Contribution des légumineuses, des champignons endophytes et mycorhiziens dans la nutrition azotée des prairies indigènes semi-arides

Les prairies indigènes présentent une source importante d'alimentation pour le pâturage du bétail dans les prairies Canadiennes semi-arides. L'addition de légumineuses fixatrices d'azote et de phosphore dans les prairies indigènes peut améliorer la productivité et la valeur nutritive de fourrage. Ces pratiques peuvent induire des modifications de la structure et de la diversité des communautés fongiques du sol, ce qui peut en retour avoir un impact sur la production et le contenu nutritionnel du fourrage. L’objectif de cette étude était de développer un système de pâturage à bas niveau d’intrants, productif, autonome et durable. À court terme, nous voulions 1) déterminer l'effet des légumineuses (Medicago sativa, une légumineuse cultivée ou Dalea purpurea, une légumineuse indigène) et la fertilité en phosphore du sol sur la productivité et la valeur nutritive des graminées indigènes, comparées avec celles de la graminée introduite Bromus biebersteinii en mélange avec le M. sativa, 2) identifier l'effet de ces pratiques sur la diversité et la structure des communautés des champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules (CMA) et des champignons totaux, 3) identifier l'effet des légumineuses et des CMA sur les interactions compétitives entre les graminées de saison fraîche et les graminées de saison chaude. Les expériences menées au champ ont montré que M. sativa améliorait les teneurs en azote et en phosphore des graminées indigènes au début de l'été, ainsi que la teneur en azote de la graminée de saison chaude Bouteloua gracilis à la fin de l'été de l'année sèche 2009. Par contre, la fertilité en phosphore du sol n'ait pas affecté la productivité des plantes. D'autre part, l'inclusion des légumineuses augmentait la diversité des CMA dans le mélange de graminées indigènes. Cette modification présentait des corrélations positives avec la productivité et la quantité totale d'azote chez le M. sativa et avec la teneur en phosphore des graminées indigènes, au début de l'été. La structure des communautés de champignons totaux était influencée par l'interaction entre le mélange des espèces et la fertilité en phosphore du sol seulement en 2008 (année humide). Cet effet pourrait être lié en partie avec la productivité des plantes et l'humidité du sol. Les expériences menées en chambre de culture ont montré que les CMA peuvent favoriser la productivité des graminées de saison chaude au détriment des graminées de saison fraîche. En effet, Glomus cubense augmentait la productivité de la graminée de saison chaude B. gracilis, en présence de M. sativa. Cet effet pourrait être associé à l’effet négatif du G. cubense sur la fixation de l’azote par le M. sativa et à la diminution de l’efficacité d’utilisation de l'azote de certaines graminées de saison fraîche résultant en une augmentation de la disponibilité de l'azote pour B. gracilis. Par contre, le Glomus sp. augmentait la biomasse de Schizachyrium scoparium, autre graminée de saison chaude, en absence de légumineuse. Ce phénomène pourrait être attribuable à une amélioration de l’efficacité d’utilisation du P de cette graminée. En conclusion, mes travaux de recherche ont montré que la légumineuse cultivée M. sativa peut améliorer la valeur nutritive des graminées indigènes au début de l'été ainsi que celle de la graminée de saison chaude B. gracilis, dans des conditions de sécheresse sévère de la fin de l'été. De plus, l'addition de M. sativa dans le mélange de graminées indigènes peut contribuer à augmenter le nombre des espèces bénéfiques des CMA pour la production et la nutrition du fourrage au début de l'été.

Studies on lipid nutrition in larvae and juveniles of the indian white prawn penaeus indicus h. milne edwards

Recent studies with prawns indicate that their growth, metamorphosis, maturation and moulting are affected by the typo and level of lipids supplied in the diets. Despite the recognition of the importance of lipids in the diets of prawns there is no information on the essentiality and quantitative lipid requirements of Indian penaeid prawns. Therefore during the present study about 24 laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the essentiality and dietary requirements of total lipids, phoapholipida, fatty acids cholestrol, and to ascertain the nutritional value of natural lipid sources for the larvae, post-larvae tad juveniles of one of the most suitable cultivable species of panaeid prans. All the experiments were conducted in the laboratory following standard procedures, using isonitrogen and approaximately isocaloric purified diets. Changes were made in tha ingridients as required for specific requirements. For the larvae diets of particle size < 37) were fed, For the postlarvae and juveniles pellet feed was given. while data on survival and growth of larvae and pout-larvae 1-10 were recorded, data were collected on the survival, growth, food conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and biochemical composition at the body for post-larva 11-25 and juveniles. The influence ot fatty acid pattern of dietary lipid sources on the fatty acids profile of prawns were also studied in the case of juvenile prawns. Analysis of variance andleast significant differences test were employed to determine the significant differences between treatments in the observed parameters with the help of a newlett Packard master computer.

Studies on Larval Nutrition in The Pearl Oyster Pinctada Pucata (Gould)

The present study has yielded a great deal of information on nutrition of pearl oyster larvae. T he formulae presented may be used effectively and with advantage in improving the larval rearing system with specific reference to nutritional aspects. It is also hoped that this is the first comprehensive study on pearl oyster larval nutrition would stimulate further detailed investigations on many of the other finer aspects of tropical bivalve larval nutrition.

The role of ligneous vegetation for livestock nutrition in the sub-Sahelian and Sudanian zones of West Africa: Potential effects of climate change

Climate change and variability in sub-Saharan West Africa is expected to have negative consequences for crop and livestock farming due to the strong dependence of these sectors on rainfall and natural resources, and the low adaptive capacity of crops farmers, agro-pastoralist and pastoralists in the region. The objective of this PhD research was to investigate the anticipated impacts of expected future climate change and variability on nutrition and grazing management of livestock in the prevailing extensive agro-pastoral and pastoral systems of the Sahelian and Sudanian zones of Burkina Faso. To achieve this, three studies were undertaken in selected village territories (100 km² each) in the southern Sahelian (Taffogo), northern Sudanian (Nobere, Safane) and southern Sudanian (Sokouraba) zone of the country during 2009 and 2010. The choice of two villages in the northern Sudanian zone was guided by the dichotomy between intense agricultural land use and high population density near Safane, and lower agricultural land use in the tampon zone between the village of Nobere and the National Park Kaboré Tambi of Pô. Using global positioning and geographical information systems tools, the spatio-temporal variation in the use of grazing areas by cattle, sheep and goats, and in their foraging behaviour in the four villages was assessed by monitoring three herds each per species during a one-year cycle (Chapter 2). Maximum itinerary lengths (km/d) were observed in the hot dry season (March-May); they were longer for sheep (18.8) and cattle (17.4) than for goats (10.5, p<0.05). Daily total grazing time spent on pasture ranged from 6 - 11 h with cattle staying longer on pasture than small ruminants (p<0.05). Feeding time accounted for 52% - 72% of daily time on pasture, irrespective of species. Herds spent longer time on pasture and walked farther distances in the southern Sahelian than the two Sudanian zones (p<0.01), while daily feeding time was longer in the southern Sudanian than in the other two zones (p>0.05). Proportional time spent resting decreased from the rainy (June - October) to the cool (November - February) and hot dry season (p<0.05), while in parallel the proportion of walking time increased. Feeding time of all species was to a significantly high proportion spent on wooded land (tree crown cover 5-10%, or shrub cover >10%) in the southern Sahelian zone, and on forest land (tree crown cover >10%) in the two Sudanian zones, irrespective of season. It is concluded that with the expansion of cropland in the whole region, remaining islands of wooded land, including also fields fallowed for three or more years with their considerable shrub cover, are particularly valuable pasturing areas for ruminant stock. Measures must be taken that counteract the shrinking of wooded land and forests across the whole region, including also active protection and (re)establishment of drought-tolerant fodder trees. Observation of the selection behaviour of the above herds of cattle and small ruminant as far as browse species were concerned, and interviews with 75 of Fulani livestock keepers on use of browse as feed by their ruminant stock and as remedies for animal disease treatment was undertaken (Chapter 3) in order to evaluate the consequence of climate change for the contribution of browse to livestock nutrition and animal health in the extensive grazing-based livestock systems. The results indicated that grazing cattle and small ruminants do make considerable use of browse species on pasture across the studied agro-ecological zones. Goats spent more time (p<0.01) feeding on browse species than sheep and cattle, which spent a low to moderate proportion of their feeding time on browsing in any of the study sites. As far as the agro-ecological zones were concerned, the contribution of browse species to livestock nutrition was more important in the southern Sahelian and northern Sudanian zone than the southern Sudanian zone, and this contribution is higher during the cold and hot dry season than during the rainy season. A total of 75 browse species were selected on pasture year around, whereby cattle strongly preferred Afzelia africana, Pterocarpus erinaceus and Piliostigma sp., while sheep and goats primarily fed on Balanites aegyptiaca, Ziziphus mauritiana and Acacia sp. Crude protein concentration (in DM) of pods or fruits of the most important browse species selected by goats, sheep and cattle ranged from 7% to 13% for pods, and from 10% to 18% for foliage. The concentration of digestible organic matter of preferred browse species mostly ranged from 40% to 60%, and the concentrations of total phenols, condensed tannins and acid detergent lignin were low. Linear regression analyses showed that browse preference on pasture is strongly related to its contents (% of DM) of CP, ADF, NDF and OM digestibility. Interviewed livestock keepers reported that browse species are increasingly use by their grazing animals, while for animal health care use of tree- and shrub-based remedies decreased over the last two decades. It is concluded that due to climate change with expected negative impact on the productivity of the herbaceous layer of communal pastures browse fodder will gain in importance for animal nutrition. Therefore re-establishment and dissemination of locally adapted browse species preferred by ruminants is needed to increase the nutritional situation of ruminant stock in the region and contribute to species diversity and soil fertility restoration in degraded pasture areas. In Chapter 4 a combination of household surveys and participatory research approaches was used in the four villages, and additionally in the village of Zogoré (southern Sahelian zone) and of Karangasso Vigué (northern Sudanian zone) to investigate pastoralists’ (n= 76) and agro-pastoralists’ (n= 83) perception of climate change, and their adaptation strategies in crop and livestock production at farm level. Across the three agro-ecological zones, the majority of the interviewees perceived an increase in maximum day temperatures and decrease of total annual rainfall over the last two decades. Perceptions of change in climate patterns were in line with meteorological data for increased temperatures while for total rainfall farmers’ views contrasted the rainfall records which showed a slight increase of precipitation. According to all interviewees climate change and variability have negative impacts on their crop and animal husbandry, and most of them already adopted some coping and adaptation strategies at farm level to secure their livelihoods and reduce negative impacts on their farming system. Although these strategies are valuable and can help crop and livestock farmers to cope with the recurrent droughts and climate variability, they are not effective against expected extreme climate events. Governmental and non-governmental organisations should develop effective policies and strategies at local, regional and national level to support farmers in their endeavours to cope with climate change phenomena; measures should be site-specific and take into account farmers’ experiences and strategies already in place.

Enteral nutrition: planning care

This resource is intended for student nurses at the University of Southampton

Enteral nutrition: intervention 1

This resource is intended for student nurses at the University of Southampton

Enteral nutrition: intervention 2

This resource is intended for use by student nurses at the University of Southampton

OCR Home Economics for A2: Food, nutrition and health today.

Este libro está diseñado para apoyar a los estudiantes en el estudio y preparación de la asignatura economía doméstica para OCR nivel A2 de enseñanza secundaria. Los temas del libro son: introducción a la nutrición (concepto de nutrición, alimentación equilibrada, malnutrición), los nutrientes y la energía (las proteínas, las grasas, los hidratos de carbono, los minerales: calcio, potasio, sodio, las fuentes de energía), necesidades nutricionales y dietéticas de los diferentes grupos (niños, adolescentes, adultos, vegetarianos, mujeres embarazadas), propiedades de la comida, diseño, desarrollo y producción de nuevos productos.

OCR Food and Nutrition for GCSE: Home economics.

Este libro está diseñado para apoyar a los estudiantes en el estudio y preparación de la asignatura economía doméstica para OCR y así conseguir el GCSE (Certificado General de Educación Secundaria. Los temas del libro son: principios de comida y nutrición, nutrición y salud (proteínas, grasas, hidratos de carbono, la importancia del agua y de la fibra en la dieta, la relación entre dieta y salud), los productos alimenticios (carne y pollo, pescado y marisco, cereales, frutas y vegetales), la planificación de las comidas (niños, adolescentes, gente que quiere perder peso, diabéticos), preparación y cocina de la comida, la seguridad alimentaria y la ley, la educación del consumidor.

Errors associated with preparation of adult and paediatric parenteral nutrition in UK hospital pharmacies

Rationale: In UK hospitals, the preparation of all total parenteral nutrition (TPN) products must be made in the pharmacy as TPNs are categorised as high-risk injectables (NPSA/2007/20). The National Aseptic Error Reporting Scheme has been collecting data on pharmacy compounding errors in the UK since August 2003. This study reports on types of error associated with the preparation of TPNs, including the stage at which these were identified and potential and actual patient outcomes. Methods: Reports of compounding errors for the period 1/2004 - 3/2007 were analysed on an Excel spreadsheet. Results: Of a total of 3691 compounding error reports, 674 (18%) related to TPN products; 548 adult vs. 126 paediatric. A significantly higher proportion of adult TPNs (28% vs. 13% paediatric) were associated with labelling errors and a significantly higher proportion of paediatric TPNs (25% vs. 15% adult) were associated with incorrect transcriptions (Chi-Square Test; p<0.005). Labelling errors were identified equally by pharmacists (42%) and technicians (48%) with technicians detecting mainly at first check and pharmacists at final check. Transcription errors were identified mainly by technicians (65% vs. 27% pharmacist) at first check. Incorrect drug selection (13%) and calculation errors (9%) were associated with adult and paediatric TPN preparations in the same ratio. One paediatric TPN error detected at first check was considered potentially catastrophic; 31 (5%) errors were considered of major and 38 (6%) of moderate potential consequence. Five errors (2 moderate, 1 minor) were identified during or after administration. Conclusions: While recent UK patient safety initiatives are aimed at improving the safety of injectable medicines in clinical areas, the current study highlights safety problems that exist within pharmacy production units. This could be used in the creation of an error management tool for TPN compounding processes within hospital pharmacies.