The fisheries and fishery industries of the United States. Prepared through the co-operation of the commissioner of fisheries and the superintendent of the tenth census by George Brown Goode ... and a staff of associates ...

2, sect. 5

The fisheries and fishery industries of the United States. Prepared through the co-operation of the commissioner of fisheries and the superintendent of the tenth census by George Brown Goode ... and a staff of associates ...

Sect. 1, Text

The fisheries and fishery industries of the United States. Prepared through the co-operation of the commissioner of fisheries and the superintendent of the tenth census by George Brown Goode ... and a staff of associates ...

Sect. 2

The fisheries and fishery industries of the United States. Prepared through the co-operation of the commissioner of fisheries and the superintendent of the tenth census by George Brown Goode ... and a staff of associates ...

1, sect. 5

Banks and development: Jewish communities in the Italian Renaissance and current economic performance

Are differences in local banking development long-lasting? Do they affect long-term economic performance?I answer these questions by relying on an historical development that occurred in Italian cities during the 15thcentury. A sudden change in the Catholic doctrine had driven the Jews toward money lending. Cities thatwere hosting Jewish communities developed complex banking institutions for two reasons: first, the Jews werethe only people in Italy who were allowed to lend for a profit and, second, the Franciscan reaction to Jewishusury led to the creation of charity lending institutions, the Monti di Pietà, that have survived until today andhave become the basis of the Italian banking system. Using Jewish demography in 1500 as an instrument, Iprovide evidence of (1) an extraordinary persistence in the level of banking development across Italian cities (2)large effects of current local banking development on per-capita income. Additional firm-level analyses suggestthat well-functioning local banks exert large effects on aggregate productivity by reallocating resources towardmore efficient firms. I exploit the expulsion of the Jews from the Spanish territories in Italy in 1541 to arguethat my results are not driven by omitted institutional, cultural and geographical characteristics. In particular,I show that, in Central Italy, the difference in current income between cities that hosted Jewish communitiesand cities that did not exists only in those regions that were not Spanish territories in the 16th century.

ETYK III-vaihe (Tasavallan Presidentin esittämä Suomen puheenvuoro 31.7.1975 = Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe = main speech of Finland delivered by President Urho Kekkonen July 31, 1975)

Puhe

Conflict and co-operation in ant societies

Cette thèse se propose d?étudier les forces évolutives qui influencent la bal- ance entre coopération et conflit. Deux exemples sont analysés en détail, les sociétés d?insectes et l?association entre la fourmi Formica exsecta et son sym- bionte intracellulaire Wolbachia. Chacune de ces deux associations animales est caractérisée par la coexistence de coopération et de conflit. Les colonies d?insectes sociaux sont un exemple typique de coopération. Néanmoins, la détermination haplodiploïde du sexe crée des apparentements asymétriques entre les membres de la colonie qui se traduisent par des con- flits entre reines et ouvrières. Un des conflits les plus importants porte sur le sexe-ratio, l?investissement optimal en sexués males et femelles étant équilibré pour la reine, mais biaisé en faveur des femelles pour les ouvrières. Jusqu?ici, les modèles étudiant ce conflit se basaient uniquement sur les asymétries d?ap- parentement. La première partie de cette thèse (Chapitres 1 et 2) propose d?introduire dans des modèles de sexe-ratio les mécanismes proximaux utilisés par les deux parties pour influencer le sexe-ratio. Ces mécanismes, par leurs ef- fets négatifs sur la productivité de la colonie, peuvent entraîner des déviations importantes du sexe-ratio par rapport à la valeur prédite par des modèles clas- siques. De plus, la prise en compte de ces mécanismes nous permet d?étudier dans quelle mesure les parties opposées sont sélectionnées pour influencer le sexe-ratio. Enfin, les modèles génèrent des prédictions quant à l?issue du con- flit, c?est-à-dire un compromis où reines et ouvrières partagent le contrôle de l?investissement. La seconde partie du travail porte sur l?infection de la fourmi Formica ex- secta par le symbionte cytoplasmique Wolbachia. Ce symbionte, présent chez un grand nombre d?espèces d?Arthropodes, est transmis maternellement. Afin de se répandre dans la population d?hôtes, Wolbachia manipule la physiolo- gie reproductive de l?organisme qui l?abrite. Le Chapitre 3 décrit une étude consacrée aux variations du sexe-ratio produit dans des colonies de fourmis? en fonction de la présence ou de l?absence de Wolbachia. Le Chapitre 4 étudie l?association entre les lignées du symbionte et les haplotypes mitochondriaux des hôtes. L?étude de l?association entre les deux éléments maternellement transmis est d?un intérêt particulier chez Formica exsecta car le taux de migra- tion femelle très faible engendre une forte strucure génétique mitochondriale.

Challenges in co-operation with Logistics Service Providers

Kiristyvä kilpailu ja korkean teknologian alalle tyypillisten nopeiden suhdannevaihteluiden tuomat haasteet ajavat yrityksiä etsimään uusia kehityskohteita ja kustannussäästöjä. Ydinosaamisen ulkopuolelle kuuluvan osa-alueen ulkoistamisella yritykset hakevat tehokkuutta ja kustannussäästöjä eri toimintoihinsa. Tässä työssä selvitetään tutkittavan yrityksen toteutuneita ulkoistamisprojekteja, niiden tuomia etuja ja haittoja. Tutkimuksen teoriaosuudessa käsitellään yleisesti ulkoistamiseen liittyviä asioita, sekä uppoudutaan erityisesti logistiikan ulkoistamisen tuomiin mahdollisuuksiin ja haasteisiin. Empiirinen osuus käsittää prosessikuvaukset tutkittavan yrityksen logistisista toiminnoista sekä yrityksen toteutuneista ulkoistamisprojekteista. Vertailut -kappaleessa pohditaan mitä logistiikan ulkoistaminen on tarkoittanut sekä kustannus että operatiivisessa mielessä.

The farthest need the best. Human capital composition and development-specific economic growth

We provide robust and compelling evidence of the marked impact of tertiary education on the economic growth of less developed countries and of its the relatively smaller impact on the growth of developed ones. Our results argue in favor of the accumulation of high skill levels especially in technologically under-developed countries and, contrary to common wisdom, independently of the fact that these economies might initially produce lower-technology goods or perform technology imitation. Our results are robust to the different measures used in proxying human capital and to the adjustments made for cross-country differences in the quality of education. Country-specific institutional quality, as well as other indicators including legal origin, religious fractionalization and openness to trade have been used to control for the robustness of the results. These factors are also shown to speed up technology convergence thereby confirming previous empirical studies. Our estimates tackle problems of endogeneity by adopting a variety of techniques, including instrumental variables -for both panel and cross-section analyses- and the two-step efficient dynamics system GMM.

Spare part business analysis and development

The purpose of this Thesis was to comprehensively analyze and develop the spare part business in Company Oy’s five biggest product groups by searching development issues related to single spare parts’ supply chains as well as the spare part business process, make implementation plans for them and implement the plans when possible. The items were classified based on special characteristics of spare parts and on their actual sales volumes. The created item classes were examined for finding improvement possibilities. Management strategies for classified items were suggested. Vendors and customers were analyzed for supporting the comprehensive supply network development work. The effectiveness of the current spare part business process was analyzed in co-operation with the spare part teams in three business unit locations. Several items were taken away from inventories as uselessly stocked items. Price list related to core items with one of the main product group’s core item manufacturer was suggested to be expanded in Town A. Refinement equipment seal item supply chain management was seen important to develop in Town B. A new internal business process model was created for minimizing and enhancing the internal business between Company’s business units. SAP inventory reports and several other features were suggested to be changed or developed. Also the SAP data material management was seen very important to be developed continuously. Many other development issues related to spare parts’ supply chains and the work done in the business process were found. The need for investigating the development possibilities deeper became very clear during the project.

Public management, policy capacity, innovation and development

In this paper we discuss the question of what factors in development policy create specific forms of policy capacity and under what circumstances developmentoriented complementarities or mismatches between the public and private sectors emerge. We argue that specific forms of policy capacity emerge from three interlinked policy choices, each fundamentally evolutionary in nature: policy choices on understanding the nature and sources of technical change and innovation; on the ways of financing economic growth, in particular technical change; and on the nature of public management to deliver and implement both previous sets of policy choices. Thus, policy capacity is not so much a continuum of abilities (from less to more), but rather a variety of modes of making policy that originate from co-evolutionary processes in capitalist development. To illustrate, we briefly reflect upon how the East Asian developmental states of the 1960s-1980s and Eastern European transition policies since the 1990s led to almost opposite institutional systems for financing, designing and managing development strategies, and how this led, through co-evolutionary processes, to different forms of policy capacity.