiona o pone en riesgo, donde se centra nuestra principal preocupación académica.

Análisis del sistema de administración de penas y castigos en Colombia. Un estudio del establecimiento carcelario Modelo de Bogotá. Desde la obra Vigilar y Castigar. 2000-2005

El interés del presente estudio consiste en analizar el tema del sistema de administración de penas y castigos colombiano, entre 2000 y 2005; a la luz de los planteamientos de Michel Foucault, en su obra Vigilar y Castigar; en lo concerniente al encierro como castigo y los elementos que se pueden desprenden: saber, disciplina, resistencia. Mediante una conjunta contextualización histórica y conceptual; se va haciendo una caracterización del funcionamiento, estructura, misión, objetivo etc.; de la prisión que en términos generales es similar; es decir, aunque haya avances teóricos, tecnológicos y científicos, a través del tiempo emergerán saberes sometidos que se instauran muchas veces, como medio de sobrevivencia. Comprobando que efectivamente sí, se fundamentan saberes locales, en una sociedad de control tan reprimida como la Cárcel Modelo de Bogotá.