The Enlightenment Idea of History as a Legitimation Tool of Kemalism in Turkey

The study analyzes the effort to build political legitimacy in the Republic of Turkey by ex-ploring a group of influential texts produced by Kemalist writers. The study explores how the Kemalist regime reproduced certain long-lasting enlightenment meta-narrative in its effort to build political legitimacy. Central in this process was a hegemonic representation of history, namely the interpretation of the Anatolian Resistance Struggle of 1919 1922 as a Turkish Revolution executing the enlightenment in the Turkish nation-state. The method employed in the study is contextualizing narratological analysis. The Kemalist texts are analyzed with a repertoire of concepts originally developed in the theory of narra-tive. By bringing these concepts together with epistemological foundations of historical sciences, the study creates a theoretical frame inside of which it is possible to highlight how initially very controversial historical representations in the end manage to construct long-lasting, emotionally and intellectually convincing bases of national identity for the secular middle classes in Turkey. The two most important explanatory concepts in this sense are di-egesis and implied reader. The diegesis refers to the ability of narrative representation to create an inherently credible story-world that works as the basis of national community. The implied reader refers to the process where a certain hegemonic narrative creates a formula of identification and a position through which any individual real-world reader of a story can step inside the narrative story-world and identify oneself as one of us of the national narra-tive. The study demonstrates that the Kemalist enlightenment meta-narrative created a group of narrative accruals which enabled generations of secular middle classes to internalize Kemalist ideology. In this sense, the narrative in question has not only worked as a tool utilized by the so-called Kemalist state-elite to justify its leadership, but has been internalized by various groups in Turkey, working as their genuine world-view. It is shown in the study that secular-ism must be seen as the core ingredient of these groups national identity. The study proposes that the enlightenment narrative reproduced in the Kemalist ideology had its origin in a simi-lar totalizing cultural narrative created in and for Europe. Currently this enlightenment project is challenged in Turkey by those who are in an attempt to give religion a greater role in Turkish society. The study argues that the enduring practice of legitimizing political power through the enlightenment meta-narrative has not only become a major factor contributing to social polarization in Turkey, but has also, in contradiction to the very real potentials for crit-ical approaches inherent in the Enlightenment tradition, crucially restricted the development of critical and rational modes of thinking in the Republic of Turkey.

New Governance and the EU Courts : The Experimentalist Architecture of Judicial Decision-Making

The dissertation examines the role of the EU courts in new governance. New governance has raised unprecedented interest in the EU in recent years. This is manifested in a plethora of instruments and actors at various levels that challenge more traditional forms of command-and-control regulation. New governance and political experimentation more generally is thought to sap the ability of the EU judiciary to monitor and review these experiments. The exclusion of the courts is then seen to add to the legitimacy problem of new governance. The starting point of this dissertation is the observation that the marginalised role of the courts is based on theoretical and empirical assumptions which invite scrutiny. The theoretical framework of the dissertation is deliberative democracy and democratic experimentalism. The analysis of deliberative democracy is sustained by an attempt to apply theoretical concepts to three distinctive examples of governance in the EU. These are the EU Sustainable Development Strategy, the European Chemicals Agency, and the Common Implementation Strategy for the Water Framework Directive. The case studies show numerous disincentives and barriers to judicial review. Among these are questions of the role of courts in shaping governance frameworks, the reviewability of science-based measures, the standing of individuals before the courts, and the justiciability of soft law. The dissertation analyses the conditions of judicial review in each governance environment and proposes improvements. From a more theoretical standpoint it could be said that each case study presents a governance regime which builds on legislation that lays out major (guide)lines but leaves details to be filled out at a later stage. Specification of detailed standards takes place through collaborative networks comprising members from national administrations, NGOs, and the Commission. Viewed this way, deliberative problem-solving is needed to bring people together to clarify, elaborate, and revise largely abstract and general norms in order to resolve concrete and specific problems and to make law applicable and enforceable. The dissertation draws attention to the potential of peer review included there and its profound consequences for judicial accountability structures. It is argued that without this kind of ongoing and dynamic peer review of accountability in governance frameworks, judicial review of new governance is difficult and in some cases impossible. This claim has implications for how we understand the concept of soft law, the role of the courts, participation rights, and the legitimacy of governance measures more generally. The experimentalist architecture of judicial decision-making relies upon a wide variety of actors to provide conditions for legitimate and efficient review.

Water Management in Cambodia Resources and Relations

In Cambodia, water has a special purpose as a source of life and livelihoods. Along with agriculture, fishing and forest use, industry, hydropower, navigation and tourism compete for the water resources. When rights and responsibilities related to essential and movable water are unclear, conflicts emerge easily. Therefore, water management is needed in order to plan and control the use of water resources. The international context is characterized by the Mekong River that flows through six countries. All of the countries by the river have very different roles and interests already depending on their geographical location. At the same time, water is also a tool for cooperation and peace. Locally, the water resources and related livelihoods create base for well-being, for economical and human resources in particular. They in turn are essential for the local people to participate and defend their rights to water use. They also help to construct the resource base of the state administration. Cambodia is highly dependent on the Mekong River. However, Cambodia has a volatile history whose effects can be seen for example in population structure, once suspended public institutions and weakened trust in the society. Relatively stable conditions came to the country as late as in the 1990s, therefore Cambodia for example has a weak status within the Mekong countries. This Master s thesis forms international, national and local interest groups of water use and analyzes their power relations and resources to affect water management. The state is seen as the salient actor as it has the formal responsibility of the water resources and of the coordination between the actions of different levels. In terms of water use this study focuses on production, in management on planning and in power relations on the resources. Water resources of Cambodia are seen consisting of the Mekong River and Tonle Sap Lake and the time span of the study is between the years 1991 and 2006. The material consists of semi-structured interviews collected during summer 2006 in Finland and in Cambodia as well as of literature and earlier studies. The results of the study show that the central state has difficulties to coordinate the actions of different actors because of its resource deficit and internal conflicts. The lessons of history and the vested interests of the actors of the state make it difficult to plan and to strengthen legislation. It seems that the most needed resources at the central state level are intangible as at the village level instead, the tangible resources (fulfilling the basic needs) are primarily important. The local decision-making bodies, NGOs and private sector mainly require legislation and legitimacy to support their role. However, the civil society and the international supporters are active and there are possibilities for new cooperation networks. Keywords: Water management, resources, participation, Cambodia, Mekong

Los regicidios de Zamora y de Montiel en las crónicas castellanas

Resumen: Se comparan dos regicidios cometidos en Castilla separados por más de trescientos años, con un enfoque principalmente histórico. En función de investigaciones actualmente en curso, se invierte el orden cronológico, comenzando por los sucesos de Montiel. El fratricidio, y a la vez regicidio, de Pedro I a manos de Enrique de Trastámara, tiene un carácter fundacional, ya que a partir de entonces se instaura una nueva dinastía en Castilla. Constituye un fratricidio indudable, reconocido por el perpetrador. El cronista López de Ayala presenta aquí una dicotomía cruzada: construye la figura de un rey de origen indudablemente legítimo, que va perdiendo legitimidad por culpa de sus propios actos monstruosos y la figura contrapuesta de un usurpador que adquiere legitimidad al cumplir una misión divina. Por otra parte, en el asesinato de Sancho II la presunta instigación al crimen de parte de su hermana Urraca es incluso ignorada en algunas de las fuentes. Aquí interesa resaltar la responsabilidad colectiva que se le atribuye al concejo de Zamora, al que se acusa de la muerte del rey. En ambos regicidios se trabajará la función simbólica y fundacional de la violencia, los escenarios de violencia y la participación de los principales actores: los reyes, la nobleza y la comunidad

Racionalidad de la filosofía política

Resumen: Se plantea, en primer lugar, el estado de la cuestión de la índole de la Filosofía Política como filosofía práctica, desde sus inicios en la tradición clásica griega hasta la actualidad. En el pensamiento griego se destaca Aristóteles con la justificación del ejercicio de la racionalidad práctica en los asuntos políticos. En la modernidad la filosofía práctica sale de escena, privándosela de legitimidad epistemológica. Por último, se valora una interesante propuesta en el pensamiento alemán del siglo XX por rehabilitar la filosofía práctica en clave aristotélica. Frente al estado de la cuestión se retoma a Aristóteles desde la lectura tomasiana de lo político y de la Filosofía Política. Su propósito ha sido el de salvar la verdad y la certeza de la Filosofía Política, la posibilidad de juicios de verdad y falsedad en el orden moral y político y, en especial, afirmar su validez normativa como saber filosófico, analizando la comunidad política en esa posibilidad de ser considerada como objeto-científico- filosófico-práctico-moral.

Sobre el embrión humano y la cuestión de la personeidad : un argumento de Luigi Ferrajoli y su discusión

Resumen: El texto analiza las afirmaciones defendidas sobre el estatuto entitativo del embrión y de la solución ética a la cuestión de la legitimidad del aborto provocado, en un trabajo del jurista y pensador italiano, Luigi Ferrajoli, defensor de lo que puede denominarse el bioderecho “liberal”, con una posición decisivamente tomada en favor de la eticidad del aborto. Se advierte que cada uno de sus argumentos parte de una premisa: considerar las afirmaciones de la Iglesia Católica como inexorablemente erróneas, especialmente en lo atinente a la relación entre moral y derecho. La consecuencia más grave de este tipo de argumentación es la deriva anti-humanista del pensamiento contemporáneo con la consiguiente pérdida de toda racionalidad lógica.

Representaciones del imaginario medieval en el siglo XIX : la mano de gloria según Nerval, Bertrand, Maupassant y Schwob

Integran este número de la revista ponencias presentadas en Studia Hispanica Medievalia VIII: Actas de las IX Jornadas Internacionales de Literatura Española Medieval, 2008, y de Homenaje al Quinto Centenario de Amadis de Gaula.

La traducción como “instrumento poético” : Raúl Gustavo Aguirre, ente Rimbaud y Char

Resumen: La figura del poeta-traductor encuentra en Raúl Gustavo Aguirre visos de complejidad altamente productivos para la teoría de la traducción. Principal difusor de la obra de René Char en la Argentina, Aguirre traduce y publica, desde el lugar del seguidor y discípulo, la obra de Char en los años cincuenta; con Char comparte, además, la devoción por Arthur Rimbaud, que el autor de Fureur et mystère considera intocable, “fenómeno cuya única razón es ser” (Char 1955). La hipótesis del artículo es que Aguirre construye, en base a su tarea como traductor de Illuminations y de Une Saison en enfer, su propia legitimidad como poeta, al intervenir sobre ese supuesto núcleo intocable que es, para Char, la poesía de Rimbaud.

El Concilio de Constanza y el fin del Cisma : el rol del reino de Castilla en el camino hacia la unidad

Resumen: El Concilio de Constanza (1414-1418) fue la instancia definitiva de solución del Cisma de Occidente. Sus decisiones condujeron

La Iglesia y el movimiento independentista rioplatense: incertidumbres, aceptación y acompañamiento (1810-1816)

En torno al sexenio comprendido entre las dos fechas distintivas del Bicentenario argentino, 1810 y 1816, el autor se propone una lectura histórica sobre los hombres y las ideas que rodearon a la Primera Junta de gobierno, la función propagandista del clero, el cuestionamiento por parte de dos obispos de la legitimidad de la revolución y el apoyo de un obispo patriota, el período de “interregno episcopal” y la continuidad religiosa, la obra cultural de la Junta y la celebración del Congreso de la Independencia en Tucumán. Se afirma, a partir de las fuentes, el lugar de aceptación que tuvo la IglesiaCatólica en esta época.

Identidad y memoria como principio de legitimación : el caso de la construcción del poder imperial de Séptimo Severo

Abstract: I will focus on the Roman Empire during the final years of the 2nd century A.D., which are considered by Classical Historiography as critical. This epithet is based on the detection of estructural and circumstancial changes linked to state power’s concept. Emperor Pertinax’s murder in 193 can be understood as the trigger of the civil war extended up to the year 197. During those years the tutelary of state power was jeopardized, when four Emperors were crowned at the same time. By the time this struggle ended, Lucius Septimius Severus was recognized as the victorious general and the first of his name in the new dynastic line. Considering these facts, it is the purpose of my work to analize the rising figure of Septimius Severus, from civil war’s clashing context through which the Emperial legitimacy had to be set.

A atuação organizada do setor bancário e a regulamentação das tarifas bancárias

Analisa a questão do pressuposto da necessidade de regulação do sistema bancário e o lobby, como parte legítima do processo decisório político. Estas variáveis são fundamentais para a compreensão do estudo da atuação dos grupos de interesse envolvidos no processo de aprovação, pelo Conselho Monetário Nacional, da Resolução 3.518, de 06/12/07, que trata da tarifa bancária. A análise da regulamentação do setor bancário procura evidenciar os fatores que influenciam a escolha, por parte do órgão regulador, do grau de controle a ser exercido sobre as instituições financeiras, podendo ser enfatizado o caráter prudencial, fiscalizador ou liberal das normas bancárias, conforme política posta em prática pelo Banco Central. A abordagem acerca do lobbying evidencia a legitimidade de sua prática junto aos órgãos públicos, como também a possibilidade de sua regulamentação no Brasil. Em seguida, é analisado o comportamento da tarifa bancária antes, durante e depois da publicação da Resolução em questão, assim como as audiências públicas que a antecederam, a fim de investigar seus possíveis resultados, pois a partir deles, como também por intermédio das entrevistas concedidas, pode-se depreender a atuação dos grupos de influência na consecução de seus interesses.

Apuntes jurídicos sobre el paisaje lingüístico en Euskal Herria

This paper is a study of place-names and signs in the Basque Country from the point of view of language law. These are matters that relate to both the status and corpus of language and contribute to the formation of the language landscape,» After a brief historical introduction, the author focuses on the factors that bear on signs and the language 1andscape: the cornpetence factor and the language factor. The description of the latter leads the author to a discussion of the existing language system, in which the Spanish and Basque sharing official status does not necessarily entail the obligation to use both languages at the same time. Using this discussion as a frame of reference, the au- thor analyses place-names, traffic signals and signs. As for place-names, the existing rules are deemed rigid and lacking in ambition, in that they do not pursue the dissemination of official Basque forms. In traffic signaIs, Basque has to appear alongside Spanish, which is required by Spanish legislation, although this bilingualism excludes place-names that have an official Basque form only. With regard to signs, the author analyses public premises, companies licensed to provide public services and the private sector. For public premises there is no specific regulation, but the status of Basque as an autochthonous language, together with the identification and informatíon purposes of signs, could support the exclusive use of this language, According to the author , companies licensed to provide public services should observe the same language system as the goverment and therefore promote the use of Basque. Finally, in the private sector, the author upholds the legitimacy of measures to promote Basque language use such as tax allowances and exemptions in advertising and commercial signs.

Presencia equilibrada entre mujeres y hombres en consejos de administración: identificación de los Stakeholders

[ES] En España, la reciente normativa ha convertido la presencia equilibrada de mujeres y hombres en los Consejos de Administración en un elemento a incorporar en la gestión empresarial. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar los grupos de interés (stakeholders) que demandan a las empresas esta presencia equilibrada utilizando la metodología de Mitchell et al. (1997) y Agle et al. (1999).

A imposição de limites ao exercício da liberdade individual como decorrência imediata da produção de normas de convívio

A coesão de organismos sociais humanos é mantida por meio da imposição de limites ao exercício do livre arbítrio por parte dos indivíduos e das coletividades de indivíduos que os integram e compõem. Esse objetivo é alcançado pela atuação de quatro mecanismos que se influenciam mutuamente: a ética, a moral, o direito e as convenções sociais decorrentes da assimilação de novos conhecimentos. Os limites impostos ao comportamento instituídos no âmbito desses mecanismos serão aplicados tanto ao relacionamento entre indivíduos como ao relacionamento entre comunidades e aos contatos entre estas e aqueles. Tais limites apresentarão algumas características comuns, qualquer que seja o meio onde se desenvolvam: a sensação de legitimidade com que são vistos pelos alcançados; a forma ao mesmo tempo universal e heterogênea por meio da qual se aplicam aos integrantes do meio social em que são estabelecidos; a presença de instrumentos de coerção a eles correlacionados; o caráter dinâmico que faz com que se encontrem em permanente mutação; e o fato de que constituem criações coletivas. Esses limites serão originados de procedimentos específicos para cada período, cultura ou espaço territorial em que se vejam implantados. Não serão permanentemente compatíveis com os valores do meio social no qual são instituídos, mas em todos os casos tenderão a evoluir no sentido de se ajustarem a esses valores. Desse último fenômeno resulta uma estreita vinculação entre o teor de juízos coletivos e o conteúdo dos limites estabelecidos pelo meio social para o comportamento humano, o que acarreta na errônea concepção de que sociedades distintas, por se fundarem em apreciações valorativas igualmente discrepantes, não apresentam traços em comum. Demonstrar que essa última conclusão se afasta da realidade, a partir da premissa de que em qualquer meio social se busca o estabelecimento de limites ao comportamento humano, constitui o objetivo central do presente estudo.