Divergence Involving Global Regulatory Gene Mutations in an Escherichia coli Population Evolving under Phosphate Limitation

Many of the important changes in evolution are regulatory in nature. Sequenced bacterial genomes point to flexibility in regulatory circuits but we do not know how regulation is remodeled in evolving bacteria. Here, we study the regulatory changes that emerge in populations evolving under controlled conditions during experimental evolution of Escherichia coli in a phosphate-limited chemostat culture. Genomes were sequenced from five clones with different combinations of phenotypic properties that coexisted in a population after 37 days. Each of the distinct isolates contained a different mutation in 1 of 3 highly pleiotropic regulatory genes (hfq, spoT, or rpoS). The mutations resulted in dissimilar proteomic changes, consistent with the documented effects of hfq, spoT, and rpoS mutations. The different mutations do share a common benefit, however, in that the mutations each redirect cellular resources away from stress responses that are redundant in a constant selection environment. The hfq mutation lowers several individual stress responses as well the small RNA-dependent activation of rpoS translation and hence general stress resistance. The spoT mutation reduces ppGpp levels, decreasing the stringent response as well as rpoS expression. The mutations in and upstream of rpoS resulted in partial or complete loss of general stress resistance. Our observations suggest that the degeneracy at the core of bacterial stress regulation provides alternative solutions to a common evolutionary challenge. These results can explain phenotypic divergence in a constant environment and also how evolutionary jumps and adaptive radiations involve altered gene regulation.

On choice of technique in the Robinson-Solow-Srinivasan model

We report results on the optimal \choice of technique" in a model originally formulated by Robinson, Solow and Srinivasan (henceforth, the RSS model) and further discussed by Okishio and Stiglitz. By viewing this vintage-capital model without discounting as a speci c instance of the general theory of intertemporal resource allocation associated with Brock, Gale and McKenzie, we resolve longstanding conjectures in the form of theorems on the existence and price support of optimal paths, and of conditions suÆcient for the optimality of a policy rst identi ed by Stiglitz. We dispose of the necessity of these conditions in surprisingly simple examples of economies in which (i) an optimal path is periodic, (ii) a path following Stiglitz' policy is bad, and (iii) there is optimal investment in di erent vintages at di erent times. (129 words)

Aspectos posturais e álgicos de bailarinas clássicas

Na prática do Ballet Clássico, diversos autores, como Tomes (1995), Guillot e Prudhommeau (1974), Bertoni (1992), Kostrovitskaya (1995), Vaganova (1941) e Baryshnikov (1976) priorizam a postura corporal através do alinhamento vertical do corpo, pressuposto este que é defendido por Kendall et al (1995). Contudo, esses pressupostos teóricos nem sempre são aceitos por outros estudiosos, como Solomon, Minton e Solomon (1990), Mckenzie (1985), Chaitow (1982), Denys Struyf (1995) e Malanga (2002), os quais não se fixam na premissa de que uma postura alinhada pode produzir menor gasto energético, ser mais confortável e prevenir lesões. Diante dessa controvérsia não encontrou-se um referencial teórico consistente que justificasse a postura adotada pelas bailarinas clássicas, mas sim apenas uma proposta postural defendida por maitres e/ou professores de Ballet Clássico utilizada no sentido de proporcionar às bailarinas aprimoramento técnico, benefícios estéticos e controle do número de lesões. Diante disso, este trabalho tem como objetivos: (1) verificar a coerência entre a postura solicitada pela maitre e/ou professor de Ballet Clássico e a postura adotada pelas bailarinas avaliadas; (2) descrever e analisar as características posturais específicas do grupo de bailarinas clássicas avaliadas, caso estas existam; (3) verificar a existência e o tipo de algias nas bailarinas clássicas avaliadas; (4) relacionar as características posturais específicas encontradas com os sintomas álgicos apresentados pelas bailarinas clássicas avaliadas; (5) verificar se as características posturais, adotadas pelas bailarinas clássicas avaliadas, lhes satisfazem. Para tal, a amostra foi dividida em um grupo formado por bailarinas clássicas (n=30; idade média=13,06 anos +1,98), um grupo de referência formado por não bailarinas clássicas (n=30; idade média=13,86 anos +1,61) e um grupo de maitres e/ou professores de Ballet Clássico (n=22). Foram aplicados os seguintes instrumentos: (1) questionário de aspectos posturais específicos em 3 versões - (1a) para o grupo de maitres e/ou professores de Ballet Clássico (r=1, p=0,0001), (1b) para o grupo de bailarinas clássicas (r=0,99, p=0,0001), (1c) para o grupo de não bailarinas (r=1, p=0,0001); (2) questionário de informações gerais; (3) questionário de dor (testado e adaptado por Souza e Krieger, 2000), (4) avaliação postural a partir de fotografia digitalizada, com três tomadas de intervalos de 2 horas, a uma distância de 3 metros. Os resultados mostraram que existem características posturais específicas para as bailarinas clássicas avaliadas e estas são coerentes com aquelas solicitadas por maitres e professores de Ballet Clássico; existem sintomas álgicos nas bailarinas, contudo estes não se relacionam com as suas características posturais específicas; o tipo de algias assinalado pelas participantes corresponde a algias leves esperadas na prática do Ballet Clássico; as bailarinas clássicas avaliadas encontram-se plenamente satisfeitas com a postura que adotam.

Optimal growth in a two-sector model without discounting: a geometric investigation

We characterize optimal policy in a two-sector growth model with xed coeÆcients and with no discounting. The model is a specialization to a single type of machine of a general vintage capital model originally formulated by Robinson, Solow and Srinivasan, and its simplicity is not mirrored in its rich dynamics, and which seem to have been missed in earlier work. Our results are obtained by viewing the model as a specific instance of the general theory of resource allocation as initiated originally by Ramsey and von Neumann and brought to completion by McKenzie. In addition to the more recent literature on chaotic dynamics, we relate our results to the older literature on optimal growth with one state variable: speci cally, to the one-sector setting of Ramsey, Cass and Koopmans, as well as to the two-sector setting of Srinivasan and Uzawa. The analysis is purely geometric, and from a methodological point of view, our work can be seen as an argument, at least in part, for the rehabilitation of geometric methods as an engine of analysis.

Promoção da atividade física nos intervalos e hora do almoço em alunos do 2º e 3º Ciclos: adaptação do SOPLAY e proposta de intervenção

Os tempos livres na escola, nomeadamente intervalos e hora do almoço são uma oportunidade para a promoção de um estilo de vida ativo. Neste contexto, foram objetivos desta investigação: (i) adaptar o sistema de observação SOPLAY; (ii) caraterizar os níveis de atividade física geral (AFg) nos intervalos das aulas (AF_Int) e hora do almoço (AF_Alm), e (iii) apresentar uma proposta de intervenção para a promoção da AF naqueles períodos. O sistema de observação SOPLAY (Mckenzie et al., 2006) é um instrumento validado para caraterizar os níveis de AF durante os intervalos. Assim, numa 1ª fase procedeu-se à adaptação do protocolo do sistema de observação, treino da equipa de observadores e determinação da fiabilidade inter e intraobservadores. Numa 2ª fase, procedeu-se à avaliação dos níveis de AFg de 555 rapazes e raparigas (9 a 17 anos de idade) de duas escolas de 2º e 3º Ciclos da RAM, através do questionário PAQ-C (Crocker et al., 1997). Posteriormente, procedeu-se à observação, caraterização e análise do envolvimento institucional e perfil de atividade física. Os resultados obtidos na fiabilidade da adaptação do SOPLAY mostram uma elevada consistência inter- (CCI: 0,850 - 0,994) e intra-observador (CCI: 0,665 - 0,977), e entre os elementos da equipa de observadores e o observador de referência (CCI: 0,831 - 0,976). Os rapazes em média reportaram níveis de AFg superiores comparativamente às raparigas (2,80 ± 0,64 vs 2,19± 0,52, respetivamente). Nos intervalos, os alunos optam maioritariamente por atividades sedentárias (75,2%), estando caraterísticas do envolvimento institucionais, como disponibilidade de equipamentos e tipologia das áreas (formais), associadas a um perfil mais ativo (p<0,05). Atendendo à influência do envolvimento institucional nos níveis de AF, desenhou-se uma proposta de programa de intervenção focalizado no (i) envolvimento físico e (ii) envolvimento político escolares-

The autonomic control and functional significance of the changes in heart rate associated with air breathing in the jeju, Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus

The jeju is a teleost fish with bimodal respiration that utilizes a modified swim bladder as an air-breathing organ (ABO). Like all air-breathing fish studied to date, jeju exhibit pronounced changes in heart rate (f(H)) during air-breathing events, and it is believed that these may facilitate oxygen uptake (M-O2) from the ABO. The current study employed power spectral analysis (PSA) of f(H) patterns, coupled with instantaneous respirometry, to investigate the autonomic control of these phenomena and their functional significance for the efficacy of air breathing. The jeju obtained less than 5% of total M-O2 (M-tO2) from air breathing in normoxia at 26 degrees C, and PSA of beat-to-beat variability in fH revealed a pattern similar to that of unimodal water-breathing fish. In deep aquatic hypoxia (water P-O2=1 kPa) the jeju increased the frequency of air breathing (f(AB)) tenfold and maintained M-tO2 unchanged from normoxia. This was associated with a significant increase in heart rate variability (HRV), each air breath (AB) being preceded by a brief bradycardia and then followed by a brief tachycardia. These f(H) changes are qualitatively similar to those associated with breathing in unimodal air-breathing vertebrates. Within 20 heartbeats after the AB, however, a beat-to-beat variability in f(H) typical of water-breathing fish was re-established. Pharmacological blockade revealed that both adrenergic and cholinergic tone increased simultaneously prior to each AB, and then decreased after it. However, modulation of inhibitory cholinergic tone was responsible for the major proportion of HRV, including the precise beat-to-beat modulation of f(H) around each AB. Pharmacological blockade of all variations in f(H) associated with air breathing in deep hypoxia did not, however, have a significant effect upon f(AB) or the regulation of M-tO2. Thus, the functional significance of the profound HRV during air breathing remains a mystery.

Control of respiration in fish, amphibians and reptiles

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The contribution of air breathing to aerobic scope and exercise performance in the banded knifefish Gymnotus carapo L.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The Probe, Issue 206 – November 1999

Wildlife Damage Conferences: When, Where, and Why? -- Robert M. Timm, Editor, THE PROBE Booklet Review:"The Problem with Skunks!!" by Edward Kellems (34 pages, illustrated. $14.95) New NWCO Web Page url is http://www.wildlifedamagecontrol.com/nwcoa.htm Abstracts from the 2nd International Wildlife Management Congress, Hungary Human Disturbance as a Design Factor to Aid Displacement of Canada Geese from Urban Parks -- P. C. Whitford, Biology Department, Capital University, Columbus, OH Leopard Problems in Nepal -- T. M. Maskey, National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Department, Kathmandu, Nepal Elk-human Conflict Management in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada -- J. A. McKenzie, Banff National Park Wildlife Laboratory The Avoidance of Virtual Barriers by Wolves in Captivity -- M. Musiani*, E. Visalberghi*, andL. Boitani, *CNR Psychology Institute, Rome, Italy Successful Field Trials of a New Slow-Release Capsaicin-Based Animal Repellent for Reducing a Variety of Human-Wildlife Conflicts in Israel -- S. C. Nemtzov, Dept. of Terrestrial Ecology, The Nature and National Parks Protection Authority, Jerusalem, Israel Educational Workshops: A Proactive Approach to Conflict Resolution in Wildlife Management -- K. B. Reis, H. R. Campa III, R. B. Peyton, and S. Winterstein, Dept. of Fisheries & Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI Traps and Trapping in Sweden -- T. Svensson, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, Sweden Actual Problems of Predator Management in Hungary -- L. Szemethy, M. Heltai, and Z. Biro, Dept. of Wildlife Biology & Management, Godollo University of Agricultural Sciences, Godollo, Hungary Crop and Livestock Depredation by Wildlife -- N. Udaya Sekhar, Centre for Int'I. Environment & Development Studies, Aas, Norway Conservation of the Iberian Wolf in Portugal—The Everlasting Conflict with Man -- J. V. Vingada*, C. Eira, S. Scheich, C. Fonseca, M. Soares, F. L. Correia, M. Fana* P. Carmo, A. Ferreira, A. Soares, and B. Bobek. *Dept. deBiologia da Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Portugal Barkpeeling Damage in Relation to Red Deer Density and Forest Structure in Austria -- F. H. Voelk, Institute of Wildlife Biology & Game Management, Universitaetfuer Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria Human-Wildlife Conflict Resolution: National Imperatives and Strategies -- P. 0. Wander a Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya An Overview and Evaluation of Deer Herd Management Programs in Urban and Suburban Communities of the USA -- R. J. Warren, Warnell School of Forest Resources, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA

Head & neck optical diagnostics: vision of the future of surgery

Review paper and Proceedings of the Inaugural Meeting of the Head and Neck Optical Diagnostics Society (HNODS) on March 14th 2009 at University College London.

At the frontiers of surgery: review

The complete surgical removal of disease is a desirable outcome particularly in oncology. Unfortunately much disease is microscopic and difficult to detect causing a liability to recurrence and worsened overall prognosis with attendant costs in terms of morbidity and mortality. It is hoped that by advances in optical diagnostic technology we could better define our surgical margin and so increase the rate of truly negative margins on the one hand and on the other hand to take out only the necessary amount of tissue and leave more unaffected non-diseased areas so preserving function of vital structures. The task has not been easy but progress is being made as exemplified by the presentations at the 2nd Scientific Meeting of the Head and Neck Optical Diagnostics Society (HNODS) in San Francisco in January 2010. We review the salient advances in the field and propose further directions of investigation.

The future of medical diagnostics: review paper

While histopathology of excised tissue remains the gold standard for diagnosis, several new, non-invasive diagnostic techniques are being developed. They rely on physical and biochemical changes that precede and mirror malignant change within tissue. The basic principle involves simple optical techniques of tissue interrogation. Their accuracy, expressed as sensitivity and specificity, are reported in a number of studies suggests that they have a potential for cost effective, real-time, in situ diagnosis.

Dynamic reorganization of flotillins in chemokine-stimulated human T-lymphocytes

Different types of membrane microdomains (rafts) have been postulated to be present in the rear and front of polarized migrating T-lymphocytes. Disruption of rafts by cholesterol sequestration prevents T-cell polarization and migration. Reggie/flotillin-1 and -2 are two highly homologous proteins that are thought to shape membrane microdomains. We have previously demonstrated the enrichment of flotillins in the uropod of human neutrophils. We have now investigated mechanisms involved in chemokine-induced flotillin reorganization in human T-lymphocytes, and possible roles of flotillins in lymphocyte polarization.