Biochemical responses of the ethylene-insensitive Never ripe tomato mutant subjected to cadmium and sodium stresses

In order to further address the known interaction between ethylene and components of the oxidative system, we have used the ethylene-insensitive Never ripe (Nr) tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L) mutant, which blocks ethylene responses. The mutant was compared to the control Micro-Tom (MT) cultivar subjected to two stressful situations: 100 mM NaCl and 0.5 mM CdCl(2). Leaf chlorophyll, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in roots, leaves and fruits, and Na and Cd accumulation in tissues were determined. Although we verified a similar growth pattern and Na and Cd accumulation for MT and Nr, the mutant exhibited reduced leaf chlorophyll degradation following stress. In roots and leaves, the patterns of catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) production under the stressful conditions tested were very similar between MT and Nr mutant. However, Nr fruits showed increased H(2)O(2) production, reduced and enhanced APX activity in NaCl and CdCl(2), respectively, and enhanced GPOX in NaCl. Moreover, through non-denaturing PAGE, a similar reduction of SOD I band intensity in both, control MT and Nr mutant, treated with NaCl was observed. In leaves and fruits, a similar SOD activity pattern was observed for all periods, genotypes and treatments. Overall the results indicate that the ethylene signaling associated with NR receptor can modulate the biochemical pathways of oxidative stress in a tissue dependent manner, and that this signaling may be different following Na and Cd exposure. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Biochemical responses of glyphosate resistant and susceptible soybean plants exposed to glyphosate

Glyphosate is a wide spectrum, non-selective, post-emergence herbicide. It acts on the shikimic acid pathway inhibiting 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), thus obstructing the synthesis of tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine and other secondary products, leading to plant death. Transgenic glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean [Glycine max (L.)] expressing an glyphosate-insensitive EPSPS enzyme has provided new opportunities for weed control in soybean production. The effect of glyphosate application on chlorophyll level, lipid peroxidation, catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GOPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, soluble amino acid levels and protein profile, in leaves and roots, was examined in two conventional (non-GR) and two transgenic (GR) soybean. Glyphosate treatment had no significant impact on lipid peroxidation, whilst the chlorophyll content decreased in only one non-GR cultivar. However, there was a significant increase in the levels of soluble amino acid in roots and leaves, more so in non-GR than in GR soybean cultivars. Root CAT activity increased in non-GR cultivars and was not altered in GR cultivars. In leaves, CAT activity was inhibited in one non-GR and one GR cultivar. GOPX activity increased in one GR cultivar and in both non-GR cultivars. Root APX activity increased in one GR cultivar. The soluble protein profiles as assessed by 1-D gel electrophoresis of selected non-GR and GR soybean lines were unaffected by glyphosate treatment. Neither was formation of new isoenzymes of SOD and CAT observed when these lines were treated by glyphosate. The slight oxidative stress generated by glyphosate has no relevance to plant mortality. The potential antioxidant action of soluble amino acids may be responsible for the lack of lipid peroxidation observed. CAT activity in the roots and soluble amino acids in the leaves can be used as indicators of glyphosate resistance.

Lysine biosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa): Study of enzymes and nitrogen-containing compounds

Aspartate kinase (AK, EC 2.7.2.4), homoserine dehydrogenase (HSDH, EC 1.1.1.3) and dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS, EC 4.2.1.52) were isolated and partially purified from immature Chenopodium quinoa Willd seeds. Enzyme activities were studied in the presence of the aspartate-derived amino acids lysine, threonine and methionine and also the lysine analogue S-2-aminoethyl-L-cysteine (AEC), at 1 mM and 5 mM. The results confirmed the existence of, at least, two AK isoenzymes, one inhibited by lysine and the other inhibited by threonine, the latter being predominant in quinoa seeds. HSDH activity was also shown to be partially inhibited by threonine, whereas some of the activity was resistant to the inhibitory effect, indicating the presence of two isoenzymes, one resistant and another sensitive to threonine inhibition. Only one DHDPS isoenzyme highly sensitive to lysine inhibition was detected. The results suggest that the high concentration of lysine observed in quinoa seeds is possibly due to a combined effect of increased lysine, synthesis and accumulation in the soluble form and/or as protein lysine. Nitrogen assimilation was also investigated and based on nitrate content, nitrate reductase activity, amino acid distribution and ureide content, the leaves were identified as the predominant site of nitrate reduction in this plant species. The amino acid profile analysis in leaves and roots also indicated an important role of soluble glutamine as a nitrogen transporting compound. (c) 2007 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Nutritional Quality of Sorghum Seeds: Storage Proteins and Amino Acids

One sorghum commercial genotype (MASSA 03) and nine ICRISAT high-lysine genotypes from India were analyzed for storage protein content, distribution profile, and soluble amino acid concentrations. Storage proteins fraction were extracted and separated by SDS-PAGE. Soluble amino acids contents were determined by HPLC. Variations in intensity and appearance and disappearance of protein bands were observed among the sorghum genotypes suggesting genetic variability. Amino acid profile also indicated large variations in the amino acid concentrations. The high lysine and threonine soluble concentrations observed in the seeds of the sorghum genotypes encouraged the use of these genotypes as potential food source due to the better balanced amino acids profile.

Estudo de dois conjuntos de cálices em vidro provenientes da escavação arqueológica da Casa dos Bicos, Lisboa

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Conservação e Restauro Área de especialização Cerâmica e Vidro

Estudo de uma coleção de vidros arqueológicos dos séculos XVII e XVIII do Mosteiro de Santa Maria da Vitória

Durante uma intervenção arqueológica numa conduta do Mosteiro de Santa Maria da Vitória na Batalha, foram encontrados diversos objetos de vidro e cerâmica dos quais foram escolhidos setenta e oito fragmentos de vidro datados dos séculos XVII- XVIII, com o objetivo de serem estudados e caracterizados na sua composição e a possível união dos fragmentos para a determinação das formas dos objetos, o que não se mostrou possível. Para a caracterização recorreu-se às técnicas de espetrometria de microfluorescência de raios X dispersiva de energias (μ-EDXRF) e espetroscopia de absorção UV‐Vis. A maioria dos vidros são silicatados sodo‐cálcicos, à exceção de dezasseis que são alcalinos mistos e um plúmbico. Identificaram-se dois cromóforos responsáveis pela cor azul, cobalto (encontrado apenas num objeto) e o conjunto cobre/ferro nos vidros azul-turquesa. Da coleção faz ainda parte um objeto com decoração vermelha opaca obtida com um pigmento de cobre. Os vidros com coloração natural (amarelo e verde) devem as suas tonalidades à presença de ferro. Realizou‐se a comparação das composições obtidas, formas e decorações com as coleções do Mosteiro de São João de Tarouca, com dois casos particulares do Mosteiro de Santa Clara-a-Velha, com um caso da Real Fábrica de Vidros Cristalinos de Coina e Real Fábrica da Marinha Grande e ainda com as composições publicadas de vidros venezianos e façon-de‐Venise. Esta comparação permitiu realçar semelhanças e diferenças a nível de composição e formal, entre as diferentes coleções.

Detection and molecular analysis of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum from dogs with neurological disorders

INTRODUCTION: Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are related Apicomplexa parasites responsible for systemic diseases in many species of animals, including dogs. METHODS: This study aimed to determine the occurrence of T. gondii and N. caninum infections in 50 dogs with neurological signs that were admitted to the Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Estadual Paulista, City of Botucatu, Brazil. All animals were screened for antibodies using an immunofluorescent antibody test for both parasites. Tissues of positive animals were bioassayed in mice (T. gondii) and gerbils (N. caninum), and DNA was analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Positive samples for T. gondii by PCR were typed using restriction fragment length polymorphism-PCR for 11 markers: SAG1, SAG2 (5′-3′-SAG2 and alt.SAG2), SAG3, Btub, GRA6, L358, c22-8, c29-6, PK1 and Apico, and CS3 marker for virulence analysis. RESULTS: Specific antibodies were detected in 11/50 (22%; 95% confidence interval (CI95%), 12.8-35.3%) animals for T. gondii and 7/50 (14%; CI95%, 7.02-26.3%) for N. caninum. In the bioassay and PCR, 7/11 (63.6%; CI95%, 34.9-84.8%) samples were positive for T. gondii and 3/7 (42.9%; CI95%I, 15.7-75.5%) samples were positive for N. caninum. Three different genotypes were identified, but only 1 was unique. CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm the presence of T. gondii and N. caninum in dogs from Brazil, indicating the importance of this host as a sentinel of T. gondii for human beings, and the genotypic variation of this parasite in Brazil.

Inventare musei per ordinare e rappresentare il mondo. La Guardaroba nuova di Palazzo Vecchio e le Sale della cosmografia e delle matematiche agli Uffizi a Firenze

Este artigo traça a história da invenção e construção de dois lugares museológicos (um literário e outro real) na Florença da segunda metade do século XVI, chamando a atenção para o seu significado no contexto do saber da época. O projecto cosmográfico para o Guarda-roupa novo do Palazzo Vecchio e as Salas da Cosmografia e das Matemáticas nos Uffizi oferecem a possibilidade de explorar dois sistemas semióticos que permitem explorar os processos de invenção e criação do museu como lugar – literário, imaginário, arquitectónico, epistemológico – no qual e através do qual se ordena e representa o mundo. O primeiro destes espaços é o projecto cosmográfico idealizado por volta de 1560 por Cosimo I, Giorgio Vasari e Miniato Pitti para o Guarda-roupa novo do Palazzo Vecchio, actualmente conhecido, impropriamente, como “Sala das cartas geográficas”. O projecto nunca foi concluído; porém existiu e continua a existir e a fascinar como “espaço literário” através de uma página visionária na segunda edição das Vite de Giorgio Vasari. O segundo lugar é a Sala da Cosmografia, mandada construir por Ferdinando I em 1589, juntamente com a contígua Sala das Matemáticas o da Arquitectura Militar na Galleria degli Uffizi. No centro do novo projecto expositivo, totalmente concluído, pela primeira vez, foram colocados os instrumentos e livros científicos e, implicitamente, o Homem como observador e demiurgo do mundo.

MEDICIÓN DE UN BRAZO DE PALANCA Y CÁLCULO DE LA INCERTIDUMBRE

En este trabajo se detalla el procedimiento de calibración del brazo de palanca de un freno de ensayo de motores eléctricos, el cual constituye la parte inicial de un proceso de calibración más amplio consistente en verificaciones adicionales de celdas de carga y medidores de velocidad. Dicho procedimiento se desarrolló y ejecutó íntegramente en el laboratorio del CIDEME (Centro de Investigación, Desarrollo y Ensayo de Máquinas Eléc-tricas), que está en proceso de implementación de las normas de calidad IRAM 301/ISO 17025. Consistió básicamente en 1) el diseño y la construcción de un calibre ajustado a las características del freno, 2) la medición y verificación de dicho instrumento, 3) su montaje en el freno y el marcado de la longitud del brazo de palanca, y 4) la obtención de la incertidumbre de la medición. La tarea se llevó a cabo con éxito, ya que permitió obtener valores acordes a los estándares del laboratorio y ganar experiencia para extender el procedimiento a los otros frenos de menor potencia disponibles.

Els gabinets de premsa i la mesura de la seva repercussió

La majoria d’agències de relacions públiques d’avui en dia, segueixen dedicant gran part dels seus esforços a les relacions amb els mitjans de comunicació. D’aquesta àrea s’ocupen els gabinets de premsa, que s’encarreguen de difondre informació de les institucions públiques o privades als mitjans, amb l’objectiu principal d’aconseguir un clima favorable amb els seus públics. Aquestes informacions publicades en els mitjans s’anomenen publicity. La medició de la repercussió de les activitats de relacions públiques, i més concretament, de la publicity, és un dels temes més importants i més discutits del sector. En general, les agències catalanes i nord-americanes tenen coneixement sobre els valors i beneficis que aporta el mesurament, tot i això encara s’observa una manca d’activitat sobre aquest tema.

Test de sobrecarga acuosa y manometría de alta resolución para valoración de la resistencia al flujo esófago-gástrico en paciente s con acalasia

La manometría convencional es el “gold standard” para diagnosticar trastornos motores del esófago, pero la información que da sobre la repercusión funcional de estas alteraciones es escasa. La manometría de alta resolución permite estudiar con detalle la motilidad esofagogástrica mediante la generación de mapas topográficos de presiones desde la orofaringe hasta el estómago. Hipótesis: Si la generación de mapas topográficos de presiones en el esófago mediante manometría de alta resolución demuestra la resistencia al flujo esofagogástrico. Objetivo: Comprobar si un test con sobrecarga de agua puede mostrar la presencia de resistencia al flujo esofagogástrico en pacientes con acalasia. Método: Estudiamos 2 grupos de pacientes con alteración de la motilidad esofágica. Un grupo de 8 pacientes que cumplen criterios manométricos de acalasia y, como grupo control, 8 pacientes con disfunción del peristaltismo esofágico ( DPE). A cada paciente se le realizó un test de sobrecarga que consistía en la ingesta rápida de 200 ml de agua mientras se registraban las presiones esofágicas. Resultados: Los pacientes con acalasia ingirieron el agua más lentamente que los pacientes con DPE (82± 14 seg vs 34± 6 seg, p&0,05). Mientras la unión gastroesofágica (UGE) permaneció contraída en el grupo de pacientes con acalasia (46,6± 6 mm Hg; p&0,05), permaneció relajada durante el tiempo del ingesta en pacientes con DPE ( 16,6 ± 4,7 mm Hg). La unión esófago-gástrica (UGE) experimentó una migración proximal en pacientes con acalasia de 1,3 ± 0 cm mientras que en el grupo control no migró (0 cm; p&0,05). La ingesta de agua se asoció a un incremento de la presión del esófago distal (2 cm por encima de la UGE) significativamente mayor en los pacientes con acalasia que en los pacientes con DPE (42,2 ± 20 vs 9,5± 7,9 mm Hg respectivamente, p&0,05) lo que produjo un incremento del gradiente de presión esófago-gástrico en pacientes con acalasia (16± 0,9 mmHg) que no se observó en los pacientes con DPE (0,1 ± 0,4 mmHg ; p&0,05). Conclusión: Un test con sobrecarga de agua durante la medición de la topografía y de las presiones esofágicas demuestra obstrucción al flujo esofagogástrico en los pacientes con acalasia. Este test podría contribuir a valorar la repercusión funcional en pacientes con acalasia y podría servir para el seguimiento de pacientes con acalasia tratados.

Ruralserv: Un instrumento de medición de la calidad del servicio en alojamientos rurales con autenticidad local

Màster tesi què pretén determinar quins atributs han de ser considerats per a mesurar la qualitat del servei en establiments rurals amb autenticitat local. Proposa un nou instrument de medició, que l’autor ha anomenat RURALSERV. Se segueix el model SERVQUAL, però amb un format de mesura basat exclusivament en la percepció del visitant

Medición de la repercusión de las relaciones públicas : hacia un estándard internacional

La persistència de la crisi econòmica suposa una amenaça constant al món de la comunicació, especialment per les dimensions dels pressupostos de publicitat, i ha fomentat que els directors de marketing exigeixin retorn, medició i la màxima eficiència en les seves inversions. El clipping de mitjans s’ha convertit en una eina imprescindible per valorar l’eficàcia, comprendre la repercusió, conèixer el retorn d’inversió aconseguit, en definitiva, analitzar si sh´an complert els objetius de la campaña de publicitat. No només es tracta d’una forma de conèixer les aparicions aconseguides en els mitjans, sinó també de reportar al client els assoliments obtinguts. Aquest estudi pretén demostrar la importància d’establir unes pautes i uns paràmetres universals en la valoració de la comunicació d’una marca, producte o servei en els mitjans de comunicació. L’anàlisi que s’ha dut a terme en aquest treball es compon d’opinions de diversos professionals del sector, bibliografia i comparacions amb altres estudis de la mateixa temàtica en altres països.

New insights on the development of fungal vaccines: from immunity to recent challenges

Fungal infections are emerging as a major problem in part due to high mortality associated with systemic infections, especially in the case of immunocompromised patients. With the development of new treatments for diseases such as cancer and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome pandemic, the number of immunosuppressed patients has increased and, as a consequence, also the number of invasive fungal infections has increased. Several studies have proposed new strategies for the development of effective fungal vaccines. In addition, better understanding of how the immune system works against fungal pathogens has improved the further development of these new vaccination strategies. As a result, some fungal vaccines have advanced through clinical trials. However, there are still many challenges that prevent the clinical development of fungal vaccines that can efficiently immunise subjects at risk of developing invasive fungal infections. In this review, we will discuss these new vaccination strategies and the challenges that they present. In the future with proper investments, fungal vaccines may soon become a reality.

Cómo cuantificar los aspectos cualitativos en escalas de clasificación de resultados NOC para etiquetas psico-socioculturales

El hecho de trabajar necesariamente con escalas Likert en la medición de resultados NOC tiene la ventaja de la unificación, pero acarrea también la dificultad de cómo reducirlo a un número del 1 al 5, especialmente cuando una investigación es cualitativa y que por tanto trabaja con palabras y expresiones, con observaciones y percepciones. ¿Qué quiere exactamente decir un 2 o un 3 en el NOC Creencias sobre la salud? En el artículo se muestran las diferentes propuestas para la operacionalización de conceptos y su transformación en números, pero se advierte que en ellas siempre se termina con un análisis cuantitativo. Se hace una propuesta de utilización de observaciones cualitativas emic/etic para las etiquetas psicosociales y culturales siguiendo los postulados de la etnografía. La investigación en lenguajes enfermeros, básica y aplicada, debe tener cimientos metodológicos correctos y atender los mismos criterios de idoneidad metodológica que cualquier otra investigación.