Estudio de la fiabilidad de diodos LEDs rojos mediante ensayos acelerados

El objetivo de este Proyecto Final de Carrera es la realización de un ensayo de fiabilidad de componentes electrónicos, más concretamente de diodos LED, con el fin de estudiar su comportamiento a lo largo del tiempo de vida. Debido a la larga duración de los LEDs, un ensayo de este tipo podría durar años, por lo que es necesario realizar un ensayo acelerado que acorte significativamente el tiempo del experimento, para ello, han de someterse a esfuerzos mayores que en condiciones normales de funcionamiento. En la actualidad, los LEDs son usados en infinidad de aplicaciones, debido a sus múltiples ventajas respecto a otros sistemas de iluminación o señalización convencionales. En numerosos casos se utilizan en el exterior, soportando cambios de temperaturas y de humedad elevados, de ahí, la importancia de realizar ensayos de fiabilidad, que muestren sus posibles causas de fallo, los efectos que producen estos fallos y los aspectos de diseño, fabricación y mantenimiento que puedan afectarles. Como consecuencia del envejecimiento de los LEDs, pueden mostrar una reducción en el flujo luminoso y un empeoramiento de las propiedades cromáticas. Los LEDs utilizados en este Proyecto son de AlInGaP, rojos, de alta luminosidad. Para acelerar el ensayo, se utilizará una cámara climática que simule unas condiciones ambientales determinadas, en concreto, 85º C y 85% HR. Además, se realiza una monitorización periódica, siendo necesaria la utilización de un sistema automático de medida diseñado en LabVIEW, el cual, de manera simultánea realizará medidas y gestionará la inyección de corriente a los LEDs mientras se encuentren en el interior de la cámara climática. Se fabrican dos placas con 4 tiras de LEDs para inyectar un nivel de corriente diferente en cada una y así poder comparar la degradación en función de este parámetro. Fuera de la cámara climática se van a medir las curvas características de tensióncorriente de cada LED a una temperatura ambiente constante, fijada por un módulo Peltier. También se realizarán medidas de potencia luminosa y de espectro de emisión. Se analizarán los resultados obtenidos de cada una de las medidas y se realizará un estudio de fiabilidad y del proceso de degradación sufrido por los LEDs. Este PFC se puede dividir en las siguientes fases de trabajo, siendo el ensayo la parte más larga en el tiempo: · Búsqueda de bibliografía, documentación y normas aplicables. · Familiarización con los equipos y software, estudiando el manejo y funcionamiento de la cámara climática temperatura-humedad y el software a aplicar (LabVIEW y software del espectrómetro). · Desarrollo del hardware y sistemas necesarios para la realización del ensayo. · Realización del ensayo. · Análisis de resultados. ABSTRACT. The objective of this end of degree project is conducting an essay reliability of electronic components, more concretely LEDs, in order to study their behavior throughout its lifespan. Due to the long duration of the LEDs, a essay of this type could last for years, so it is necessary to perform an accelerated essay which significantly shorten the time of the experiment, testing should be subjected to greater efforts than in normal operation. Today, LEDs are used in many applications due to its many advantages over other conventional lighting systems or signaling. In numerous cases are used on the outside, enduring high changes in temperature and humidity, hence the importance of reliability essays, showing the possible causes of failure, the effects produced by these failures and aspects of design, manufacturing and maintenance that may affect them. As a result of the ageing of the LEDs, they may show a reduction in light output and a worsening of the chromatic properties. The LEDs used in this project are AlInGaP, red and high brightness. To speed up the essay will be used a climatic chamber to simulate specific environmental conditions, specifically 85 ° C and 85 % RH. In addition, is pe rformed a periodic monitoring using an automatic measurement system designed in LabVIEW , which , simultaneously will performed measurements and will manage the injection current to the LEDs while are inside of the climatic chamber. 4 strips of LEDs are created to inject a different level of current in each, so can compare the degradation in terms of this parameter. Out of the climatic chamber are obtained the characteristic curves of voltage-current of each LED at a constant room temperature, set by a Peltier module. Also, measures light power and the emitted spectrum. The results of each of the measures and a reliability study and degradation suffered by the LEDs will be discussed. This PFC can be divided into the following steps, the essay being the longest part: • Search bibliography, documentation and standards. • Familiarization with equipment and software, studying the management and the operation of the temperature-humidity environmental chamber and applying software (LabVIEW applications and spectrometer software). • Development of hardware and systems necessary for the conduct of the essay. • Carrying out the essay. • Analysis of results.

A voltage disturbances prototype for testing electrical generators connected to microgrids

The search for new energy models arises as a necessity to have a sustainable power supply. The inclusion of distributed generation sources (DG) allows to reduce the cost of facilities, increase the security of the grid or alleviate problems of congestion through the redistribution of power flows. In remote microgrids it is needed in a particular way a safe and reliable supply, which can cover the demand for a low cost; due to this, distributed generation is an alternative that is being widely introduced in these grids. But the remote microgrids are especially weak grids because of their small size, low voltage level, reduced network mesh and distribution lines with a high ratio R/X. This ratio affects the coupling between grid voltages and phase shifts, and stability becomes an issue of greater importance than in interconnected systems. To ensure the appropriate behavior of generation sources inserted in remote microgrids -and, in general, any electrical equipment-, it is essential to have devices for testing and certification. These devices must, not only faithfully reproduce disturbances occurring in remote microgrids, but also to behave against the equipment under test (EUT) as a real weak grid. This also makes the device commercially competitive. To meet these objectives and based on the aforementioned, it has been designed, built and tested a voltage disturbances generator, in order to provide a simple, versatile, full and easily scalable device to manufacturers and laboratories in the sector.

Fail-Safe Testing of Web Applications

This dissertation introduces an approach to generate tests to test fail-safe behavior for web applications. We apply the approach to a commercial web application. We build models for both behavioral and mitigation requirements. We create mitigation tests from an existing functional black box test suite by determining failure type and points of failure in the test suite and weaving required mitigation based on weaving rules to generate a test suite that tests proper mitigation of failures. A genetic algorithm (GA) is used to determine points of failure and type of failure that needs to be tested. Mitigation test paths are woven into the behavioral test at the point of failure based on failure specific weaving rules. A simulator was developed to evaluate choice of parameters for the genetic algorithm. We showed how to tune the fitness function and performed tuning experiments for GA to determine what values to use for exploration weight and prospecting weight. We found that higher defect densities make prospecting and mining more successful, while lower mitigation defect densities need more exploration. We compare efficiency and effectiveness of the approach. First, the GA approach is compared to random selection. The results show that the GA performance was better than random selection and that the approach was robust when the search space increased. Second, we compare the GA against four coverage criteria. The results of comparison show that test requirements generated by a genetic algorithm (GA) are more efficient than three of the four coverage criteria for large search spaces. They are equally effective. For small search spaces, the genetic algorithm is less effective than three of the four coverage criteria. The fourth coverage criteria is too weak and unable to find all defects in almost all cases. We also present a large case study of a mortgage system at one of our industrial partners and show how we formalize the approach. We evaluate the use of a GA to create test requirements. The evaluation includes choice of initial population, multiplicity of runs and a discussion of the cost of evaluating fitness. Finally, we build a selective regression testing approach based on types of changes (add, delete, or modify) that could occur in the behavioral model, the fault model, the mitigation models, the weaving rules, and the state-event matrix. We provide a systematic method by showing the formalization steps for each type of change to the various models.

Calibration services for pavement survey equipment. Executive summary. Final report.

Federal Highway Administration, Office of Engineering and Highway Operations Research and Development, Washington, D.C.

Development of transit coach bonded brake lining test equipment and test procedures. Progress report. Final report.

Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Washington, D.C.

Performance testing of the Tetradyne high speed air jet skimmer /

Mode of access: Internet.

Performance testing of an improved driver restraint system for subcompact cars. Volume II - final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Farm shop equipment : its usefulness on California farms /

Mode of access: Internet.

Evaluation of diagnostic analysis and test equipment for small automotive repair establishments. A report to the Congress.

Mode of access: Internet.

Child restraint systems testing. Appendix. Final report.

Mode of access: Internet.

Passenger vehicle tire inspection equipment development. Volume I - summary report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Passenger vehicle tire inspection equipment development. Volume II - technical report. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Field equipment performance evaluation and equipment condition survey results. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Walnut harvesting : methods, equipment, and costs /

Mode of access: Internet.

Harmonization of braking regulations - report number 6: testing to address surface friction and vehicle braking efficiency comments to the SNPRM. Interim report.

Mode of access: Internet.