Coreferentiality: A New Method for the Hypothesis-Based Analysis of Phenotypes Characterized by Multivariate Data

Many multifactorial biologic effects, particularly in the context of complex human diseases, are still poorly understood. At the same time, the systematic acquisition of multivariate data has become increasingly easy. The use of such data to analyze and model complex phenotypes, however, remains a challenge. Here, a new analytic approach is described, termed coreferentiality, together with an appropriate statistical test. Coreferentiality is the indirect relation of two variables of functional interest in respect to whether they parallel each other in their respective relatedness to multivariate reference data, which can be informative for a complex effect or phenotype. It is shown that the power of coreferentiality testing is comparable to multiple regression analysis, sufficient even when reference data are informative only to a relatively small extent of 2.5%, and clearly exceeding the power of simple bivariate correlation testing. Thus, coreferentiality testing uses the increased power of multivariate analysis, however, in order to address a more straightforward interpretable bivariate relatedness. Systematic application of this approach could substantially improve the analysis and modeling of complex phenotypes, particularly in the context of human study where addressing functional hypotheses by direct experimentation is often difficult.

Failure or Voluntary Exit? Reassessing the Female Underperformance Hypothesis

We reevaluate the female underperformance hypothesis by challenging the assumption that female-owned ventures are more likely to fail. Instead of equating exit with failure, we draw on exit literature and feminist theories to argue that female entrepreneurs are actually more likely than males to exit voluntarily. We argue for further gender differences by using an even more fine-grained conceptualization of entrepreneurial exit (failure, exit for personal reasons, and exit for other professional/financial opportunities). Post-hoc analyses also point to withingender heterogeneity depending on family status. A sample probe of 219 Spanish entrepreneurs who had exited their business supports our overall reasoning.

(Table 1) Stable carbon isotope record and calculated recycled DIC for sediment core ANDRA_HTM102

The prominent negative stable carbon isotope excursion in both carbonate and organic carbon recorded in organic-rich sediments deposited during the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event (OAE) has commonly been explained by recycling of 13C-depleted CO2 (the so-called Küspert model). More recently, the massive release of 13C-depleted methane or other forms of 13C-depleted carbon was also proposed to account for the observed negative d13C excursions in organic carbon of terrigenous as well as of marine origin. The occurrence of diagenetic products of the carotenoid isorenieratene (isorenieratane and other aryl isoprenoids) in Toarcian black shales has been regarded as supporting evidence for the Küspert hypothesis as they point to strong stratification of the epicontinental seas. A section of a drill core straddling the Toarcian of the Paris Basin (Cirfontaine-en-Ornois) contained intact isorenieratane, providing evidence that photosynthetic green sulphur bacteria were present at the time of deposition, even prior to the OAE. However, the isorenieratane abundances are very low in the section where the negative d13C excursion in organic carbon and phytane, a chemical fossil derived from chlorophyll, occurs. The abundance of the isorenieratene derivatives increases, once the d13C records have shifted to more positive values. The d13C of isorenieratane (generally circa -13.1 ± 0.5 per mil) indicates that the respired CO2 contribution at the chemocline was low and is thus not likely to be the main cause of the prominent up to 7per mil negative d13C shift recorded in Toarcian organic carbon records.

Tri-level study: modification. Task 6: a final report on supplemental causation assessments through hypothesis testing.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Irritation and counterirritation, a hypothesis about the autoamputative property of the nervous system; a scientific excursion into theoretical medicine.

Mode of access: Internet.

Testing the expectations hypothesis when interest rates are near integrated /

Mode of access: Internet.

Rayos de la luz practica con que Don Feliz Pacheco Ortiz ... desvanece las sombras con que el Doctor Don Francisco Sanz ... intento obscurecer la Hypothesis de fiebres del Doctor Don Martin Martinez ... y haze resplandecer la particular Hypothesis y debida curacion de la fiebres intermitentes del Doctor Don Luis Enriquez ...

Discurso previo apologetico sobre el constitutivo de la calentura, a favor de ... Martin Martinez y contra ... Francisco Saenz de los Rios ... escrito por ... Francisco Valles de p. 2¶2 a 4¶3.

Why I think so; the autobiography of a hypothesis

"Errata" slip inserted between p. 44 and 45.

Application of the hypothesis of dissolved ice to the freezing of water and of dilute solutions.

Hudson, C.S., cl. of 1901.

An illustration of the hypothesis proposed in the dissertation on the origin and composition of our three first canonical gospels : with a preface, and an appendix, containing miscellaneous matters. The whole being a rejoinder to the anonymous author of the remarks on Michaelis and his commentator.

Mode of access: Internet.