Messa a punto di un sistema di microscopia per l'analisi quantitativa di segnali fluorescenti

L’elaborato di tesi, che rientra nell’ambito di un progetto di collaborazione tra l’equipe del laboratorio ICM “Silvio Cavalcanti”, coordinato dal professor Giordano, e il CVG (Computer Vision Group) coordinato dal professor Bevilacqua, mira alla messa a punto di un sistema di misura quantitativa di segnali fluorescenti, tramite l’elaborazione di immagini acquisite in microscopia ottica.

Confocal imaging protocols for live/dead staining in three-dimensional carriers

In tissue engineering, a variety of methods are commonly used to evaluate survival of cells inside tissues or three-dimensional (3D) carriers. Among these methods confocal laser scanning microscopy opened accessibility of 3D tissue using live cell imaging into the tissue or 3D scaffolds. However, although this technique is ideally applied to 3D tissue or scaffolds with thickness up to several millimetres, this application is surprisingly rare and scans are often done on slices with thickness <20 μm. Here, we present novel protocols for the staining of 3D tissue (e.g. intervertebral disc tissue) and scaffolds, such as fibrin gels or alginate beads.

Evaluation and quantification of spectral information in tissue by confocal microscopy

A confocal imaging and image processing scheme is introduced to visualize and evaluate the spatial distribution of spectral information in tissue. The image data are recorded using a confocal laser-scanning microscope equipped with a detection unit that provides high spectral resolution. The processing scheme is based on spectral data, is less error-prone than intensity-based visualization and evaluation methods, and provides quantitative information on the composition of the sample. The method is tested and validated in the context of the development of dermal drug delivery systems, introducing a quantitative uptake indicator to compare the performances of different delivery systems is introduced. A drug penetration study was performed in vitro. The results show that the method is able to detect, visualize and measure spectral information in tissue. In the penetration study, uptake efficiencies of different experiment setups could be discriminated and quantitatively described. The developed uptake indicator is a step towards a quantitative assessment and, in a more general view apart from pharmaceutical research, provides valuable information on tissue composition. It can potentially be used for clinical in vitro and in vivo applications.

Impact of del32-71-GH (exon 3 skipped GH) on intracellular GH distribution, secretion and cell viability: a quantitative confocal microscopy analysis

BACKGROUND: Familial isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD) is a disorder with about 5-30% of patients having affected relatives. Among those familial types, IGHD type II is an autosomal dominant form of short stature, associated in some families with mutations that result in missplicing to produce del32-71-GH, a GH peptide which cannot fold properly. The mechanism by which this mutant GH may alter the controlled secretory pathway and therefore suppress the secretion of the normal 22-kDa GH product of the normal allele is not known in detail. Previous studies have shown variance depending on cell type, transfection technique used, as well as on the method of analysis performed. AIM: The aim of our study was to analyse and compare the subcellular distribution/localization of del32-71-GH or wild-type (wt)-GH (22-kDa GH), each stably transfected into AtT-20, a mouse pituitary cell line endogenously producing ACTH, employed as the internal control for secretion assessment. METHODS: Colocalization of wt- and del32-71 mutant GH form was studied by quantitative confocal microscopy analysis. Using the immunofluorescent technique, cells were double stained for GH plus one of the following organelles: endoplasmic reticulum (ER anti-Grp94), Golgi (anti-betaCOP) or secretory granules (anti-Rab3a). In addition, GH secretion and cell viability were analysed in detail. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that in AtT-20 neuroendocrine cells, in comparison to the wt-GH, the del32-71-GH has a major impact on the secretory pathway not only affecting GH but also other peptides such as ACTH. The del32-71-GH is still present at the secretory vesicles' level, albeit in reduced quantity when compared to wt-GH but, importantly, was secretion-deficient. Furthermore, while focusing on cell viability an additional finding presented that the various splice site mutations, even though leading eventually to the same end product, namely del32-71-GH, have different and specific consequences on cell viability and proliferation rate.

Comparison between confocal scanning laser tomography, scanning laser polarimetry and optical coherence tomography on the ability to detect localised retinal nerve fibre layer defects in glaucoma patients

BACKGROUND/AIM: To compare the ability of confocal scanning laser tomography (CSLT), scanning laser polarimetry (SLP) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) in recognising localised retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) defects. METHODS: 51 eyes from 43 patients with glaucoma were identified by two observers as having RNFL defects visible on optic disc photographs. 51 eyes of 32 normal subjects were used as controls. Three masked observers evaluated CSLT, SLP and OCT images to determine subjectively the presence of localised RNFL defects. RESULTS: Interobserver agreement was highest with OCT, followed by SLP and CSLT (mean kappa: 0.83, 0.69 and 0.64, respectively). RNFL defects were identified in 58.8% of CSLT, 66.7% of SLP and 54.9% of OCT (p = 0.02 between SLP and OCT) by at least two observers. In the controls, 94.1% of CSLT, 84.3% of SLP and 94.1% of OCT scans, respectively, were rated as normal (p = 0.02 between CSLT and SLP, and SLP and OCT). CONCLUSION: Approximately 20-40% of localised RNFL defects identified by colour optic disc photographs are not detected by CSLT, SPL or OCT. SLP showed a higher number of false-positive results than the other techniques, but also had a higher proportion of correctly identified RNFL defects in the glaucoma population.

DEVELOPMENT OF CONFOCAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES FOR PROBING INTERFACIAL DYNAMICS IN MICROSCALE, GAS-LIQUID, TWO-PHASE FLOW

Micro-scale, two-phase flow is found in a variety of devices such as Lab-on-a-chip, bio-chips, micro-heat exchangers, and fuel cells. Knowledge of the fluid behavior near the dynamic gas-liquid interface is required for developing accurate predictive models. Light is distorted near a curved gas-liquid interface preventing accurate measurement of interfacial shape and internal liquid velocities. This research focused on the development of experimental methods designed to isolate and probe dynamic liquid films and measure velocity fields near a moving gas-liquid interface. A high-speed, reflectance, swept-field confocal (RSFC) imaging system was developed for imaging near curved surfaces. Experimental studies of dynamic gas-liquid interface of micro-scale, two-phase flow were conducted in three phases. Dynamic liquid film thicknesses of segmented, two-phase flow were measured using the RSFC and compared to a classic film thickness deposition model. Flow fields near a steadily moving meniscus were measured using RSFC and particle tracking velocimetry. The RSFC provided high speed imaging near the menisci without distortion caused the gas-liquid interface. Finally, interfacial morphology for internal two-phase flow and droplet evaporation were measured using interferograms produced by the RSFC imaging technique. Each technique can be used independently or simultaneously when.

High-precision confocal reflection measurement for two dimensional refractive index mapping of optical fibers

We introduce a new fiber-optical approach for reflection based refractive index mapping. Our approach leads to improved stability and reliability over existing free-space confocal instruments and significantly cuts alignment efforts and reduces the number of components needed. Other than properly cleaved fiber end-faces, this setup requires no additional sample preparation. The instrument is calibrated by means of a set of samples with known refractive indices. The index steps of commercially available fibers are measured accurately down to < 10⁻³. The precision limit of the instrument is currently of the order of 10⁻⁴.

Confocal analysis of synaptic connectivity of the rod pathway in the rabbit retina

The retina is a specialized neuronal structure that transforms the optical image into electrical signals which are transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve. As part of the strategy to cover a stimulus range as broad as 10 log units, from dim starlight to bright sunlight, retinal circuits are broadly divided into rod and cone pathways, responsible for dark and light-adapted vision, respectively. ^ In this dissertation, confocal microscopy and immunocytochemical methods were combined to study the synaptic connectivity of the rod pathway from the level of individual synapses to whole populations of neurons. The study was focused on synaptic interactions at the rod bipolar terminal. The purpose is to understand the synaptic structure of the dyad synapse made by rod bipolar terminals, including the synaptic components and connections, and their physiological functions in the rod pathway. In addition, some additional components and connections of the rod pathway were also studied in these experiments. The major results can be summarized as following: At the dyad synapse of rod bipolar terminals, three postsynaptic components—processes of All amacrine cells and the varicosities of S1 or S2 amacrine cells express different glutamate receptor subunits, which may underlie the functional diversity of these postsynaptic neurons. A reciprocal feedback system is formed by rod bipolar terminals and S1/S2 amacrine cells. Analysis showed these two wide-field GABA amacrine cells have stereotyped synaptic connections with the appropriate morphology and distribution to perform specific functions. In addition, S1 and S2 cells have different coupling patterns and, in general, there is no coupling between the two types. Besides the classic rod pathway though rod bipolar cells and All amacrine cells, the finding of direct connections between certain types of OFF cone bipolar cells and rods indicates the presence of an alternative rod pathway in the rabbit retina. ^ In summary, this dissertation presents a detailed view of the connection and receptors at rod bipolar terminals. Based on the morphology, distribution and coupling, different functional roles were identified for S1 and S2 amacrine cells. Finally, an alternative to the classic rod pathway was found in the rabbit retina. ^

Segmentación automática de ramificaciones y espinas dendríticas a través de muestras obtenidas mediante microscopía confocal.

Este documento está organizado en cuatro grandes bloques. Tras este primer bloque introductorio, con un enfoque global, está el bloque II, dedicado al estado de la cuestión. En ella se desarrollarán, en dos capítulos, temas fuertemente relacionados con este proyecto. Por un lado, se ha realiza una introducción a la Neurociencia y a toda la parte biológica que se tratará durante el documento. Se explicarán herramientas informáticas que actualmente se usan en la biología, y se presentarán trabajos previos similares a los de este trabajo, y sobre todo la forma actual de recuperación de los datos biológicos necesarios. La parte III se corresponde con el estudio del problema y las posibles propuestas para su resolución. Se tratarán todos los algoritmos estudiados y se mostrarán los resultados obtenidos de la ejecución de alguno de ellos. En la última parte y para terminar, se expondrán las conclusiones del trabajo realizado, así como las líneas futuras en este campo.

3D segmentations of neuronal nuclei from confocal microscope image stacks

In this paper, we present an algorithm to create 3D segmentations of neuronal cells from stacks of previously segmented 2D images. The idea behind this proposal is to provide a general method to reconstruct 3D structures from 2D stacks, regardless of how these 2D stacks have been obtained. The algorithm not only reuses the information obtained in the 2D segmentation, but also attempts to correct some typical mistakes made by the 2D segmentation algorithms (for example, under segmentation of tightly-coupled clusters of cells). We have tested our algorithm in a real scenario?the segmentation of the neuronal nuclei in different layers of the rat cerebral cortex. Several representative images from different layers of the cerebral cortex have been considered and several 2D segmentation algorithms have been compared. Furthermore, the algorithm has also been compared with the traditional 3D Watershed algorithm and the results obtained here show better performance in terms of correctly identified neuronal nuclei.

Resolución estructural en 3D de electrocerámicas mediante microscopía Raman confocal

Las propiedades de los materiales cerámicos son una combinación entre las propiedades intrínsecas, definidas por los granos cristalinos, y las propiedades extrínsecas, como son bordes de grano y fases secundarias. La relación entre estos dos elementos produce en muchas ocasiones, la presencia de propiedades inusuales que son la base de muchos materiales electrocerámicos. Sirvan como ejemplo algunos materiales tipo como son: varistores cerámicos, termistores, materiales con coeficiente de resistividad positivo, sensores de borde de grano, etc. En un material electrocerámico con respuesta funcional la correlación entre estructura-microestructura -propiedades es una constante, tanto en la etapa de diseño en laboratorio como en la etapa de producción industrial. El empleo de Microscopía Raman Confocal (MRC) se propone como una metodología relevante para el estudio de los factores que afectan a dichas correlaciones en materiales electrocerámicos. La técnica de MRC constituye una potente herramienta que permite determinar no solo la estructura sino las interacciones entre los elementos microestructurales. La correlación entre estas variables con las propiedades funcionales y la posibilidad de determinar las mismas en condiciones de operación, abren unas posibilidades que hasta la fecha solo estaban en la imaginación de los científicos. En esta presentación se resumen brevemente algunos de los principios relacionados con la técnica de Microscopía Raman Confocal, que junto con ejemplos seleccionados permiten visualizar aspectos relacionados con: la orientación de cristales, identificación fases cristalinas; resolución de nanoestructuras e interfases; determinación y dinámica de dominios ferroeléctricos; presencia de tensiones mecánicas; fenómenos de conducción,... sobre diferentes materiales cerámicos. Los trabajos mostrados son ejemplos de alta resolución en 3D de materiales funcionales como son los materiales electrocerámicos.

Mejora de la segmentación de espinas en imágenes de microscopía confocal

La reconstrucción y caracterización de las espinas dendríticas es hoy en día un área de trabajo de gran interés en la investigación neurobiológica. Las dendritas son prolongaciones en forma de ramas de la neurona. Las espinas dendríticas se encuentran a lo largo de las dendritas y son las encargadas de transmitir los impulsos electroquímicos al cuerpo de la neurona. El objetivo de este trabajo es desarrollar un algoritmo con el objetivo de mejorar las reconstrucciones 3D de las espinas dendríticas. Se ha utilizado un algoritmo de segmentación basado en los contornos activos morfológicos para analizar las imágenes de partida y conseguir nuevas reconstrucciones 3D fieles a estas imágenes. En este documento presentamos todo el desarrollo necesario para llevar a cabo los objetivos del proyecto. Por último también se presentarán los resultados obtenidos con este método comparándolo con las reconstrucciones de partida. ABSTRACT The reconstruction and characterization of dendritic spines is a hot topic in modern neurobiology research. Dendrites are the branched ramifications of a neuron. Dendritic spines are found along the dendrites and are responsible for transmitting electrochemical signals to the neuron’s main body. The purpose of this work is to develop an algorithm to improve the 3D reconstruction of dendritic spines. We use a segmentation algorithm based on morphological active contours to analyze the images and get new faithful 3D reconstructions of these images. In this document we present all the development necessary to accomplish the project goals. Finally, we will compare present results obtained by this method with the starting reconstructions.

Uncertainty Estimation for Performance Evaluation of a Confocal Microscope as Metrology Equipment

Both in industry and research, the quality control of micrometric manufactured parts is based on the measurement of parameters whose traceability is sometimes difficult to guarantee. In some of these parts, the confocal microscopy shows great aptitudes to characterize a measurand qualitatively and quantitatively. The confocal microscopy allows the acquisition of 2D and 3D images that are easily manipulated. Nowadays, this equipment is manufactured by many different brands, each of them claiming a resolution probably not in accord to their real performance. The Laser Center (Technical University of Madrid) has a confocal microscope to verify the dimensions of the micro mechanizing in their own research projects. The present study pretends to confirm that the magnitudes obtained are true and reliable. To achieve this, a methodology for confocal microscope calibration is proposed, as well as an experimental phase for dimensionally valuing the equipment by 4 different standard positions, with its seven magnifications and the six objective lenses that the equipment currently has, in the x–y and z axis. From the results the uncertainty will be estimated along with an effect analysis of the different magnifications in each of the objective lenses.