Centennial-scale evolution of Dansgaard-Oeschger events in sediment core MD95-2006

There is much uncertainty surrounding the mechanisms that forced the abrupt climate fluctuations found in many palaeoclimate records during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS)-3. One of the processes thought to be involved in these events is the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC), which exhibited large changes in its dominant mode throughout the last glacial period. Giant piston core MD95-2006 from the northeast Atlantic Ocean records a suite of palaeoceanographic proxies related to the activity of both surface and deep water masses through a period of MIS-3 when abrupt climate fluctuations were extremely pronounced. A two-stage progression of surface water warming during interstadial warm events is proposed, with initial warming related to the northward advection of a thin warm surface layer within the North Atlantic Current, which only extended into deeper surface layers as the interstadial progressed. Benthic foraminifera isotope data also show millennial-scale oscillations but of a different structure to the abrupt surface water changes. These changes are argued to partly be related to the influence of low-salinity deepwater brines. The influence of deepwater brines over the site of MD95-2006 reached a maximum at times of rapid warming of surface waters. This observation supports the suggestion that brine formation may have helped to destabilize the accumulation of warm, saline surface waters at low latitudes, helping to force the MOC into a warm mode of operation. The contribution of deepwater brines relative to other mechanisms proposed to alter the state of the MOC needs to be examined further in future studies.

Sea-surface temperature reconstructions for the Quaternary western Atlantic

Paleotemperature estimates calculated by the SIMMAX Modern Analog Technique are presented for two gravity cores from the Rio Grande Rise, one from the Brazil Slope, and one from the Ceara Rise. The estimates are based on comparisons between modern and fossil planktonic foraminiferal assemblages and were carried out on samples from Quaternary sediments. Estimated warm-season temperatures from the Rio Grande Rise (at approx. 30° S) range from around 19°C to 24°C, with some coincidence of warm peaks with interglacial stages. The temperature estimates (also warm-season) from the more tropical Brazil Slope (at approx. 8° S) and Ceara Rise (at approx. 4° N) cores are more stable, remaining between 26°C and 28°C throughout most of their lengths. This fairly stable situation in the tropical western Atlantic is interrupted in oxygen isotope stage 6 by a significant drop of 2-3°C in both of these cores. Temperature estimates from the uppermost samples in all cores compare very well to the modern-day measured values. Affinities of some foraminiferal species for warmer or cooler surface temperatures are identified within the temperature range of the examined samples based on their abundance values. Especially notable among the warmer species are, Globorotalia menardii, Globigerinita glutinata, Globigerinoides ruber, and Globigerinoides sacculifer. Species indicative of cooler surface temperatures include Globorotalia inflata, Globigerina bulloides, Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, and Globigerina falconensis. A cluster analysis was carried out to assist in understanding the degree of variation which occurs in the foraminiferal assemblages, and how temperature differences influence the faunal compositions of the samples. It is demonstrated that fairly similar samples may have unexpectedly different estimated temperatures due to small differences in key species and, conversely, quite different assemblages can result in similar or identical temperature estimates which confirms that other parameters than just temperature affect faunal content.

Stable isotope record and composition of planktonic foraminifera from ODP Site 172-1056

The stable isotopic composition of two planktonic foraminifer species (Globigerinoides sacculifer and Neogloboquadrina dutertrei) and two benthic foraminifer species (Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi and Uvigerina peregrina) was measured at sub-orbital resolution through the marine isotope stages (MISs) 10, 11, and 12 (345-460 ka) at Site 1056 on the Blake-Bahama Outer Ridge. Planktonic foraminifers were counted for the interval 405-450 ka at 2-4-kyr resolution. Site 1056 (32°29'N, 76°20'W) is located on the continental slope (water depth: 2167 m) beneath the Gulf Stream. The average rate of sediment accumulation through the interval is 11.4 cm/kyr, but sediment accumulation is much more rapid during glacial intervals (15-17 cm/kyr). The decline in percent carbonate during glacial intervals, and its rise during interglacials, indicates that the increased sediment supply is of terrigenous origin. Low carbonate values and low benthic delta13C, which are both associated with a weak Western Boundary Undercurrent and low North Atlantic Deep Water production, persist for 6 kyr after the benthic delta18O record indicates that ice volume has begun to decrease. Recovery of carbonate and benthic delta13C values is abrupt and rapid. Millennial-scale variation (~3-4 kyr) is apparent in the glacial intervals of the planktonic delta18O records and is more pronounced in a Delta delta18O record, which represents the temperature range in the photic zone. Semi-precessional (10-12-kyr) cycles are apparent in the planktonic deltadelta13C record. The millennial-scale cycles are largely caused by an increase in G. sacculifer delta18O and represent surface warming. They are interpreted as representing periodic increases in westward intensification of the gyre. The semi-precessional cycles are driven by changes in the N. dutertrei delta13C and represent fluctuations in the Gulf Stream itself and therefore likely have a tropical origin. Planktonic foraminifer census counts did not show an expected response to one of the largest glacial/interglacial transitions of the late Pleistocene. The most obvious change was an increase in faunal diversity during MIS 12.2, the interval of maximum delta18O values. This suggests that cool slope water and warm subtropical gyre water penetrated a more sluggish Gulf Stream with greater frequency at this time. The millennial-scale maxima in the Delta delta18O record are accompanied by decreases in diversity, which is consistent with the interpretation of surface warming during these events.

Lithology, micropaleontology and isotope record of sediments from the Nordic Seas

On the basis of various lithological, mircopaleontological and isotopic proxy records covering the last 30,000 calendar years (cal kyr) the paleoenvironmental evolution of the deep and surface water circulation in the subarctic Nordic seas was reconstructed for a climate interval characterized by intensive ice-sheet growth and subsequent decay on the surrounding land masses. The data reveal considerable temporal changes in the type of thermohaline circulation. Open-water convection prevailed in the early record, providing moisture for the Fennoscandian-Barents ice sheets to grow until they reached the shelf break at ~26 cal. kyr and started to deliver high amounts of ice-rafted debris (IRD) into the ocean via melting icebergs. Low epibenthic delta18O values and small-sized subpolar foraminifera observed after 26 cal. kyr may implicate that advection of Atlantic water into the Nordic seas occurred at the subsurface until 15 cal. kyr. Although modern-like surface and deep-water conditions first developed at ~13.5 cal. kyr, thermohaline circulation remained unstable, switching between a subsurface and surface advection of Atlantic water until 10 cal. kyr when IRD deposition and major input of meltwater ceased. During this time, two depletions in epibenthic delta13C are recognized just before and after the Younger Dryas indicating a notable reduction in convectional processes. Despite an intermittent cooling at ~8 cal. kyr, warmest surface conditions existed in the central Nordic seas between 10 and 6 cal. kyr. However, already after 7 cal. kyr the present day situation gradually evolved, verified by a strong water mass exchange with the Arctic Ocean and an intensifying deep convection as well as surface temperature decrease in the central Nordic seas. This process led to the development of the modern distribution of water masses and associated oceanographic fronts after 5 cal. kyr and, eventually, to today's steep east-west surface temperature gradient. The time discrepancy between intensive vertical convection after 5 cal. kyr but warmest surface temperatures already between 10 and 6 cal. kyr strongly implicates that widespread postglacial surface warming in the Nordic seas was not directly linked to the rates in deep-water formation.

Oceanographic investiations from the Sea of Ochotsk

The Sea of Okhotsk is a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean, which is characterized by strong variations in the productivity and sediment supply due to sea ice transport and river input. Furthermore the variations in the hydrological cycle determine the formation of the SOIW (Sea of Okhotsk Intermediate Water) which plays an important role in the ventilation processes in the intermediate water of the N-Pacific. Isotope data measured on planktonic and benthic foraminifera, sedimentological and geochemical studies of sediment cores and surface samples from the Sea of Okhotsk are used to reconstruct the paleoceanography during the past 350.000 years. The dating and correlation of the sediments are based on oxygen isotope stratigraphy, absolute ages, magnetic susceptibility as well as a detailled tephrachronology of the entire basin. The sedimentation rates are characterized by temporal and spatial variations. The maximum sedimentation rate takes place at the continental slope off Sakhalin due to the input of the Amur River, the sea ice drift and the high productivity. The sedimentation rate in the eastern part of the Sea of Okhotsk is generelly high because of the influence of the nutrient-rich Kamchatka Current. In the central and northern parts of the Sea of Okhotsk, areas with low productivity and reduced terrestrial supply, the sedimentation rate is the lowest. The analyses of the surface sediment samples make it possible to characterize the (sub)- recent sediment supply and transportation processes. The bulk sediment measurements, isotope data and the accumulation rate of ice-rafted debris (IRD) show a dominant sea ice cover and a region with a high productivity as well as a high Amur River input in the western part of the sea. The eastern part of the Sea of Okhotsk, however, is marked by the predominance of warm and nutrient-rich water masses coming from the Kamchatka Current which restricts the sea ice cover. This is reflected in low content of ice-rafted debris and high productivity proxies as well as in isotope data. The deposits of the Sea of Okhotsk are characterized by terrestrial, biogenic and volcanogenic sediment input which varies temporally and spatially. Here, the sedimentation pattern is dominated by the terrestrial input. Bulk sediment measurements and sample analyses of the > 63 micron particle input make it possible to distinguish glacial and interglacial fluctuations. The sedimentation processes during glacial times are determined by a high content of ice-rafted debris, whereas the primary production is higher during interglacial periods. During the last glacial/interglacial cycle the IRD-distribution pattern indicates a strong sea ice transport in the western part and in large areas of the open sea in the eastern part of the Sea of Okhotsk with a relatively constant ice-drift system. The IRD flux in sediments of the oxygen isotope Stage 6 reflects a new sedimentation pattern in the eastern part of the sea. This high IRD accumulation rate indicates ice advances beyond the shelf margin and an iceberg transport from NE-E direction into the Sea of Okhotsk. The several large, brief, negative anomalies in d13C values of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (s) show releases of methane from basin sediments which correspond to periods of relative sea level falls. The high sedimentation rates on the Sakhalin slope allow insights into the climatic history in Holocene and indicate shorter-scale variations oscillation in Stage 3, which correlate with the global climatic changes. These variations are described as Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles in Greenland ice cores and as Heinrich-Events in several marine sediment cores from the N-Atlantic.

Compilation of 220 sediment core d13C data from the glacial Atlantic Ocean

We compare a compilation of 220 sediment core d13C data from the glacial Atlantic Ocean with three-dimensional ocean circulation simulations including a marine carbon cycle model. The carbon cycle model employs circulation fields which were derived from previous climate simulations. All sediment data have been thoroughly quality controlled, focusing on epibenthic foraminiferal species (such as Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi or Planulina ariminensis) to improve the comparability of model and sediment core carbon isotopes. The model captures the general d13C pattern indicated by present-day water column data and Late Holocene sediment cores but underestimates intermediate and deep water values in the South Atlantic. The best agreement with glacial reconstructions is obtained for a model scenario with an altered freshwater balance in the Southern Ocean that mimics enhanced northward sea ice export and melting away from the zone of sea ice production. This results in a shoaled and weakened North Atlantic Deep Water flow and intensified Antarctic Bottom Water export, hence confirming previous reconstructions from paleoproxy records. Moreover, the modeled abyssal ocean is very cold and very saline, which is in line with other proxy data evidence.

Epibenthic foraminiferal d13C in the Recent deep Arctic Ocean

Low planktic and benthic d18O and d13C values in sediments from the Nordic seas of cold stadials of the last glaciation have been attributed to brines, formed similar to modern ones in the Arctic Ocean. To expand on the carbon isotopes of this hypothesis I investigated benthic d13C from the modern Arctic Ocean. I show that mean d13C values of live epibenthic foraminifera from the deep Arctic basins are higher than mean d13C values of upper slope epibenthic foraminifera. This agrees with mean high d13C values of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in Arctic Bottom Water (ABW), which are higher than mean d13CDIC values from shallower water masses of mainly Atlantic origin. However, adjustments for oceanic 13C-Suess depletion raise subsurface and intermediate water d13CDIC values over ABW d13CDIC ones. Accordingly, during preindustrial Holocene times, the d13CDIC of ABW was as high or higher than today, but lower than the d13CDIC of younger subsurface and intermediate water. If brine-enriched water significantly ventilated ABW, brines should have had high d13CDIC values. Analogously, high-d13CDIC brines may have been formed in the Nordic seas during warm interstadials. During cold stadials, when most of the Arctic Ocean was perennially sea-ice covered, a cessation of high-d13CDIC brine rejection may have lowered d13CDIC values of ABW, and ultimately the d13CDIC in Nordic seas intermediate and deep water. So, in contrast to the idea of enhanced brine formation during cold stadials, the results of this investigation imply that a cessation of brine rejection would be more likely.

(Fig. 4) Multiproxy data set of box core MSM5/5-712-1

A multiproxy data set of an AMS radiocarbon dated 46 cm long sediment core from the continental margin off western Svalbard reveals multidecadal climatic variability during the past two millennia. Investigation of planktic and benthic stable isotopes, planktic foraminiferal fauna, and lithogenic parameters aims to unveil the Atlantic Water advection to the eastern Fram Strait by intensity, temperatures, and salinities. Atlantic Water has been continuously present at the site over the last 2,000 years. Superimposed on the increase in sea ice/icebergs, a strengthened intensity of Atlantic Water inflow and seasonal ice-free conditions were detected at ~ 1000 to 1200 AD, during the well-known Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA). However, temperatures of the MCA never exceeded those of the 20th century. Since ~ 1400 AD significantly higher portions of ice rafted debris and high planktic foraminifer fluxes suggest that the site was located in the region of a seasonal highly fluctuating sea ice margin. A sharp reduction in planktic foraminifer fluxes around 800 AD and after 1730 AD indicates cool summer conditions with major influence of sea ice/icebergs. High amounts of the subpolar planktic foraminifer species Turborotalia quinqueloba in size fraction 150-250 µm indicate strengthened Atlantic Water inflow to the eastern Fram Strait already after ~ 1860 AD. Nevertheless surface conditions stayed cold well into the 20th century indicated by low planktic foraminiferal fluxes. Most likely at the beginning of the 20th century, cold conditions of the terminating Little Ice Age period persisted at the surface whereas warm and saline Atlantic Water already strengthened, hereby subsiding below the cold upper mixed layer. Surface sediments with high abundances of subpolar planktic foraminifers indicate a strong inflow of Atlantic Water providing seasonal ice-free conditions in the eastern Fram Strait during the last few decades.