867 resultados para 811
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The Araes gold deposit, located in eastern Mato Grosso State, central Brazil, is hosted in Neoproterozoic volcanosedimentary rocks of the Paraguay belt, which formed during collision of the Amazonian craton and the Rio Apa block. Ar-40/Ar-39 geochronology and Pb and S isotopic analyses constrain the timing and sources of mineralization. Three biotite flakes from two samples of metavolcanic host rock yield Ar-40/Ar-39 plateau ages between 5941 and 531 Ma, interpreted as cooling ages following regional metamorphism. Clay minerals from a hydrothermal alteration zone yield an Ar-40/Ar-39 integrated age of 503 +/- 3 Ma. Galena grains from ore-bearing veins yield values of Pb-206/(204)pb from 17.952 to 18.383, Pb-207/Pb-204 from 15.156 to 15.811, and Pb-208/Pb-204 from 38.072 to 39.681. Pyrite grains from ore-bearing veins yield values of Pb-206/Pb-204 from 18.037 to 18.202, Pb-207/Pb-204 from 15.744 to 15.901., and Pb-208/(204)pb from 38.338 to 38.800. Pb isotope variations may be explained in terms of mixing a less radiogenic lead component (mu similar to 8.4) from mafic and ultramafic basement host-rocks (Nova Xavantina metavolcanosedimentary rocks) and a more radiogenic lead component (mu similar to 9.2) probably derived from supracrustal rocks (Cuiaba sedimentary groups). Sulfur isotope compositions are homogeneous, with delta S-34 values ranging from -1.1 parts per thousand to 0.9 parts per thousand (galena) and -0.7 parts per thousand to 0.9 parts per thousand (pyrite), suggesting a mantle-derived reservoir for the mineralizing solutions. Based on the Ar, Pb, and S isotope data, we suggest that the precious metals were remobilized from metavolcanic host rocks by hydrothermal solutions during Brasilide-Panafrican regional metamorphism. The Arabs gold deposit probably formed during a late stage of the orogeny, coeval with other mineralization events in the Paraguay Belt.
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We obtain adjustments to the profile likelihood function in Weibull regression models with and without censoring. Specifically, we consider two different modified profile likelihoods: (i) the one proposed by Cox and Reid [Cox, D.R. and Reid, N., 1987, Parameter orthogonality and approximate conditional inference. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B, 49, 1-39.], and (ii) an approximation to the one proposed by Barndorff-Nielsen [Barndorff-Nielsen, O.E., 1983, On a formula for the distribution of the maximum likelihood estimator. Biometrika, 70, 343-365.], the approximation having been obtained using the results by Fraser and Reid [Fraser, D.A.S. and Reid, N., 1995, Ancillaries and third-order significance. Utilitas Mathematica, 47, 33-53.] and by Fraser et al. [Fraser, D.A.S., Reid, N. and Wu, J., 1999, A simple formula for tail probabilities for frequentist and Bayesian inference. Biometrika, 86, 655-661.]. We focus on point estimation and likelihood ratio tests on the shape parameter in the class of Weibull regression models. We derive some distributional properties of the different maximum likelihood estimators and likelihood ratio tests. The numerical evidence presented in the paper favors the approximation to Barndorff-Nielsen`s adjustment.
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Comfort and Remus [W.W. Comfort, D. Remus, Abelian torsion groups with a pseudo-compact group topology, Forum Math. 6 (3) (1994) 323-337] characterized algebraically the Abelian torsion groups that admit a pseudocompact group topology using the Ulm-Kaplansky invariants. We show, under a condition weaker than the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis, that an Abelian torsion group (of any cardinality) admits a pseudocompact group topology if and only if it admits a countably compact group topology. Dikranjan and Tkachenko [D. Dikranjan. M. Tkachenko, Algebraic structure of small countably compact Abelian groups, Forum Math. 15 (6) (2003) 811-837], and Dikranjan and Shakhmatov [D. Dikranjan. D. Shakhmatov, Forcing hereditarily separable compact-like group topologies on Abelian groups, Topology Appl. 151 (1-3) (2005) 2-54] showed this equivalence for groups of cardinality not greater than 2(c). We also show, from the existence of a selective ultrafilter, that there are countably compact groups without non-trivial convergent sequences of cardinality kappa(omega), for any infinite cardinal kappa. In particular, it is consistent that for every cardinal kappa there are countably compact groups without non-trivial convergent sequences whose weight lambda has countable cofinality and lambda > kappa. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens is widely used for plant DNA transformation and more recently, has also been used to transform yeast, filamentous fungi and even human cells. Using this technique, we developed the first transformation protocol for the saprobic aquatic fungus Blastocladiella emersonii, a Blastocladiomycete localized at the base of fungal phylogenetic tree, which has been shown as a promising and interesting model of study of cellular function and differentiation. We constructed binary T-DNA vectors containing hygromycin phosphotransferase (hph) or enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) genes, under the control of Aspergillus nidulans trpC promoter and terminator sequences. 24 h of co-cultivation in induction medium (IM) agar plates, followed by transfer to PYG-agar plates containing cefotaxim to kill Agrobacterium tumefsciens and hygromycin to select transformants, resulted in growth and sporulation of resistant transformants. Genomic DNA from the pool o resistant zoospores were shown to contain T-DNA insertion as evidenced by PCR amplification of hph gene. Using a similar protocol we could also evidence the expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in zoospores derived from transformed cells. This protocol can also open new perspectives for other non-transformable closely related fungi, like the Chytridiomycete class. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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OBJECTIVES: To develop a method for objective assessment of fine motor timing variability in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients, using digital spiral data gathered by a touch screen device. BACKGROUND: A retrospective analysis was conducted on data from 105 subjects including65 patients with advanced PD (group A), 15 intermediate patients experiencing motor fluctuations (group I), 15 early stage patients (group S), and 10 healthy elderly subjects (HE) were examined. The subjects were asked to perform repeated upper limb motor tasks by tracing a pre-drawn Archimedes spiral as shown on the screen of the device. The spiral tracing test was performed using an ergonomic pen stylus, using dominant hand. The test was repeated three times per test occasion and the subjects were instructed to complete it within 10 seconds. Digital spiral data including stylus position (x-ycoordinates) and timestamps (milliseconds) were collected and used in subsequent analysis. The total number of observations with the test battery were as follows: Swedish group (n=10079), Italian I group (n=822), Italian S group (n = 811), and HE (n=299). METHODS: The raw spiral data were processed with three data processing methods. To quantify motor timing variability during spiral drawing tasks Approximate Entropy (APEN) method was applied on digitized spiral data. APEN is designed to capture the amount of irregularity or complexity in time series. APEN requires determination of two parameters, namely, the window size and similarity measure. In our work and after experimentation, window size was set to 4 and similarity measure to 0.2 (20% of the standard deviation of the time series). The final score obtained by APEN was normalized by total drawing completion time and used in subsequent analysis. The score generated by this method is hence on denoted APEN. In addition, two more methods were applied on digital spiral data and their scores were used in subsequent analysis. The first method was based on Digital Wavelet Transform and Principal Component Analysis and generated a score representing spiral drawing impairment. The score generated by this method is hence on denoted WAV. The second method was based on standard deviation of frequency filtered drawing velocity. The score generated by this method is hence on denoted SDDV. Linear mixed-effects (LME) models were used to evaluate mean differences of the spiral scores of the three methods across the four subject groups. Test-retest reliability of the three scores was assessed after taking mean of the three possible correlations (Spearman’s rank coefficients) between the three test trials. Internal consistency of the methods was assessed by calculating correlations between their scores. RESULTS: When comparing mean spiral scores between the four subject groups, the APEN scores were different between HE subjects and three patient groups (P=0.626 for S group with 9.9% mean value difference, P=0.089 for I group with 30.2%, and P=0.0019 for A group with 44.1%). However, there were no significant differences in mean scores of the other two methods, except for the WAV between the HE and A groups (P<0.001). WAV and SDDV were highly and significantly correlated to each other with a coefficient of 0.69. However, APEN was not correlated to neither WAV nor SDDV with coefficients of 0.11 and 0.12, respectively. Test-retest reliability coefficients of the three scores were as follows: APEN (0.9), WAV(0.83) and SD-DV (0.55). CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the digital spiral analysis-based objective APEN measure is able to significantly differentiate the healthy subjects from patients at advanced level. In contrast to the other two methods (WAV and SDDV) that are designed to quantify dyskinesias (over-medications), this method can be useful for characterizing Off symptoms in PD. The APEN was not correlated to none of the other two methods indicating that it measures a different construct of upper limb motor function in PD patients than WAV and SDDV. The APEN also had a better test-retest reliability indicating that it is more stable and consistent over time than WAV and SDDV.
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A obesidade entre adolescentes vem aumentando sendo considerada um dos principais problemas de saúde pública. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a composição corporal, a taxa metabólica basal (TMB), o pico de consumo de oxigênio (VO2pico) e a força muscular de adolescentes com sobrepeso ou obesidade de um grupo submetido a 16 semanas de treinamento físico misto em circuito com um grupo controle. Participaram 28 meninos púberes e pós-púberes, sendo 18 do grupo experimental (EXP) (13,4 anos de idade) e 10 do grupo controle (CON) (13,8 anos de idade). A massa corporal magra (MCM) e de gordura corporal (GC) foram obtidas por meio da Absortometria Radiológica de Dupla-Energia (DEXA); a TMB, por meio de calorimetria indireta (MGC-CPX/D); o VO2pico, mediante teste em cicloergômetro (McMaster); e as forças de flexão de cotovelo (FCo) e extensão de joelho (EJ), mediante teste de 1RM. O treinamento foi realizado três vezes por semana, durante uma hora e foi composto por nove exercícios contra-resistência, intercalados com 3 a 5 minutos de exercícios aeróbios. Foram utilizados a ANOVA de medidas repetidas e o teste T pareado e independente para comparações intra e intergrupos, respectivamente. Não houve diferenças significativas nas variáveis IMC, GC (kg), TMB e VO2pico relativo à MCM entre os grupos nos pré e pós-testes. Houve aumento significativo e igual entre os grupos nas variáveis estatura (EXP pré 166,8±8,67 cm e pós 168,7±8,31 cm; CON pré 164,0±8,39 cm e pós 165,8±8,91 cm) e MCM (EXP pré 46,0±10,5 kg e pós 48,8±10,5 kg; CON pré 44,8±8,99 kg e pós 46,9±9,55 kg) após o período do estudo. O grupo CON apresentou aumento significativo na MC (EXP pré 78,6±10,1 kg e pós 79,8±11,4 kg; CON pré 74,7±9,04 kg e pós 76,8±9,45 kg). O grupo EXP apresentou diminuição significativa no %GC (EXP pré 38,7±8,91% e pós 36,4±8,54%; CON pré 37,3±8,24% e pós 36,0±9,15%) e aumentos significativos no VO2pico absoluto (EXP pré 2,25±0,48 l/min e pós 2,52±0,47 l/min; CON pré 2,33±0,54 l/min e pós 2,44±0,53 l/min) e VO2pico relativo à MC (EXP pré 28,6±4,57 ml/kg/min e pós 31,4±4,06 ml/kg/min; CON pré 31,0±5,09 ml/kg/min e pós 31,9±5,27 ml/kg/min). O grupo EXP apresentou aumentos maiores de força muscular do que os do grupo CON tanto em FCo (EXP pré 13,3±4,84 kg e pós 19,6±4,89 kg; CON pré 13,8±5,60 kg e pós 15,1±5,48 kg) quanto em EJ (EXP pré 31,2±9,19 kg e pós 43,9±10,8 kg; CON pré 26,7±4,62 kg e pós 29,8±5,48 kg). O treinamento físico misto em circuito em adolescentes obesos não aumentou a TMB, mas demonstrou benefícios na composição corporal, no pico de consumo de oxigênio e na força muscular comparado a um grupo controle.
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A osteodistrofia renal é uma complicação comum da insuficiência renal crônica. A biópsia óssea continua sendo o melhor método para o diagnóstico das doenças ósseas metabólicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a utilidade da ultra-sonografia e da cintilografia com Tc-99m-sestamibi da paratireóide, como métodos diagnósticos não invasivos em pacientes com osteodistrofia renal em hemodiálise. Foram investigados 30 pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica, em tratamento com hemodiálise por no mínimo 6 meses, com sintomas e/ou com alterações bioquímicas sugestivas de doença óssea renal, sendo 19 mulheres e 11 homens, com média de idade de 43,9 9,17 anos. Quinze pacientes (50%) apresentaram diagnóstico de hiperparatireoidismo secundário, 5 (16,7%) de doença óssea mista, 3 (10%) de osteomalácia e 3 (10%) de doença óssea adinâmica. Glândulas aumentadas da paratireóide foram observadas em 12 (40%) pacientes na ultra-sonografia e em 15 (50%) na cintilografia com Tc-99m-sestamibi. O grupo de pacientes com glândulas aumentadas da paratireóide na ultra-sonografia, comparado com o grupo com glândulas não detectadas, apresentaram níveis séricos de PTHi aumentados (1536,6 881,8 x 811,7 705,5 pg/ml, p<0,05) e níveis séricos de albumina menores (3,690,24 x 4,030,44 g/dl, p<0,05). Todos os pacientes com níveis séricos de PTHi inferiores a 280 pg/ml apresentaram ecografias da paratireóide com resultados normais. Nove de 12 pacientes (83,3%), com ultra-sonografia com glândulas aumentadas da paratireóide, apresentavam níveis de PTHi superiores a 720 pg/ml. Ultra-sonografia mostrando glândulas aumentadas da paratireóide apresentou uma sensibilidade de 50%, uma especificidade de 66% e um valor preditivo positivo de 83% para o diagnóstico de doenças de alto remanejamento ósseo. Em relação aos resultados das cintilografias de paratireóide com Tc-99m-sestamibi, não houve diferenças nas médias dos níveis de PTHi entre os pacientes com ou sem glândulas aumentadas da paratireóide, assim como para os outros exames bioquímicos. Quando comparado aos níveis de PTHi, 2 pacientes apresentaram resultados positivos na cintilografia com PTHi inferior a 280 pg/ml e 8 (53,4%) acima de 720 pg/ml. Semelhante aos resultados das ultra-sonografias, a sensibilidade, a especificidade e o valor preditivo positivo da cintilografia para o diagnóstico das doenças de alto remodelamento ósseo foram baixos, 50%, 33% e 71%, respectivamente. Podemos concluir que a ultra-sonografia e a cintilografia com Tc-99m-sestamibi da paratireóide não foram bons métodos para o diagnóstico de doenças ósseas com alto remodelamento, no entanto, a ultra-sonografia da paratireóide foi superior a cintilografia com Tc-99m-sestamibi na detecção de glândulas aumentadas, sugerindo ser um marcador mais útil de gravidade em pacientes sintomáticos com hiperparatireoidismo secundário severo.
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Performance and economic indicators of a large scale fish farm that produces round fish, located in Mato Grosso State, Brazil, were evaluated. The 130.8 ha-water surface area was distributed in 30 ponds. Average total production costs and the following economic indicators were calculated: gross income (GI), gross margin (GM), gross margin index (GMI), profitability index (PI) and profit (P) for the farm as a whole and for ten ponds individually. Production performance indicators were also obtained, such as: production cycle (PC), apparent feed conversion (FC), average biomass storage (ABS), survival index (SI) and final average weight (FAW). The average costs to produce an average 2.971 kg.ha-1 per year were: R$ 2.43, R$ 0.72 and R$ 3.15 as average variable, fixed and total costs, respectively. Gross margin and profit per year per hectare of water surface were R$ 2,316.91 and R$ 180.98, respectively. The individual evaluation of the ponds showed that the best pond performance was obtained for PI 38%, FC 1.7, ABS 0.980 kg.m-2, TS 56%, FAW 1.873 kg with PC of 12.3 months. The worst PI was obtained for the pond that displayed losses of 138%, FC 2.6, ABS 0.110 kg.m-2, SI 16% and FAW 1.811 kg. However, large scale production of round-fish in farms is economically feasible. The studied farm displays favorable conditions to improve performance and economic indicators, but it is necessary to reproduce the breeding techniques and performance indicators achieved in few ponds to the entire farm.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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A adubação com micronutrientes, como o manganês em gramíneas forrageiras tropicais, contribui para o atendimento das exigências nutricionais tanto das plantas quanto dos animais. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, estudar os efeitos da aplicação de manganês no crescimento, na nutrição e na produção de matéria seca de plantas de Brachiaria brizantha, em condições de casa de vegetação. Para isto, realizou-se um experimento em casa de vegetação da FCAV/UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, com Brachiaria brizantha (cv. MG4), em vasos com 3,5 dm³ preenchidos com amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (Mn = 0,6 mg dm-3). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos, que corresponderam às doses de manganês (0, 15, 30, 60 e 120 mg dm-3), e quatro repetições. Avaliaram-se, nos dois cortes da forrageira (primeiro corte, 35 dias após o transplantio e, segundo, 30 dias após o primeiro), as variáveis de crescimento, produção de massa de forragem, teor e acúmulo de Mn na parte aérea. As doses de manganês aplicadas aumentaram a concentração deste micronutriente no solo e nas plantas e a produção de massa de forragem no primeiro corte. A Brachiaria brizantha cv. MG4 apresenta alta tolerância ao manganês, atingindo elevados teores de Mn na parte aérea, mesmo sem provocar sintomas visuais de toxicidade.
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O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) de vacas mestiças Holandês-Zebu, fistuladas no rúmen, em lactação, foi medido pela diferença de peso do alimento oferecido e das sobras e estimado com auxílio do óxido crômico (Cr2O3) pela produção fecal (PF) e indigestibilidade do alimento. O delineamento experimental foi em três quadrados latinos (3x3) e os tratamentos consistiram de capim-elefante cortado nas idades de 30, 45 e 60 dias. A digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) foi determinada nas amostras do capim-elefante e estimada a partir do consumo medido diretamente e pela produção fecal obtida com o Cr2O3. A produção fecal foi também calculada (PFc) a partir dos valores do consumo (direto) e da DIVMS e foi estimada pela relação do indicador administrado/indicador excretado. Foram observadas diferenças entre os CMS obtidos nas três idades de corte do capim-elefante pelos dois métodos avaliados. Os CMS médios obtidos pelo método direto foram de 8,00; 10,00 e 11,02 kg/vaca/dia, respectivamente, para o capim cortado com 30, 45 e 60 dias. Os CMS estimados com auxílio do Cr2O3 foram de 9,00; 11,10 e 12,00 kg/vaca/dia, para os mesmos tratamentos. As estimativas de consumo utilizando o Cr2O3 foram superestimadas em 9,25% em relação aos resultados obtidos pelo método direto.